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O'Donnell VB, Ekroos K, Liebisch G, Wakelam M. Lipidomics: Current state of the art in a fast moving field. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2019; 12:e1466. [PMID: 31646749 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are essential for all facets of life. They play three major roles: energy metabolism, structural, and signaling. They are dynamic molecules strongly influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors including genetics, diet, age, lifestyle, drugs, disease and inflammation. As precision medicine starts to become mainstream, there is a huge burgeoning interest in lipids and their potential to act as unique biomarkers or prognostic indicators. Lipids comprise a large component of all metabolites (around one-third), and our expanding knowledge about their dynamic behavior is fueling the hope that mapping their regulatory biochemical pathways on a systems level will revolutionize our ability to prevent, diagnose, and stratify major human diseases. Up to now, clinical lipid measurements have consisted primarily of total cholesterol or triglycerides, as a measure for cardiovascular risk and response to lipid lowering drugs. Nowadays, we are able to measure thousands of individual lipids that make up the lipidome. nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) metabolomics is also being increasingly used in large cohort studies where it can report on total levels of selected lipid classes, and relative levels of fatty acid saturation. To support the application of lipidomics research, LIPID MAPS was established in 2003, and since then has gone on to become the go-to resource for several lipid databases, lipid drawing tools, data deposition, and more recently lipidomics informatics tools, and a lipid biochemistry encyclopedia, LipidWeb. Alongside this, the recently established Lipidomics Standards Initiative plays a key role in standardization of lipidomics methodologies. This article is categorized under: Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Metabolomics Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd., Esbo, Finland
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Zhuang X, Magri A, Hill M, Lai AG, Kumar A, Rambhatla SB, Donald CL, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Rudge S, Pinnick K, Chang WH, Wing PAC, Brown R, Qin X, Simmonds P, Baumert TF, Ray D, Loudon A, Balfe P, Wakelam M, Butterworth S, Kohl A, Jopling CL, Zitzmann N, McKeating JA. The circadian clock components BMAL1 and REV-ERBα regulate flavivirus replication. Nat Commun 2019; 10:377. [PMID: 30670689 PMCID: PMC6343007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates immune responses to microbes and affects pathogen replication, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the circadian components BMAL1 and REV-ERBα influence several steps in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, including particle entry into hepatocytes and RNA genome replication. Genetic knock out of Bmal1 and over-expression or activation of REV-ERB with synthetic agonists inhibits the replication of HCV and the related flaviruses dengue and Zika via perturbation of lipid signaling pathways. This study highlights a role for the circadian clock component REV-ERBα in regulating flavivirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Michelle Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alvina G Lai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Claire L Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Simon Rudge
- The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Katherine Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wai Hoong Chang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ximing Qin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - David Ray
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Andrew Loudon
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Sam Butterworth
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An Nguyen
- Babraham Inst.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Lord S, Liu D, Cheng WC, Haider S, Gaude E, Teoh E, Patel N, Metcalf T, McGowan D, Roxanis I, Qifeng Z, Roy P, Gleeson F, Thompson A, Pollak M, Wakelam M, Buffa F, Frezza C, Fenwick J, Harris A. Metformin increases 18F-FDG flux and inhibits fatty acid oxidation at clinical doses in breast cancer: Results of a phase 0 clinical trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Huang-Doran I, Tomlinson P, Payne F, Gast A, Sleigh A, Bottomley W, Harris J, Daly A, Rocha N, Rudge S, Clark J, Kwok A, Romeo S, McCann E, Müksch B, Dattani M, Zucchini S, Wakelam M, Foukas LC, Savage DB, Murphy R, O'Rahilly S, Barroso I, Semple RK. Insulin resistance uncoupled from dyslipidemia due to C-terminal PIK3R1 mutations. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88766. [PMID: 27766312 PMCID: PMC5070960 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related insulin resistance is associated with fatty liver, dyslipidemia, and low plasma adiponectin. Insulin resistance due to insulin receptor (INSR) dysfunction is associated with none of these, but when due to dysfunction of the downstream kinase AKT2 phenocopies obesity-related insulin resistance. We report 5 patients with SHORT syndrome and C-terminal mutations in PIK3R1, encoding the p85α/p55α/p50α subunits of PI3K, which act between INSR and AKT in insulin signaling. Four of 5 patients had extreme insulin resistance without dyslipidemia or hepatic steatosis. In 3 of these 4, plasma adiponectin was preserved, as in insulin receptor dysfunction. The fourth patient and her healthy mother had low plasma adiponectin associated with a potentially novel mutation, p.Asp231Ala, in adiponectin itself. Cells studied from one patient with the p.Tyr657X PIK3R1 mutation expressed abundant truncated PIK3R1 products and showed severely reduced insulin-stimulated association of mutant but not WT p85α with IRS1, but normal downstream signaling. