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Ediz EF, Güneş C, Demirel Kars M, Avcı A. In vitro assessment of Momordica charantia/ Hypericum perforatum oils loaded PCL/Collagen fibers: Novel scaffold for tissue engineering. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2024; 22:22808000231221067. [PMID: 38217369 DOI: 10.1177/22808000231221067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The research on tissue engineering applications has been progressing to manufacture ideal tissue scaffold biomaterials. In this study, a double-layered electrospun biofiber scaffold biomaterial including Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Collagen (COL) fibrous inner layer and PCL/ Momordica charantia (MC) and Hypericum perforatum (HP) oils fibrous outer layer was developed to manufacture a functional, novel tissue scaffold with the advantageous mechanical and biological properties. The main approach was to combine the natural perspective using medicinal oils with an engineering point of view to fabricate a potential functional scaffold for tissue engineering. Medicinal plants MC and HP are rich in functional oils and incorporation of them in a tissue scaffold will unveil their potential to augment both new tissue formation and wound healing. In this study, a novel double-layered scaffold prototype was fabricated using electrospinning technique with two PCL fiber layers, first is composed of collagen, and second is composed of oils extracted from medicinal plants. Initially, the composition of plant oils was analyzed. Thereafter the biofiber scaffold layers were fabricated and were evaluated in terms of morphology, physicochemistry, thermal and mechanical features, wettability, in vitro bio-degradability. Double-layered scaffold prototype was further analyzed in terms of in vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial effect. The medicinal oils blend provided antioxidant and antibacterial properties to the novel PCL/Oils layer. The results signify that inner PCL/COL layer exhibited advanced biodegradability of 8.5% compared to PCL and enhanced wettability with 11.7° contact angle. Strength of scaffold prototype was 5.98 N/mm2 thanks to the elastic PCL fibrous matrix. The double-layered functional biofiber scaffold enabled 92% viability after 72 h contact with fibroblast cells and furthermore provided feasible attachment sites for the cells. The functional scaffold prototype's noteworthy mechanical, chemical, and biological features enable it to be suggested as a different novel biomaterial with the potential to be utilized in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Fatih Ediz
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Institute of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- Zade & Zade Vital Ibn-i Sina R&D Center, Zade Vital Pharmaceuticals Inc., Konya, Turkey
| | - Cansu Güneş
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- İzmir Vocational School, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Avcı
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
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Güneş Çimen C, Dündar MA, Demirel Kars M, Avcı A. Enhancement of PCL/PLA Electrospun Nanocomposite Fibers Comprising Silver Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Thymus Vulgaris L. Molecules for Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3717-3732. [PMID: 35948432 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been recognized for their outstanding antibacterial activities, which are required for antibacterial coating materials in therapeutic applications. A bacterial-resistant electrospun nanofibrous mat made of polycaprolactone (PCL) in combination with polylactide acid (PLA) containing silver nanoparticles encapsulated with Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) extract (eAgNPs) was fabricated in order to assess the potential of applicability in biomedical applications such as cancer treatment, wound healing, or surgical sutures. In the current study, PCL and PLA used as the basis polymers were blended with biosynthesized eAgNPs, pure AgNPs, and thyme extract (TE) to observe the effects of additives in terms of antibacterial and anticancer activity and morphologic, thermal, mechanical, biocompatibility, and biodegradability properties. The biological characteristics of fabricated electrospun nanofibrous mats were evaluated in vitro. Physicochemical characteristics of the nanofibrous mats were examined by UV-vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical tensile testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric examination (TGA), and water contact angles (WCAs). The results showed that a biodegradable nanofiber scaffold with a mean fiber diameter of 280 nm is morphologically homogeneous and highly hydrophobic, has higher tensile strength than PCL/PLA nanocomposite fiber, and is resistant to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The cytotoxic and anticancer properties of nanomaterials were defined using L929 and SK-MEL-30 cells. The developed material inhibited cell proliferation and led to apoptosis of cell lines. It can be suggested that the use of Thymus vulgaris L. extract-encapsulated silver nanoparticle-doped PCL/PLA nanofibers produced by the electrospinning method has the potential for cancer therapy in skin tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Güneş Çimen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Dündar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine, Konya 42080, Turkey
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Avcı
