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Hosios AM, Wilkinson ME, McNamara MC, Kalafut KC, Torrence ME, Asara JM, Manning BD. mTORC1 regulates a lysosome-dependent adaptive shift in intracellular lipid species. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1792-1811. [PMID: 36536136 PMCID: PMC9799240 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses and relays environmental signals from growth factors and nutrients to metabolic networks and adaptive cellular systems to control the synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules; however, beyond inducing de novo lipid synthesis, the role of mTORC1 in controlling cellular lipid content remains poorly understood. Here we show that inhibition of mTORC1 via small molecule inhibitors or nutrient deprivation leads to the accumulation of intracellular triglycerides in both cultured cells and a mouse tumor model. The elevated triglyceride pool following mTORC1 inhibition stems from the lysosome-dependent, but autophagy-independent, hydrolysis of phospholipid fatty acids. The liberated fatty acids are available for either triglyceride synthesis or β-oxidation. Distinct from the established role of mTORC1 activation in promoting de novo lipid synthesis, our data indicate that mTORC1 inhibition triggers membrane phospholipid trafficking to the lysosome for catabolism and an adaptive shift in the use of constituent fatty acids for storage or energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Hosios
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan E Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly C McNamara
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krystle C Kalafut
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret E Torrence
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan D Manning
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Iball GR, Tolan D, Avery GR, Cope LH, Hoare T, Lambie H, Lowe A, de Noronha RJ, Roberts CL, Wilkinson ME, Woolfall P. Improving practice in radiology: a quality-improvement project examining CT colonography patient dose and scanning technique. Clin Radiol 2021; 76:626.e13-626.e21. [PMID: 33714540 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To audit scanning technique and patient doses for computed tomography (CT) colonography (CTC) examinations in a large UK region and to identify opportunities for quality improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scanning technique and patient dose data were gathered for both contrast-enhanced and unenhanced CTC examinations from 33 imaging protocols across 27 scanners. Measurements of patient weight and effective diameter were also obtained. Imaging protocols were compared to identify technique differences between similar scanners. Scanner average doses were calculated and combined to generate regional diagnostic reference limits (DRLs) for both examinations. RESULTS The regional DRLs for contrast-enhanced examinations were volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) of 11 and 5 mGy for the two scan phases (contrast-enhanced and either delayed phase or non-contrast enhanced respectively), and dose-length product (DLP) of 740 mGy·cm. For unenhanced examinations, these were 5 mGy and 450 mGy·cm. These are notably lower than the national DRLs of 11 mGy and 950 mGy·cm. Substantial differences in scan technique and doses on similar scanners were identified as areas for quality-improvement action. CONCLUSION A regional CTC dose audit has demonstrated compliance with national DRLs but marked variation in practice between sites for the dose delivered to patients, notably when scanners of the same type were compared for the same indication. This study demonstrates that the national DRL is too high for current scanner technology and should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Iball
- Department of Medical Physics, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK.
