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Kryszak B, Szustakiewicz K, Dzienny P, Junka A, Paleczny J, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska P, Hoppe V, Grzymajło M, Antończak A. 'Cookies on a tray': Superselective hierarchical microstructured poly(l-lactide) surface as a decoy for cells. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2022; 133:112648. [PMID: 35034812 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this research we developed a micro-sized hierarchical structures on a poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) surface. The obtained structures consist of round-shaped protrusions with a diameter of ~20 μm, a height of ~3 μm, and the distance between them ~30 μm. We explored the effect of structuring PLLA to design a non-cytotoxic material with increased roughness to encourage cells to settle on the surface. The PLLA films were prepared using the casting melt extrusion technique and were modified using ultra-short pulse irradiation - a femtosecond laser operating at λ = 1030 nm. A hierarchical microstructure was obtained resembling 'cookies on a tray'. The cellular response of fibro- and osteoblasts cell lines was investigated. The conducted research has shown that the laser-modified surface is more conducive to cell adhesion and growth (compared to unmodified surface) to such an extent that allows the formation of highly-selectively patterns consisting of living cells. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus covered modified and unmodified structures in an even, non-preferential manner. In turn, adhesion pattern of eukaryotic fungus Saccharomyces boulardii resembled that of fibro- and osteoblast cells rather than that of Staphylococcus. The discovered effect can be used for fabrication of personalized and smart implants in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Kryszak
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Konrad Szustakiewicz
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paulina Dzienny
- Laser and Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystem, WUST, Poland
| | - Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Paleczny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Viktoria Hoppe
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, WUST, Poland
| | - Michał Grzymajło
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Antończak
- Laser and Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystem, WUST, Poland
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Piszko P, Włodarczyk M, Zielińska S, Gazińska M, Płociński P, Rudnicka K, Szwed A, Krupa A, Grzymajło M, Sobczak-Kupiec A, Słota D, Kobielarz M, Wojtków M, Szustakiewicz K. PGS/HAp Microporous Composite Scaffold Obtained in the TIPS-TCL-SL Method: An Innovation for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8587. [PMID: 34445293 PMCID: PMC8395318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we synthesize and characterize poly(glycerol sebacate) pre-polymer (pPGS) (1H NMR, FTiR, GPC, and TGA). Nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) is synthesized using the wet precipitation method. Next, the materials are used to prepare a PGS-based composite with a 25 wt.% addition of HAp. Microporous composites are formed by means of thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) followed by thermal cross-linking (TCL) and salt leaching (SL). The manufactured microporous materials (PGS and PGS/HAp) are then subjected to imaging by means of SEM and µCT for the porous structure characterization. DSC, TGA, and water contact angle measurements are used for further evaluation of the materials. To assess the cytocompatibility and biological potential of PGS-based composites, preosteoblasts and differentiated hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts are employed as in vitro models. Apart from the cytocompatibility, the scaffolds supported cell adhesion and were readily populated by the hFOB1.19 preosteoblasts. HAp-facilitated scaffolds displayed osteoconductive properties, supporting the terminal differentiation of osteoblasts as indicated by the production of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and osteopontin. Notably, the PGS/HAp scaffolds induced the production of significant amounts of osteoclastogenic cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which induced scaffold remodeling and promoted the reconstruction of bone tissue. Initial biocompatibility tests showed no signs of adverse effects of PGS-based scaffolds toward adult BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Piszko
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (S.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12-16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.); (K.R.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Sonia Zielińska
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (S.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Gazińska
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (S.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Przemysław Płociński
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12-16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.); (K.R.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12-16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.); (K.R.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Szwed
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12-16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.); (K.R.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Krupa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12-16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.); (K.R.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Michał Grzymajło
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (S.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (D.S.)
| | - Dagmara Słota
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (D.S.)
| | - Magdalena Kobielarz
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Wojtków
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Konrad Szustakiewicz
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (S.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
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Szustakiewicz K, Kryszak B, Dzienny P, Poźniak B, Tikhomirov M, Hoppe V, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska P, Tylus W, Grzymajło M, Gadomska-Gajadhur A, Antończak AJ. Cytotoxicity Study of UV-Laser-Irradiated PLLA Surfaces Subjected to Bio-Ceramisation: A New Way towards Implant Surface Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8436. [PMID: 34445136 PMCID: PMC8395104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research we subjected samples of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) extruded film to ultraviolet (193 nm ArF excimer laser) radiation below the ablation threshold. The modified film was immersed in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for 1 day or 7 days to obtain a layer of apatite ceramic (CaP) coating on the modified PLLA surface. The samples were characterized by means of optical profilometry, which indicated an increase in average roughness (Ra) from 25 nm for the unmodified PLLA to over 580 nm for irradiated PLLA incubated in SBF for 1 day. At the same time, the water contact angle decreased from 78° for neat PLLA to 35° for irradiated PLLA incubated in SBF, which suggests its higher hydrophilicity. The obtained materials were investigated by means of cell response fibroblasts (3T3) and macrophage-like cells (RAW 264.7). Properties of the obtained composites were compared to the unmodified PLLA film as well as to the UV-laser irradiated PLLA. The activation of the PLLA surface by laser irradiation led to a distinct increase in cytotoxicity, while the treatment with SBF and the deposition of apatite ceramic had only a limited preventive effect on this harmful impact and depended on the cell type. Fibroblasts were found to have good tolerance for the irradiated and ceramic-covered PLLA, but macrophages seem to interact with the substrate leading to the release of cytotoxic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Szustakiewicz
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Kryszak
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Paulina Dzienny
- Laser and Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (P.D.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (B.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Marta Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (B.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Viktoria Hoppe
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Łukasiewicza 5, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (V.H.); (P.S.-Z.)