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, mutant p85α overexpression attenuated insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation and adipocyte differentiation. Thus, PIK3R1 C-terminal mutations impair insulin signaling only in some cellular contexts and produce a subphenotype of insulin resistance resembling INSR dysfunction but unlike AKT2 dysfunction, implicating PI3K in the pathogenesis of key components of the metabolic syndrome. C-terminal mutations in human PIK3R1 are associated with severe insulin resistance in the absence of dyslipidemia or hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Huang-Doran
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patsy Tomlinson
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Payne
- Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Gast
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William Bottomley
- Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Harris
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Daly
- Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Rocha
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Rudge
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Kwok
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emma McCann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Müksch
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mehul Dattani
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Zucchini
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael Wakelam
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lazaros C Foukas
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David B Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Semple
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lord S, Liu D, Haider S, Gaude E, Teoh E, Neel P, Zhang Q, Gleeson F, Wakelam M, Frezza C, Buffa F, John F, Harris A. Abstract LB-200: Integrating dynamic 18F-FDG PET-CT, tumor metabolomics and functional genomics to understand metformin's pharmacodynamic effects in breast cancer: results of a phase 0 clinical trial. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is growing interest in the anticancer effect of the diabetes drug, metformin, and over 100 clinical trials are underway worldwide. However it is still not determined as to whether metformin has significant direct effects on cancer cells or solely indirect effects via modulation of host metabolism.
We recruited 41 non-diabetic patients with primary breast cancer to a neoadjuvant window trial. Patients received an escalating dose of metformin (500mg up to 1500mg) for 2 weeks with pre- and post-metformin pharmacodynamic assessments including, dynamic 18F-FDG PET-CT scans, serum metabolic markers, and tumour biopsies for whole transcriptome RNASeq, tumour metabolomics and immunohistochemistry.
Assessment of tumour FDG kinetics using a classic 2-tissue compartment model with three rate constants showed a 1.3 fold change (FC) post-metformin in the composite 18F-FDG flux constant, Kflux (p = 0.041, on paired t-test). There was a non-statistically significant 1.1 fold increase in the variable, metabolic rate of glucose utilization (MRglu) (p = 0.141). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed a decrease in intra-tumoral levels of the short-chain acyl-carnitines, propionylcarnitine (FC -0.50, p = 0.039) and acetylycarnitine (FC -0.40, p = 0.046) consistent with inhibition of fatty acid oxidation (wilcoxon rank test). This effect on fatty acid oxidation was validated in pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo breast cancer cell line models. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the actual difference in Kflux and intratumoral levels of acetylcarnitine (p = 0.012, Spearman's rank test). Small but consistent falls in the levels of serum glucose (p = 0.032), c-peptide (p = 0.001), insulin (p = 0.005), IGF1 (p = 0.048) and IGF2 (p = 0.040) were observed following metformin treatment (paired t-test) but there was no correlation with change in Kflux or short chain acyl-carnitine levels. Pathway annotation analysis using GeneCodis revealed several pathways associated with mitochondrial and fatty acid metabolism that were upregulated. Immunohistochemical intratumoral nuclear expression of pAMPK increased 1.5 fold (p = 0.037, paired t-test) but this did not correlate with change in Kflux or levels of short-chain acyl-carnitines. Peak serum metformin levels correlated with intratumoral metformin levels (p = 0.012, Spearman's rank test) but did not correlate with change in Kflux or short-chain acyl-carnitine levels.
Our data shows that metformin treatment alters FDG kinetics, inhibits fatty acid oxidation and leads to altered gene expression in the mitochondrial (nuclear encoded) transcriptome but that these effects do not correlate with changes in host metabolism. This data provides strong evidence that metformin has a direct effect on breast cancer metabolism at clinical doses.