| | - D Tolan
- Radiology Department, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - G R Avery
- Department of Radiology, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Hull, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - L H Cope
- Radiology Department, South Tyneside NHS FT, Harton Lane South Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE34 0PL, UK
| | - T Hoare
- Radiology Department, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - H Lambie
- Radiology Department, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - A Lowe
- Radiology Department, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - R J de Noronha
- Radiology Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospital Trust, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK
| | - C L Roberts
- Radiology, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Trust, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD3 3EA, UK
| | - M E Wilkinson
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Wansbeck General Hospital, Woodhorn Lane, Ashington, Norhumberland, NE 63 9JJ, UK
| | - P Woolfall
- Radiology Department, University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton on Tees, TS19 8PE, UK
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Wilkinson ME, Mackay E, Quinn PF, Stutter M, Beven KJ, MacLeod CJA, Macklin MG, Elkhatib Y, Percy B, Vitolo C, Haygarth PM. A cloud based tool for knowledge exchange on local scale flood risk. J Environ Manage 2015; 161:38-50. [PMID: 26143084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging and urgent need for new approaches for the management of environmental challenges such as flood hazard in the broad context of sustainability. This requires a new way of working which bridges disciplines and organisations, and that breaks down science-culture boundaries. With this, there is growing recognition that the appropriate involvement of local communities in catchment management decisions can result in multiple benefits. However, new tools are required to connect organisations and communities. The growth of cloud based technologies offers a novel way to facilitate this process of exchange of information in environmental science and management; however, stakeholders need to be engaged with as part of the development process from the beginning rather than being presented with a final product at the end. Here we present the development of a pilot Local Environmental Virtual Observatory Flooding Tool. The aim was to develop a cloud based learning platform for stakeholders, bringing together fragmented data, models and visualisation tools that will enable these stakeholders to make scientifically informed environmental management decisions at the local scale. It has been developed by engaging with different stakeholder groups in three catchment case studies in the UK and a panel of national experts in relevant topic areas. However, these case study catchments are typical of many northern latitude catchments. The tool was designed to communicate flood risk in locally impacted communities whilst engaging with landowners/farmers about the risk of runoff from the farmed landscape. It has been developed iteratively to reflect the needs, interests and capabilities of a wide range of stakeholders. The pilot tool combines cloud based services, local catchment datasets, a hydrological model and bespoke visualisation tools to explore real time hydrometric data and the impact of flood risk caused by future land use changes. The novel aspects of the pilot tool are; the co-evolution of tools on a cloud based platform with stakeholders, policy and scientists; encouraging different science disciplines to work together; a wealth of information that is accessible and understandable to a range of stakeholders; and provides a framework for how to approach the development of such a cloud based tool in the future. Above all, stakeholders saw the tool and the potential of cloud technologies as an effective means to taking a whole systems approach to solving environmental issues. This sense of community ownership is essential in order to facilitate future appropriate and acceptable land use management decisions to be co-developed by local catchment communities. The development processes and the resulting pilot tool could be applied to local catchments globally to facilitate bottom up catchment management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Mackay
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - P F Quinn
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - M Stutter
- James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - K J Beven
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - M G Macklin
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom; Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Y Elkhatib
- School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - B Percy
- Reading e-Science Centre, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - C Vitolo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P M Haygarth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Wilkinson ME, Quinn PF, Barber NJ, Jonczyk J. A framework for managing runoff and pollution in the rural landscape using a Catchment Systems Engineering approach. Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:1245-1254. [PMID: 23968737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intense farming plays a key role in increasing local scale runoff and erosion rates, resulting in water quality issues and flooding problems. There is potential for agricultural management to become a major part of improved strategies for controlling runoff. Here, a Catchment Systems Engineering (CSE) approach has been explored to solve the above problem. CSE is an interventionist approach to altering the catchment scale runoff regime through the manipulation of hydrological flow pathways throughout the catchment. By targeting hydrological flow pathways at source, such as overland flow, field drain and ditch function, a significant component of the runoff generation can be managed in turn reducing soil nutrient losses. The Belford catchment (5.7 km(2)) is a catchment scale study for which a CSE approach has been used to tackle a number of environmental issues. A variety of Runoff Attenuation Features (RAFs) have been implemented throughout the catchment to address diffuse pollution and flooding issues. The RAFs include bunds disconnecting flow pathways, diversion structures in ditches to spill and store high flows, large wood debris structure within the channel, and riparian zone management. Here a framework for applying a CSE approach to the catchment is shown in a step by step guide to implementing mitigation measures in the Belford Burn catchment. The framework is based around engagement with catchment stakeholders and uses evidence arising from field science. Using the framework, the flooding issue has been addressed at the catchment scale by altering the runoff regime. Initial findings suggest that RAFs have functioned as designed to reduce/attenuate runoff locally. However, evidence suggested that some RAFs needed modification and new RAFs be created to address diffuse pollution issues during storm events. Initial findings from these modified RAFs are showing improvements in sediment trapping capacities and reductions in phosphorus, nitrate and suspended sediment losses during storm events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilkinson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK; School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Wilkinson ME. Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal 3, Juvenile-Batten disease: case report and literature review. Optometry 2001; 72:724-8. [PMID: 12363260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocularly, Batten disease is characterized by a rapid deterioration of vision, progressing to blindness within a few years. Onset typically occurs at between 5 and 10 years of age. The fundus shows a bull's eye maculopathy, diffuse pigmentary degeneration, arteriolar attenuation and optic atrophy, and an extinguished ERG. CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW The visual acuity and ocular health findings of a 7-year-old child, eventually diagnosed with Batten disease, are reviewed. Additionally, a review of the literature concerning the ocular and systemic manifestations of the various ceroid lipofuscinoses is presented. CONCLUSION Batten disease is the most likely of the ceroid lipofuscinoses to be manifested in an ophthalmic practitioner's office before the diagnosis of the underlying condition. Although there currently is no treatment for this condition, making the correct diagnosis is important for appropriate low-vision management, educational planning, and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilkinson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City 52242-1091, USA.