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey
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Koygun GK, Kars MD, Emsen A, Artac H, Aksoy F, Cakir M, Tavli L, Artac M. Response to trastuzumab and investigation of expression profiles of matrix metalloproteinase-related proteins in primary breast cancer stem cells. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:447-456. [PMID: 33471244 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. One of the reasons for the failure of BC treatment is reportedly the ineffectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs against breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs). HER2 receptors have an important role in the self-renewal of BCSCs. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and cytokine levels were found to be higher in BCSCs, which demonstrates their potential metastatic capacity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of BCSCs to trastuzumab and to investigate the MMP levels in primary breast cancer cells and HER2+ BCSCs. Tumour tissue samples were obtained during surgical intervention from ten breast cancer patients, and primary culture cells were established from these tissues. Four major molecular subgroups were sorted from the primary culture: HER2+ BCSCs (CD44+CD24-HER2+), HER2- BCSCs (CD44+CD24-HER2-), HER2- primary culture cells (CD44+CD24+HER2-) and triple positive primary culture cells (CD44+CD24+HER2+). These cells were cultured and treated with trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and the combination of those three drugs for 96 h. Cellular responses to these drugs were determined by XTT cytotoxicity test. MMPs and cytokine array analysis showed that MMPs and TIMP-1, TIMP-2 proteins were expressed more in HER2+ BCSCs than in primary culture. HER2- BCSCs were more resistant to drugs than HER2+ BCSCs. Our findings suggest that the presence of HER2- BCSCs may be responsible for primary trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ BC cell population. Further studies investigating the function of MMPs are needed for drug targeting of BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Kayadibi Koygun
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- Meram Vocational School, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayca Emsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Artac
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Faruk Aksoy
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Cakir
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Lema Tavli
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Artac
- Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
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Doğan HH, Kars MD, Özdemir Ö, Gündüz U. Fomes fomentarius and Tricholoma anatolicum (Agaricomycetes) Extracts Exhibit Significant Multiple Drug-Resistant Modulation Activity in Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Med Mushrooms 2020; 22:105-114. [PMID: 32478999 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2020033174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance is one of the main problems that hinder successful cancer chemotherapy. Investigations on the development of effective chemotherapeutic agents and drug resistance inhibitors motivate studies on the effects of natural compounds on drug-resistant cancer cells. For this purpose, aqueous, methanol, and ethanol extracts of Fomes fomentarius and Tricholoma anatolicum were prepared. The extracts were evaluated to assess their anticancer and multiple drug resistance modulation activities. Cytotoxic effects of F. fomentarius and T. anatolicum extracts on paclitaxel and vincristine resistant P-glycoprotein over-expressing MCF-7 cell lines were investigated by cytotoxicity test (XTT). P-glycoprotein reversing ability and MDR modulation effects of the extracts were determined by flow cytometry through Rhodamine 123 exclusion assay. Furthermore, 11 phenolic compounds in the extracts were characterized by HPLC. As a result of the cytotoxicity assay, IC50 values of the extracts for MCF-7/Vinc were between 1.08 and 1.80 mg/mL, and IC50 values for MCF-7/Pac were found between 1.11 and 2.83 mg/mL. Strikingly, methanol extract of F. fomentarius and ethanol extract of T. anatolicum have potential value to become MDR reversing agents for drug-resistant breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Hüseyin Doğan
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Selçuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program, Meram Vocational School, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Özdem Özdemir
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Selçuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Gündüz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Liman R, Acikbas Y, Ciğerci İH, Ali MM, Kars MD. Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Assessment of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles by Allium and Comet Tests. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 104:215-221. [PMID: 31932906 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles gained a great interest due to its use in biomedical research. It is considered as safe and has been used in nanomedicine. But literature still states its toxicity depending upon the size and dose of silicon nanoparticles. So, current study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) by Allium anaphase-telophase and Comet tests. Characterization of SiO2NPs showed the particle size as 16.12 ± 3.07 nm. The mean diameter of SiO2NPs was having range of 404.66 ± 93.39 nm in solution. Highest total anomalies (18.80 ± 0.45) were observed at 100 µg/mL, whereas least (11.2 ± 0.84) were observed by the 12.5 µg/mL concentration. There was concentration-response association in increased CAs and DNA damage. The highest concentration (100 µg/mL) of SiO2NPs induced the significant DNA damage (149.67 ± 1.15), whereas the least was observed by the negative control (2.67 ± 0.58). The current study revealed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of SiO2NPs on the root meristem cells of A. cepa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Liman