Citation Format: Simon Lord, Daniel Liu, Syed Haider, Edoardo Gaude, Eugene Teoh, Patel Neel, Qifeng Zhang, Fergus Gleeson, Michael Wakelam, Christian Frezza, Francesca Buffa, Fenwick John, Adrian Harris. Integrating dynamic 18F-FDG PET-CT, tumor metabolomics and functional genomics to understand metformin's pharmacodynamic effects in breast cancer: results of a phase 0 clinical trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lord
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Liu
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eugene Teoh
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patel Neel
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lord SR, Patel N, Liu D, Fenwick J, Frezza C, Costa SHD, Gaude E, Zhang Q, Wakelam M, Gleeson F, Haider S, Buffa F, Harris AL. Abstract A24: Integration of tumor metabolomics, cancer genome sequencing and dynamic functional imaging to assess the metabolic effects of metformin in breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6215.prev-14-a24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is great interest in the effects on cancer metabolism of the diabetes drug, metformin and its potential as a cancer treatment. Despite intense investigation it is still not clear as to its metabolic effects on primary human cancer in vivo. 41 patients with primary breast cancer were recruited to a ‘window of opportunity study’ prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Before and after 2 weeks of metformin, dynamic 18F-FDG PET-CT scans were carried out, breast core biopsies of the primary tumour taken for RNASeq, metabolomics and immunohistochemistry analysis and host serum metabolic markers assessed.
Metabolomic mass spectrometry analysis revealed an increase in the ADP/ATP and AMP/ATP ratio (fold change 8.6 and 24.9, respectively, p = 0.07 and p = 0.14) after metformin treatment.
RNA sequencing of the first 21 paired samples showed upregulation of many genes encoding components of complex 1, and the TCA cycle, glutaminolysis, and glycolysis pathways. Several genes encoding for glucose and glutamine transport were amongst those most consistently upregulated, including GLUT1, SLC38A1 and SLC7A5 (all p<0.0001).
Dynamic PET-CT analysis of the first 17 paired scans demonstrated a trend toward a decrease in the variable K2 post-metformin (an estimate of 18F-FDG efflux from tumour intracellular pool back to blood), but with much variability between paired scans (0.70±0.11 vs 0.51±0.05 (p=0.14)).
There was a decrease in serum C-peptide (0.56±0.04nmol/L vs 0.48±0.02nmol/L, pre- and post-metformin, p=0.003) consistent with reduced host insulin secretion. This is the first study in the clinical setting to show that metformin can cause an energy stress in cancer cells. The effect on mRNA expression was compatible with direct mitochondrial effects on the cancer cell leading to upregulation of the glutaminolysis and glycolysis pathways. The decrease in efflux of radiolabelled glucose may indicate retention of glucose possibly secondary to changes in blood glucose availability. We expect this study will help define biomarker development and future treatment strategies for metformin, in particular potential combination therapy.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference.
Citation Format: Simon R. Lord, Nilay Patel, D. Liu, J. Fenwick, C. Frezza, S. Henriques da Costa, E. Gaude, Q. Zhang, M. Wakelam, F. Gleeson, S. Haider, F. Buffa, A. L. Harris. Integration of tumor metabolomics, cancer genome sequencing and dynamic functional imaging to assess the metabolic effects of metformin in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr A24.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilay Patel
- 2Oxford Cancer Imaging Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - D. Liu
- 2Oxford Cancer Imaging Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - J. Fenwick
- 2Oxford Cancer Imaging Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - C. Frezza
- 3University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - E. Gaude
- 3University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Q. Zhang
- 3University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M. Wakelam
- 3University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - F. Gleeson
- 2Oxford Cancer Imaging Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - S. Haider
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - F. Buffa
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,
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Schug Z, Peck B, Jones D, Zhang Q, Alam I, Witney T, Smethurst E, Grosskurth S, Harris A, Critchlow S, Aboagye E, Wakelam M, Schulze A, Gottlieb E. Acetyl-coA synthetase 2 promotes acetate utilization and maintains cell growth under metabolic stress. Cancer Metab 2014. [PMCID: PMC4072991 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-2-s1-o9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Griffiths B, Lewis CA, Bensaad K, Ros S, Zhang Q, Ferber EC, Konisti S, Peck B, Miess H, East P, Wakelam M, Harris AL, Schulze A. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-dependent regulation of lipid synthesis supports cell survival and tumor growth. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:3. [PMID: 24280005 PMCID: PMC3835903 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulation of lipid metabolism via activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) has emerged as an important function of the Akt/mTORC1 signaling axis. Although the contribution of dysregulated Akt/mTORC1 signaling to cancer has been investigated extensively and altered lipid metabolism is observed in many tumors, the exact role of SREBPs in the control of biosynthetic processes required for Akt-dependent cell growth and their contribution to tumorigenesis remains unclear. Results We first investigated the effects of loss of SREBP function in non-transformed cells. Combined ablation of SREBP1 and SREBP2 by siRNA-mediated gene silencing or chemical inhibition of SREBP activation induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and engaged the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, specifically under lipoprotein-deplete conditions in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Induction of ER-stress led to inhibition of protein synthesis through increased phosphorylation of eIF2α. This demonstrates for the first time the importance of SREBP in the coordination of lipid and protein biosynthesis, two processes that are essential for cell growth and proliferation. SREBP ablation caused major changes in lipid composition characterized by a loss of mono- and poly-unsaturated lipids and induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Alterations in lipid composition and increased ROS levels, rather than overall changes to lipid synthesis rate, were required for ER-stress induction. Next, we analyzed the effect of SREBP ablation in a panel of cancer cell lines. Importantly, induction of apoptosis following SREBP depletion was restricted to lipoprotein-deplete conditions. U87 glioblastoma cells were highly susceptible to silencing of either SREBP isoform, and apoptosis induced by SREBP1 depletion in these cells was rescued by antioxidants or by restoring the levels of mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, silencing of SREBP1 induced ER-stress in U87 cells in lipoprotein-deplete conditions and prevented tumor growth in a xenograft model. Conclusions Taken together, these results demonstrate that regulation of lipid composition by SREBP is essential to maintain the balance between protein and lipid biosynthesis downstream of Akt and to prevent resultant ER-stress and cell death. Regulation of lipid metabolism by the Akt/mTORC1 signaling axis is required for the growth and survival of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Griffiths
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK.,Present address: Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Karim Bensaad
- CRUK Growth Factor Group, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Susana Ros
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Emma C Ferber
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sofia Konisti
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK.,Present address: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College, 65 Aspenlea Road, London, Hammersmith, W6 8LH, UK
| | - Barrie Peck
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Heike Miess
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Philip East
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Service, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Michael Wakelam
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- CRUK Growth Factor Group, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Almut Schulze
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
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Zhang Q, Wakelam M. Investigation of lipid signalling pathways by mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Raghu P, Coessens E, Manifava M, Georgiev P, Pettitt T, Wood E, Garcia-Murillas I, Okkenhaug H, Trivedi D, Zhang Q, Razzaq A, Zaid O, Wakelam M, O'Kane CJ, Ktistakis N. Rhabdomere biogenesis in Drosophila photoreceptors is acutely sensitive to phosphatidic acid levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:129-45. [PMID: 19349583 PMCID: PMC2700502 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200807027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is postulated to have both structural and signaling functions during membrane dynamics in animal cells. In this study, we show that before a critical time period during rhabdomere biogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors, elevated levels of PA disrupt membrane transport to the apical domain. Lipidomic analysis shows that this effect is associated with an increase in the abundance of a single, relatively minor molecular species of PA. These transport defects are dependent on the activation state of Arf1. Transport defects via PA generated by phospholipase D require the activity of type I phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4 phosphate 5 kinase, are phenocopied by knockdown of PI 4 kinase, and are associated with normal endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport. We propose that PA levels are critical for apical membrane transport events required for rhabdomere biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padinjat Raghu
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, England, UK.