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Łukasiewicza 5, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (V.H.); (P.S.-Z.)
| | - Włodzimierz Tylus
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Michał Grzymajło
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | | | - Arkadiusz J. Antończak
- Laser and Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (P.D.); (A.J.A.)
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Szustakiewicz K, Włodarczyk M, Gazińska M, Rudnicka K, Płociński P, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska P, Ziółkowski G, Biernat M, Sieja K, Grzymajło M, Jóźwiak P, Michlewska S, Trochimczuk AW. The Effect of Pore Size Distribution and l-Lysine Modified Apatite Whiskers (HAP) on Osteoblasts Response in PLLA/HAP Foam Scaffolds Obtained in the Thermally Induced Phase Separation Process. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3607. [PMID: 33808501 PMCID: PMC8036975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we prepared foam scaffolds based on poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and apatite whiskers (HAP) using thermally induced phase separation technique supported by the salt leaching process (TIPS-SL). Using sodium chloride having a size of (a) 150-315 μm, (b) 315-400 μm, and (c) 500-600 μm, three types of foams with different pore sizes have been obtained. Internal structure of the obtained materials has been investigated using SEM as well as μCT. The materials have been studied by means of porosity, density, and compression tests. As the most promising, the composite prepared with salt size of 500-600 μm was prepared also with the l-lysine modified apatite. The osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell response for the scaffolds was also investigated by means of cell viability, proliferation, adhesion/penetration, and biomineralization. Direct contact cytotoxicity assay showed the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds. All types of foam scaffolds containing HAP whiskers, regardless the pore size or l-lysine modification induced significant stimulatory effect on the cal-cium deposits formation in osteoblasts. The PLLA/HAP scaffolds modified with l-lysine stimulated hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts proliferation. Compared to the scaffolds with smaller pores (150-315 µm and 315-400 µm), the PLLA/HAP foams with large pores (500-600 µm) promoted more effective ad-hesion of osteoblasts to the surface of the biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Szustakiewicz
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.W.T.)
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (K.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Gazińska
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.W.T.)
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (K.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Przemysław Płociński
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; (M.W.); (K.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Łukasiewicza 5, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (P.S.-Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Grzegorz Ziółkowski
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Łukasiewicza 5, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (P.S.-Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Monika Biernat
- Department of Biomaterials, Ceramic and Concrete Division, Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sieja
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.W.T.)
| | - Michał Grzymajło
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.W.T.)
| | - Piotr Jóźwiak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Andrzej W. Trochimczuk
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.W.T.)
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Szustakiewicz K, Gazińska M, Kryszak B, Grzymajło M, Pigłowski J, Wiglusz RJ, Okamoto M. Corrigendum to “The influence of hydroxyapatite content on properties of poly(L-lactide)/hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds obtained using thermal induced phase separation technique” [Eur. Polym. J. 113 (2019) 313–320]. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Szustakiewicz K, Gazińska M, Kryszak B, Grzymajło M, Pigłowski J, Wiglusz RJ, Okamoto M. The influence of hydroxyapatite content on properties of poly(L-lactide)/hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds obtained using thermal induced phase separation technique. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zachanowicz E, Pigłowski J, Grzymajło M, Poźniak B, Tikhomirov M, Pierunek N, Śniadecki Z, Idzikowski B, Marycz K, Marędziak M, Kisała J, Hęclik K, Pązik R. Efficient synthesis of PMMA@Co 0.5Ni 0.5Fe 2O 4 organic-inorganic hybrids containing hyamine 1622 - Physicochemical properties, cytotoxic assessment and antimicrobial activity. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2018; 90:248-256. [PMID: 29853088 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The PMMA@Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 ferrite containing hybrid nanomaterials with hyamine were prepared using emulsion polymerization method. Structural and morphological properties were evaluated using XRD, FT-IR, SEM techniques. The TGA and DTA analysis were performed in order to study the thermal properties of hybrid materials in contrast to reference material. Magnetic properties were studied using Quantum Design PPMS (VSM option) in a constant external magnetic field equal (100 Oe and 1000 Oe) in the temperature range from 2 to 380 K. Both the pure Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4and the sample with 85% of PMMA exhibit superparamagnetic behavior whereas blocking temperatureTB decreases with increase of PMMA content. The cytotoxicity assessment of PMMA@Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 with hyamine in J774.E murine macrophages and U2OS human osteosarcoma cell lines was performed. Additionally, sensitivity of bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 to hybrid materials (with/without hyamine) was investigated using a of Kirby-Bauer disc method.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zachanowicz
- Polymer Engineering and Technology Division, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - J Pigłowski
- Polymer Engineering and Technology Division, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Grzymajło
- Polymer Engineering and Technology Division, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - B Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Scineces, Ul. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Scineces, Ul. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - N Pierunek
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Z Śniadecki
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - B Idzikowski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - K Marycz
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Faculty of Biology, Kożuchowska 5b, 50-631 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Marędziak
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Faculty of Biology, Kożuchowska 5b, 50-631 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Kisała
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - K Hęclik
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - R Pązik
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
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