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uşak University, 64200, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Yaser Acikbas
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Uşak University, 64200, Uşak, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Hakkı Ciğerci
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science and Literature, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Muddassir Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program, Meram Vocational School, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Kars MD, Yıldırım G. Determination of the target proteins in chemotherapy resistant breast cancer stem cell-like cells by protein array. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 848:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gul M, Goktas S, Kars MD, Kaynar M. Drug resistance restricts the efficacy of short term low dose Mitomycin-C treatment in UMUC-3 bladder cancer cells. ARCH ESP UROL 2018; 71:783-793. [PMID: 30403381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitomycin-c (MMC) is the most used intravesical adjuvant agent in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to prevent recurrence. However, a consensus on about appropriate dosage and treatment schedule of MMC is lacking. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the most appropriate MMC dosage using an in vitro model of high-grade human bladder cancer. METHODS UMUC-3 cells, a model for high-grade bladder cancer, were exposed to MMC in different time courses to assess its toxicological effects. XTT cell proliferation kit was used to evaluate the effect of MMC on the proliferation of UMUC-3 cell line. Gene expression analysis for the MDR1, BCL2 and ANXA5 genes was performed by Real-time PCR and flow cytometry analysis were conducted to evaluate the cell death mechanism and acquired resistance after MMC exposure. An ANXA5 kit was used to detect apoptotic cells, and 7-AAD was used to detect necrotic cells. RESULTS Cell proliferation was prevented to a large extent (IC50, 0.17-0.081 mg/mL) and cytotoxic effects were observed after 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL MMC administrations for 1 and 2-h, after the 4th and 2nd dose cycles, respectively. Moreover, cell death was observed at 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL MMC applications for 1-h and 2-h by the sixth and second week, respectively. Flow cytometry exhibits increased subpopulation of drugextruding UMUC-3 cells after a single dose of MMC for 1-h. MMC did not increase the number of apoptotic or necrotic cells; yet, MDR1 (multiple drug resistance) and ANXA5 (apoptotic) expression levels were increased and BCL2 (anti-apoptotic) expression was decreased. LIMITATIONS In-vitro nature of the study and working with only one cell culture are inherit limitations of this project. CONCLUSION A single dose of MMC administration for 1 or 2-h results in drug-resistance. If maintenance treatment is administered for one hour, it should be continued throughout a 6-week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Gul
- Department of Urology. Aksaray University School of Medicine. Aksaray. Turkey
| | - Serdar Goktas
- Department of Urology. Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine. Konya. Turkey
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Necmettin Erbakan University. Meram Vocational High School. Konya. Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaynar
- Department of Urology. Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine. Konya. Turkey
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Artac M, Kayadibi G, Ceylan A, Kars MD, Artac H, Cakır M, Boruban C, Tekin A, Tavlı L, Kartal A. Abstract 718: The effects of trastuzumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin on HER2-positive cancer stem cells that are isolated from primary breast cancer cultures: a preliminary report. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction:
It is generally accepted that trastuzumab has only effective in HER2+ breast cancer patients who have HER2 gene amplification or HER2 over expression. On the other hand, trastuzumab resistance is a problem in HER2+ patients. Our aim is to investigate the effects of trastuzumab, paclitaxel and carboplatin on cancer stem cells which is isolated from primary breast cancer cultures.
Methods:
Tumor tissue was obtained in the routine surgery of a breast cancer patient who was HER2+ by immunohistochemistry. Primary breast cancer culture were established. CD44+CD24- and ALDH+ breast cancer stem cells were sorted by flowcytometry from these culture. HER2 receptor status of the sorted cells was also determined by flowcytometry. HER2+ and HER2- breast cancer stem cells were treated with trastuzumab, paclitaxel and carboplatin, and combination of these drugs by checker board microplate method for 96 h. For all of these breast cancer stem cell subgroups, the responses to the drugs were determined.