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Wilson S, Taskila T, Ismail T, Stocken DD, Martin A, Redman V, Wakelam M, Perry I, Hobbs R. Establishing the added benefit of measuring MMP9 in FOB positive patients as a part of the Wolverhampton colorectal cancer screening programme. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:36. [PMID: 19175925 PMCID: PMC2639610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bowel cancer is common and a major cause of death. The NHS is currently rolling out a national bowel cancer screening programme that aims to cover the entire population by 2010. The programme will be based on the Faecal Occult Blood test (FOBt) that reduces mortality from colon cancer by 16%. However, FOB testing has a relatively low positive predictive value, with associated unnecessary cost, risk and anxiety from subsequent investigation, and is unacceptable to a proportion of the target population. Increased levels of an enzyme called matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) have been found to be associated with colorectal cancer, and this can be measured from a blood sample. MMP9 has potential for detecting those at risk of having colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to assess whether MMP9 estimation enhances the predictive value of a positive FOBt. Methods and design FOBt positive people aged 60–69 years attending the Wolverhampton NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Unit and providing consent for colonoscopy will be recruited. Participants will provide a blood sample prior to colonoscopy and permission for collection of the clinical outcome from screening unit records. Multivariate logistic regression analyses will determine the independent factors (patient and disease related, MMP9) associated with the prediction of neoplasia. Discussion Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Pilot studies have confirmed the feasibility of the national cancer screening programme that is based on FOBt. However, the test has high false positive rates. MMP9 has significant potential as a marker for both adenomas and cancers. This study is to examine whether using MMP9 as an adjunct to FOBt improves the accuracy of screening and reduces the number of false positive tests that cause anxiety and require invasive and potentially harmful investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Wilson
- Primary Care Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Garcia-Murillas I, Pettitt T, Macdonald E, Okkenhaug H, Georgiev P, Trivedi D, Hassan B, Wakelam M, Raghu P. lazaro encodes a lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase that regulates phosphatidylinositol turnover during Drosophila phototransduction. Neuron 2006; 49:533-46. [PMID: 16476663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An essential step in Drosophila phototransduction is the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate PI(4,5)P2 by phospholipase Cbeta (PLCbeta) to generate a second messenger that opens the light-activated channels TRP and TRPL. Although the identity of this messenger remains unknown, recent evidence has implicated diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), encoded by rdgA, as a key enzyme that regulates its levels, mediating both amplification and response termination. In this study, we demonstrate that lazaro (laza) encodes a lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase (LPP) that functions during phototransduction. We demonstrate that the synergistic activity of laza and rdgA regulates response termination during phototransduction. Analysis of retinal phospholipids revealed a reduction in phosphatidic acid (PA) levels and an associated reduction in phosphatidylinositol (PI) levels. Together our results demonstrate the contribution of PI depletion to the rdgA phenotype and provide evidence that depletion of PI and its metabolites might be a key signal for TRP channel activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Garcia-Murillas
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 4AT, United Kingdom
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Cook SJ, Wakelam M. The search for new targets for cancer chemotherapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 5:341-2. [PMID: 15961343 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hodgkin M, Rose S, Clark J, Wakelam M. Arf-interacting proteins regulate phospholipase D in human leukaemic cells. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:S587. [PMID: 9450015 DOI: 10.1042/bst025s587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hodgkin
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, U.K
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Hodgkin M, Gardner S, Wakelam M. The identification of several stearoyl-arachidonyl selective diacylglycerol kinases in the particulate fraction of porcine testes. Biochem Soc Trans 1993; 21:490S. [PMID: 8132057 DOI: 10.1042/bst021490s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hodgkin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow
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Katira A, Knox KA, Finney M, Michell RH, Wakelam M, Gordon J. Inhibition by glucocorticoid and staurosporine of IL-4-dependent CD23 production in B lymphocytes is reversed on engaging CD40. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 92:347-52. [PMID: 7683590 PMCID: PMC1554800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-4 synergizes with signals delivered through CD40 both for the induction of CD23/Fc epsilon RII expression and for IgE synthesis. Moreover, engagement of CD40 on the B cell surface by MoAb overcomes the ability of interferons, transforming growth factor-beta, or anti-CD19 to inhibit IL-4-dependent change. We now report that occupancy of CD40 relieves potent suppression of IL-4-induced CD23 production by glucocorticoid or the relatively broad-acting kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Interruption of the IL-4 signal was observed with concentrations of staurosporine considered to be selective for protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition (IC50 = 10 nM) but not with genistein or tyrphostins, effective inhibitors of tyrosine kinase activity. On ligation of CD40, staurosporine no longer inhibited the IL-4 signal: at concentrations of between 1 and 20 nM, staurosporine actually increased by as much as 100% the rate of CD23 production stimulated on simultaneous activation through CD40 and IL-4R. Such augmentation was not observed when the more specific PKC inhibitor RO-31-8220 was used; indeed, CD40 engagement was unable to overcome the ability of this inhibitor to block IL-4-promoted CD23 induction (IC50 = 10 microM). Occupancy of CD40 did, however, thwart completely the usual ability of prednisolone to inhibit the IL-4 signal leading to CD23 induction. Activation through CD40 left inhibition of phorbol ester-induced CD23 expression by staurosporine, RO-31-8220, or glucocorticoid unchecked. These findings further highlight the intimate level of cross-talk existing between CD40 and IL-4R on resting B lymphocytes to promote CD23 expression, a phenotypic change which preludes IgE synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Katira
- Department of Immunology, University of Birmingham, UK
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