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Wilkinson ME, Stewart IW, Trantham CS. Iowa's pediatric low-vision services. Optometry 2000; 71:40-8. [PMID: 10680417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports in the literature concerning best practice for the evaluation and management of children with visual impairments are limited, with a resulting lack of information concerning the potential for optimizing vision to enhance general development and assist with the educational needs of this population. METHOD The development of a multidisciplinary approach to provide low-vision services for children with visual impairment has occurred over the past 18 years in Iowa. In that time, 1,348 children from around the state of Iowa have been evaluated through an itinerant low-vision service program, coordinated by the Iowa Braille School. RESULTS A low-vision clinic model--designed to provide services (primarily) for academic students--was not meeting the needs of the pediatric low-vision population in the state. After a statewide review of the program, changes were made that have resulted in low-vision services being provided to a greater and more diverse number of students. The roles of the various members of the multidisciplinary team will be reviewed. Changes in large-print orders and use by special education teachers in the state as a direct result of the low-vision services will also be discussed. CONCLUSION Ongoing, comprehensive multidisciplinary low-vision services--including optometric low-vision care as a key component--are necessary to help children with visual impairments meet their educational, vocational, and avocational needs. With ongoing low-vision services, unnecessary costs such as those associated with large-print materials can be reduced, thereby creating significant savings to local, state, and federal special educational services.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilkinson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, USA
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Abstract
Driving is a highly prized activity for individuals of all ages. The decision to continue driving after a decrease in central acuity or visual field can be a source of anxiety for the individual and his or her family, as well as the ophthalmic practitioner. Although a great deal of research has been done concerning vision and driving, much controversy still surrounds this subject. This article reviews the literature concerning visual impairment and driving and makes suggestions for what should be considered when determining who should and should not continue to drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilkinson
- Low Vision Service, University of Iowa Center for Macular Degeneration, USA
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Wilkinson ME, Stewart IW. Iowa's pediatric low vision services. J Am Optom Assoc 1996; 67:397-402. [PMID: 8888865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports in the literature concerning the evaluation and low vision management of visually impaired children are limited, resulting in a lack of information about the characteristics and needs of this population. METHODS A review was performed of 762 children evaluated over a 14-year period in a low vision clinic program coordinated by the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School. RESULTS The age, sex, ocular condition, best corrected visual acuity, habitual near point working distance, and optical devices recommended for use by these children were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing, comprehensive multidisciplinary low vision services are necessary to help children with visual impairments meet their educational, vocational and avocational needs. With ongoing low vision care unnecessary costs-such as those for large print material-can be avoided, therefore creating a significant savings to local or state educational services.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilkinson
- Vision Rehabilitation Institute, Genesis Medical Center, Davenport, IA 52804, USA
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Yudkin J, Norman DH, Wilkinson ME, Berry WT. Absence of response of some tongue conditions in children to administration of vitamins. Proc Nutr Soc 1970; 29:Suppl:8A-9A. [PMID: 4248950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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