Results:
Breast cancer stem cells were isolated from a HER2+ breast cancer patient. The cell sorting analysis results demonstrates that 43% of the population is CD44+CD24- and 22% of the population is ALDH+. CD44+CD24- breast cancer stem cell subpopulation contains 84% HER2+ and 16% HER2- cells. Carboplatin has the highest antiproliferative effect on cancer stem cells among the three drugs which means carboplatin application resulted in the lowest IC50 values in all subgroups (IC50: 0.26 μM- 0.41 μM). HER2- cancer stem cells are more resistant to the drugs (1.5- 2 fold resistance) than HER2+ subcultures. Although combination of drugs exerted synergistic effect on the subcultures, ‘breast cancer stem cells’ were found to be more resistant to the combination therapy by exhibiting higher proliferation in drug combinations.
Conclusions:
HER2- cancer stem cells may be one of reason for trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer patients. The result of this experimental study may be used to suggest new treatment strategies in HER2+ breast cancer patients.
Citation Format: Mehmet Artac, Gozde Kayadibi, Ayca Ceylan, Meltem Demirel Kars, Hasibe Artac, Murat Cakır, Cem Boruban, Ahmet Tekin, Lema Tavlı, Adil Kartal. The effects of trastuzumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin on HER2-positive cancer stem cells that are isolated from primary breast cancer cultures: a preliminary report. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 718. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-718
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Artac
- 1Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Department of Medical Oncology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gozde Kayadibi
- 2Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayca Ceylan
- 3Selcuk University Medical Faculty Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- 2Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Artac
- 3Selcuk University Medical Faculty Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Cakır
- 4Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Department of General Surgery, Konya, Turkey
| | - Cem Boruban
- 1Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Department of Medical Oncology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tekin
- 4Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Department of General Surgery, Konya, Turkey
| | - Lema Tavlı
- 5Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Department of Pathology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Adil Kartal
- 4Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Department of General Surgery, Konya, Turkey
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Demirel Kars M, Odabaşı BA, Kars G, Üney K, Bağcı Y, Baş AL. Implications from a pharmacogenomic analysis: Nerium oleander leaf distillate supplemented diet regulates cholesterol metabolism in rats. Pharm Biol 2014; 52:988-993. [PMID: 24617822 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.874535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the usage of Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae) for anticancer studies and traditional remediation, the regulatory effect of N. oleander leaf distillate on cholesterol metabolism is not disclosed sufficiently. OBJECTIVE Cholesterol is an important biological molecule and the synthesis rate is regulated by the amount of cholesterol uptake from the diet. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) and the effects of N. oleander leaf distillate-supplemented diet (NOHFD) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray technology was used to clarify the regulation of cholesterol mechanism in HFD and NOHFD-fed rats (375 μg/0.5 mL distilled water applied by gavage). The treatment period was 90 days. Rat liver tissues were used for microarray analysis using the Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Genome platform. RESULTS of groups were statistically analyzed with the Partek 6.6 bioinformatic program. RESULTS The HFD group exhibited alterations in the expression levels of about 1945 genes with respect to the normal diet (ND) group. The results showed that expression levels of 47 genes were altered related to cholesterol metabolism in HFD and NOHFD groups. The expression levels of seven genes in the NOHFD group were significantly closer to those in the ND group than those of the HFD group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION To conclude, findings suggest that N. oleander leaf distillate-supplemented food has considerable beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression levels.
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Olszewski U, Zeillinger R, Demirel Kars M, Zalatnai A, Molnar J, Hamilton G. Anticancer Effects of the Organosilicon Multidrug Resistance Modulator SILA 421. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012; 12:663-71. [DOI: 10.2174/187152012800617777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kars MD, Işeri OD, Gündüz U. A microarray based expression profiling of paclitaxel and vincristine resistant MCF-7 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 657:4-9. [PMID: 21320484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the broad spectrum of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer cell lines and tumors has been called multiple drug resistance (MDR). In this study, the molecular mechanisms of resistance to two anticancer agents (paclitaxel and vincristine) in mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7 were investigated. Drug resistant sublines to paclitaxel (MCF-7/Pac) and vincristine (MCF-7/Vinc) that were developed from sensitive MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/S) were used. cDNA microarray analysis was performed for the RNA samples of sensitive and resistant cells in duplicate experiments. GeneSpring GX 7.3.1 Software was used in data analysis. The results indicated that the upregulation of MDR1 gene is the dominating mechanism of the paclitaxel and vincristine drug resistance. Additionally the upregulation of the genes encoding the detoxifying enzymes (i.e. GSTP1) was observed. Significant downregulation of apoptotic genes (i.e. PDCD2/4/6/8) and upregulation of some cell cycle regulatory genes (CDKN2A, CCNA2 etc.) was seen which may be in close relation to MDR in breast cancer. Drug resistant cancer cells exhibit different gene expression patterns depending on drug treatment, and each drug resistance phenotype is probably genetically different. Further functional studies are needed to demonstrate the complete set of genes contributing to the drug resistance phenotype in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Demirel Kars
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, 06531, Ankara, Turkey.
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Dönmez Y, Akhmetova L, İşeri ÖD, Kars MD, Gündüz U. Effect of MDR modulators verapamil and promethazine on gene expression levels of MDR1 and MRP1 in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:823-8. [PMID: 20563580 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the major problems of cancer chemotherapy is the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Among the numerous mechanisms of MDR, a prominent one is the increased expression of membrane transporter proteins, the action of which leads to decreased intracellular drug concentration and cytotoxicity of drugs. Among them, P-gp and MRP1, encoded by MDR1 and MRP1 genes, respectively, have been associated with MDR phenotype. Chemical modulators can be used to reverse MDR. These chemicals can either modulate MDR due to their substrate analogy (such as calcium channel blocker verapamil) or interact with phospholipid membranes (such as antihistaminic drug promethazine). This study focuses on the effect of verapamil and promethazine on the expression levels of MDR1 and MRP1 genes and the drug transport activity in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line. METHODS Doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/Dox) cells were incubated with either verapamil or promethazine, and total RNA was isolated. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was carried out by using specific primers for MDR1, MRP1, and β-actin genes. Intracellular doxorubicin accumulation was also examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy in treated cells. RESULTS Results demonstrated a significant decrease in both MDR1 and MRP1 expression levels after promethazine applications. It has also been shown that treatment of the cells with verapamil results in significant decrease in MDR1 mRNA levels. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images demonstrated that the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin was increased after verapamil treatment in MCF-7/Dox cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study gives an idea about the efficiency of verapamil and promethazine on MDR reversal both in gene expression and in transport activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaprak Dönmez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Kars MD, Işeri OD, Gündüz U. Drug resistant breast cancer cells overexpress ETS1 gene. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:458-62. [PMID: 20392592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multidrug resistance (MDR) is resistance to wide range of structurally unrelated anticancer agents. MDR is a serious limitation to the effective chemotherapy. Involvement of ETS1 overexpression in upregulation of MDR1 gene expression is implicated. In the present study the aim was to assess the involvement of ETS1 and the genes, which encode the proteins interacting with ETS1 in drug resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells. METHODS Drug resistant sublines to paclitaxel (MCF-7/Pac), docetaxel (MCF-7Doc), vincristine (MCF-7/Vinc) and doxorubicin (MCF-7/Dox) that were developed from sensitive MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/S) were used. cDNA microarray analysis was performed for the RNA samples of sensitive and resistant cells in duplicate experiments. GeneSpring GX 7.3.1 Software was used in data analysis. Microarray data was supported by immunocytochemistry and western blot for drug resistance protein, P-gp, encoded by MDR1 gene. RESULTS According to microarray data MDR1 and ETS1 genes were highly overexpressed in all of the resistant sublines. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene (MMP-1) was also tremendously upregulated only in vincristine resistant cells. Immunocytochemistry and western blot results confirmed that P-gp was highly overexpressed in resistant sublines compared to original MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION High ETS1 expression levels in all resistant MCF-7 sublines may lead to the upregulation of the transcription of MDR1 gene. Overexpression of ETS1 gene in resistant cells may have contributed to the development of resistance in the cells. Furthermore, the significant upregulation of MMP1 and MMP9 in MCF-7/Vinc may also be related to an acquired invasive behavior of MCF-7 cell line due to vincristine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Demirel Kars
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Eskisehir Yolu, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Molnár J, Kars MD, Gündüz U, Engi H, Schumacher U, Van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ, Makovitzky J, Gyémánt N, Molnár P. Interaction of tomato lectin with ABC transporter in cancer cells: glycosylation confers functional conformation of P-gp. Acta Histochem 2009; 111:329-33. [PMID: 19124148 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospho-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a polytopic plasma membrane protein whose overexpression causes multidrug resistance (MDR) responsible for the failure of cancer chemotherapy. P-gp 170 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily and has two potentially interesting regions for drugs interfering with its efflux function, namely the oligosaccharides on the first extracellular loop with unknown function and the two intracellular ATP-binding regions providing the energy for drug efflux function. The polylactoseamine oligosaccharides on the first loop can specifically bind the tomato lectin (TL). The P-gp efflux activities of TL-pre-treated MDR resistant cells were measured in the presence of structurally unrelated resistance modifiers such as phenothiazines, terpenoids and carotenoids. The inhibition of efflux activity was measured via the increased rhodamine uptake by mouse lymphoma cells transfected in human MDR1 gene and in human brain capillary endothelial cells. The tested resistance modifiers inhibit the function of ABC transporter resulting in increased R123 accumulation in MDR1 expressing cells. TL prevented the inhibitory action of phenothiazine and verapamil on brain capillary endothelial and MDR1-lymphoma cells, presumably due to the stabilization of the functional active conformation of P-gp. Our results indicate that the polylactosamine chains of P-gp are part of the functionally active protein conformation.
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Sakin V, Eskiocak U, Kars MD, Iseri OD, Gunduz U. hTERT gene expression levels and telomerase activity in drug resistant MCF-7 cells. Exp Oncol 2008; 30:202-205. [PMID: 18806742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cancer cells and some highly proliferative normal cells can stabilize telomere lengths by telomerase, which adds hexameric repeats to the ends of linear chromosomes. In this study, the activity of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and its gene expression levels were investigated in paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine and doxorubicin resistant human MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Resistant cell lines were developed by stepwise selection of cells (MCF-7/S) in increasing doses of paclitaxel (MCF-7/Pac), docetaxel (MCF-7/Doc), vincristine (MCF-7/Vinc) and doxorubicin (MCF-7/Dox). Antiproliferative effects of anticancer drugs were evaluated by XTT assay and IC 50 values for different drugs were determined from cell proliferation curves. Expression levels of hTERT gene in sensitive and resistant cells were analyzed by RT-PCR. TRAP-Silver Staining assay was used to evaluate telomerase activities in these cells. RESULTS When drug resistant and sensitive MCF-7 cells were compared no significant differences were observed in hTERT expression levels and telomerase enzyme activities. CONCLUSION This report demonstrates that drug resistance developed against paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine and doxorubicin in MCF-7 cells is independent of the expression of hTERT gene and telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sakin
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Kars MD, Işeri OD, Gunduz U, Molnar J. Reversal of multidrug resistance by synthetic and natural compounds in drug-resistant MCF-7 cell lines. Chemotherapy 2008; 54:194-200. [PMID: 18560226 DOI: 10.1159/000140462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ineffectiveness of anticancer drugs is frequently observed in cancer chemotherapy. The resistance of tumor cells to various cytotoxic drugs is defined as multidrug resistance (MDR). The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential reversal effect of some synthetic and natural chemicals on drug-resistant MCF-7 cell lines. The effects of potential MDR modulators combined with some anticancer drugs were also studied. METHODS Flow cytometry, MTT cytotoxicity assays and checkerboard combination assays were performed to study the reversal of drug resistance and to investigate the antiproliferative effects of the combination of anticancer drugs and the potential modulators. The results indicated that verapamil, capsanthin, zeaxanthin and promethazine inhibited P-gp effectively, but chrysin was not effective at reversing the resistance in MCF-7 sublines. Four selective anticancer drugs (paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin and vincristine) and 4 effective MDR modulators (verapamil, capsanthin, zeaxanthin and promethazine) were applied to the sublines in combination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Fractional inhibitory indices show that verapamil and zeaxanthin seem to be the most effective MDR reversal agents that may be used together with paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine and doxorubicin in drug-resistant mammary carcinoma sublines. In conclusion, this report represents the importance to find out active and efficient drug resistance modulators for improving the efficacy of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Demirel Kars
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Eskiocak U, İşeri OD, Kars MD, Biçer A, Gunduz U. Effect of Doxorubicin on Telomerase Activity and Apoptotic Gene Expression in Doxorubicin-Resistant and -Sensitive MCF-7 Cells. Chemotherapy 2008; 54:209-16. [DOI: 10.1159/000140464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kars MD, Işeri OD, Ural AU, Gündüz U. In vitro evaluation of zoledronic acid resistance developed in MCF-7 cells. Anticancer Res 2007; 27:4031-4037. [PMID: 18225567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoledronic acid is an important osteotropic compound used in combination with anticancer agents to reduce the incidence of hypercalcemia and skeletal morbidity in patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases. Ineffectiveness of anticancer drugs during chemotherapy is a frequently observed situation in cancer chemotherapy. The resistance of tumor cells to more than one cytotoxic drugs is defined as multidrug resistance. Drug resistance may be caused by altered gene expression levels and altered activities of proteins related to drug transport or cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the potential development of zoledronic acid resistance in breast cancer, parental MCF-7 cells were selected by increasing doses of zoledronic acid. MTT cytotoxicity assays, RT-PCR and Western blot were performed. The anticancer drugs paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine and doxorubicin were tested in combination to assess their combined antiproliferative effects and cross-resistance profiles. RESULTS Results demonstrated that the drug-adapted cells are resistant to zoledronic acid compared to parental MCF-7 and de novo expression of resistance genes, such as BCRP and LRP, were found. Up-regulation of Bcl-2 gene expression in resistant cells was also found. Synergistic cytotoxic effects of the combination of zoledronic acid with paclitaxel, docetaxel and vincristine were confirmed by fractional inhibitory indices, and zoledronic acid resistant cells were also found to be cross-resistant to these agents. CONCLUSION Zoledronic acid may cause resistance in MCF-7 cells. Overexpression of BCRP and LRP genes and an increase in Bcl-2 gene expression may have roles in the development of zoledronic acid resistance in the MCF-7 cell line. On the other hand, MDR1 and MRP1 genes do not seem to contribute to the zoledronic acid resistance significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Demirel Kars
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Kars MD, Iseri OD, Gündüz U, Ural AU, Arpaci F, Molnár J. Development of rational in vitro models for drug resistance in breast cancer and modulation of MDR by selected compounds. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:4559-68. [PMID: 17201178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] The effectiveness of chemotherapy is limited by the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is caused by the activity of various ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that pump anticancer drugs out of the cells in an ATP-dependent manner. Additionally some other cellular mechanisms of MDR have been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate mechanisms of MDR in drug resistant MCF-7 cell lines and to modulate P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and MRP1-based MDR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paclitaxel (MCF-7/Pac), docetaxel (MCF-7/Doc), doxorubicin (MCF-7/Dox) and vincristine (MCF-7/Vinc) resistant sublines were developed from the parent MCF-7 cell line (MCF-7/S) by stepwise selection in dose increments over two years. Flow cytometry, MTT cytotoxicity assay, RT-PCR, caspase-3 activity assay and checkerboard combination assay were performed to investigate the degree of resistance developed in sublines and to reverse drug resistance phenotype. RESULTS The flow cytometry histograms of drug accumulation assays demonstrated that the drug-resistant cell lines are P-gp and MRPI positive. RT-PCR results showed that the resistant sublines express both MDR1 and MRP1 genes. Resistance indices of each subline to each anticancer drug were determined using the MTT cytotoxicity assay and it was found that all the sublines were resistant to their respective agents. Caspase-3 activities of the cell lines were also determined. Caspase-3 activity is an important indicator of apoptosis in the cell. The reversal of MDR was attempted by two cinnamylidene ketone and two organosilicon compounds. The results indicated that these compounds modulated P-gp effectively, but they were not very effective at reversing MRP1 activity in the MCF-7 sublines. Four selective anticancer drugs (paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin and vincristine) and four synthetic MDR modulators [2-(2-methoxycinnamylidene) indan-1-one (cinnamylidene-1), 2-(2- methoxycinnamylidene)-3, 4-dihydro-2H-naphthelen-1-one) (cinnamylidene-2), ALIS 409 and ALIS 421] were applied to the sublines in combination. The fractional inhibitory indices illustrated that combined applications of cinnamylidene ketones and organosilicon compounds with paclitaxel, docetaxel or vincristine exerted significant antiproliferative effects on the resistant sublines. CONCLUSION This report demonstrates the development of rational models for drug resistance MCF-7 cell lines and reversal of acquired drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Demirel Kars
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, 06531, Ankara, Turkey
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