1
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Dingra N, Witty M, Celis M, Boppana N, Ayudhya T. Transformation of struvite from wastewater to a hydrogen fuel storage compound ammonia borane. Front Chem 2023; 11:1269845. [PMID: 38025081 PMCID: PMC10662098 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1269845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia borane (NH3BH3) is a carrier of hydrogen gas that is known as a carbon-free renewable energy source. A high hydrogen content of ammonia borane and its stability in air at ambient temperatures make it a valuable molecule for its potential use as a hydrogen storage compound. In this study, we investigate a new approach for synthesizing ammonia borane using wastewater-derived ammonia source. Wastewater recycling has always been a global interest towards sustainability. In addition to reclaiming the water, recycling nutrients in wastewater is a topic of interest. Nutrients such as nitrogen, magnesium, and phosphorous are readily recovered from wastewater as struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O). This new process involves converting urine into struvite, and then reacting struvite with alkali borohydrides to produce a high-purity ammonia borane. The use of mild reaction conditions without extensive purification process, together with high purity ammonia borane product make this process a desirable course of action for recycling the nitrogen waste. In the course of moving towards a sustainable environment, the energy and wastewater industries will benefit from this combined process of nitrogen removal from wastewater to generate a renewable carbon-free energy molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nin Dingra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, United States
| | - Michael Witty
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Florida SouthWestern State College, Fort Myers, FL, United States
| | - Marie Celis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, United States
| | - Narendra Boppana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, United States
| | - Theppawut Ayudhya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, United States
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2
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Witty M. Examples of potato epidermis endophytes and rhizosphere microbes that may be human pathogens contributing to potato peel colic. AAlim 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2021.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Potato tubers defend themselves against herbivores with endogenous secondary compounds such as solanine and scopolamine. They also recruit endophytes and members of the tuberosphere to repel herbivores. Many of these endophyte defence features are overcome by cooking, with some notable exceptions that have been identified by rDNA analysis of potato peel samples and may account for some previously unrecognised features of potato peel colic. This is relevant regarding the rather modern way of cooking, where the potato peel is left intact in food and consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Witty
- Math and Science Department, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Florida SouthWestern State College, 8099 College Parkway, Fort Myers, Florida 33919, USA
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3
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Sandoval E, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Almela MJ, Castañeda P, Jiménez Díaz MB, Martínez-Martínez MS, Vidal J, Angulo-Barturen Í, Bamborough P, Burrows J, Cammack N, Chaparro MJ, Coterón JM, de Cozar C, Crespo B, Díaz B, Drewes G, Fernández E, Ferrer-Bazaga S, Fraile MT, Gamo FJ, Ghidelli-Disse S, Gómez R, Haselden J, Huss S, León ML, de Mercado J, Macdonald SJF, Martín Hernando JI, Prats S, Puente M, Rodríguez A, de la Rosa JC, Rueda L, Selenski C, Willis P, Wilson DM, Witty M, Calderón F. Correction to The Discovery of Novel Antimalarial Aminoxadiazoles as a Promising Nonendoperoxide Scaffold. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Witty
- Department of Mathematics and Science, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Florida SouthWestern State College, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - Nin N. Dingra
- Department of Mathematics and Science, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Florida SouthWestern State College, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley C. Felts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Theppawut Israsena Na Ayudhya
- Department of Mathematics and Science, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Florida SouthWestern State College, Fort Myers, FL, USA
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5
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Sandoval E, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Almela MJ, Castañeda P, Jiménez Díaz MB, Martínez-Martínez MS, Vidal J, Angulo-Barturen Í, Bamborough P, Burrows J, Cammack N, Chaparro MJ, Coterón JM, de Cozar C, Crespo B, Díaz B, Drewes G, Fernández E, Ferrer-Bazaga S, Fraile MT, Gamo FJ, Ghidelli-Disse S, Gómez R, Haselden J, Huss S, León ML, de Mercado J, Macdonald SJF, Martín Hernando JI, Prats S, Puente M, Rodríguez A, de la Rosa JC, Rueda L, Selenski C, Willis P, Wilson DM, Witty M, Calderón F. The Discovery of Novel Antimalarial Aminoxadiazoles as a Promising Nonendoperoxide Scaffold. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6880-6896. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sandoval
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María J. Almela
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Castañeda
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez Díaz
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María S. Martínez-Martínez
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Vidal
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Angulo-Barturen
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Bamborough
- Medicines
Research Center, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 21 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Cammack
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Chaparro
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Coterón
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina de Cozar
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benigno Crespo
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díaz
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome
GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Fernández
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer-Bazaga
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Fraile
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Gamo
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Gómez
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Haselden
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Huss
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa León
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime de Mercado
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- Medicines
Research Center, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - José Ignacio Martín Hernando
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Prats
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Puente
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Rodríguez
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. de la Rosa
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rueda
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn Selenski
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Paul Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 21 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David M. Wilson
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Witty
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 21 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Félix Calderón
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo
Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres
Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Ghidelli-Disse S, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Waterson D, Witty M, Younis Y, Paquet T, Street LJ, Chibale K, Gamo-Benito FJ, Bantscheff M, Drewes G. Identification of Plasmodium PI4 kinase as target of MMV390048 by chemoproteomics. Malar J 2014. [PMCID: PMC4179336 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-s1-p38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Chaparro M, Vidal J, Angulo-Barturen Í, Bueno JM, Burrows J, Cammack N, Castañeda P, Colmenarejo G, Coterón JM, de las Heras L, Fernández E, Ferrer S, Gabarró R, Gamo FJ, García M, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Lafuente MJ, León ML, Martínez MS, Minick D, Prats S, Puente M, Rueda L, Sandoval E, Santos-Villarejo Á, Witty M, Calderón F. Case Study of Small Molecules As Antimalarials: 2-Amino-1-phenylethanol (APE) Derivatives. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:657-61. [PMID: 24944739 PMCID: PMC4060931 DOI: 10.1021/ml500015r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiparasitic oral drugs have been associated to lipophilic molecules due to their intrinsic permeability. However, these kind of molecules are associated to numerous adverse effects, which have been extensively studied. Within the Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set (TCAMS) we have identified two small, soluble and simple hits that even presenting antiplasmodial activities in the range of 0.4-0.5 μM are able to show in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
J. Chaparro
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Vidal
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Angulo-Barturen
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Bueno
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 route de
Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Cammack
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Castañeda
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Centro
de Investigación Básica, GlaxoSmithKline, Santiago Grisolía, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Coterón
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de las Heras
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Fernández
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gabarró
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Gamo
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes García
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María B. Jiménez-Díaz
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Lafuente
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L. León
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María S. Martínez
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglas Minick
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sara Prats
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Puente
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rueda
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sandoval
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Santos-Villarejo
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Witty
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 route de
Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Félix Calderón
- Tres
Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Calderón F, Vidal-Mas J, Burrows J, de la Rosa JC, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Mulet T, Prats S, Solana J, Witty M, Gamo FJ, Fernández E. A Divergent SAR Study Allows Optimization of a Potent 5-HT2c Inhibitor to a Promising Antimalarial Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:373-7. [PMID: 24900481 DOI: 10.1021/ml300008j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From the 13 533 chemical structures published by GlaxoSmithKline in 2010, we identified 47 quality starting points for lead optimization. One of the most promising hits was the TCMDC-139046, a molecule presenting an indoline core, which is well-known for its anxiolytic properties by interacting with serotonin antagonist receptors 5-HT2. The inhibition of this target will complicate the clinical development of these compounds as antimalarials. Herein, we present the antimalarial profile of this series and our efforts to avoid interaction with this receptor, while maintaining a good antiparasitic potency. By using a double-divergent structure-activity relationship analysis, we have obtained a novel lead compound harboring an indoline core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Calderón
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Vidal-Mas
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20, route de Pré-Bois-PO Box 1826,
1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Juan Carlos de la Rosa
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Mulet
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Prats
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Solana
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Witty
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20, route de Pré-Bois-PO Box 1826,
1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Fernández
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development
Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa,
2. 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Witty M, Yard A, Kinard J, O. Adekunl R. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Berries are Simultaneously Attractive to Birds and Repulsive to Mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2010.35.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Witty M. Wolffia columbiana Can Switch Between Two Anatomically and Physiologically Separate States: Buoyant for Invasion and Starch Rich for Colonization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2009.307.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schmitzberger F, Kilkenny ML, Lobley CMC, Webb ME, Vinkovic M, Matak-Vinkovic D, Witty M, Chirgadze DY, Smith AG, Abell C, Blundell TL. Structural constraints on protein self-processing in L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase. EMBO J 2004; 22:6193-204. [PMID: 14633979 PMCID: PMC291833 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartate decarboxylase, which is translated as a pro-protein, undergoes intramolecular self-cleavage at Gly24-Ser25. We have determined the crystal structures of an unprocessed native precursor, in addition to Ala24 insertion, Ala26 insertion and Gly24-->Ser, His11-->Ala, Ser25-->Ala, Ser25-->Cys and Ser25-->Thr mutants. Comparative analyses of the cleavage site reveal specific conformational constraints that govern self-processing and demonstrate that considerable rearrangement must occur. We suggest that Thr57 Ogamma and a water molecule form an 'oxyanion hole' that likely stabilizes the proposed oxyoxazolidine intermediate. Thr57 and this water molecule are probable catalytic residues able to support acid-base catalysis. The conformational freedom in the loop preceding the cleavage site appears to play a determining role in the reaction. The molecular mechanism of self-processing, presented here, emphasizes the importance of stabilization of the oxyoxazolidine intermediate. Comparison of the structural features shows significant similarity to those in other self-processing systems, and suggests that models of the cleavage site of such enzymes based on Ser-->Ala or Ser-->Thr mutants alone may lead to erroneous interpretations of the mechanism.
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12
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von Delft F, Inoue T, Saldanha SA, Ottenhof HH, Schmitzberger F, Birch LM, Dhanaraj V, Witty M, Smith AG, Blundell TL, Abell C. Structure of E. coli ketopantoate hydroxymethyl transferase complexed with ketopantoate and Mg2+, solved by locating 160 selenomethionine sites. Structure 2003; 11:985-96. [PMID: 12906829 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the crystal structure of E. coli ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase (KPHMT) at 1.9 A resolution, in complex with its product, ketopantoate. KPHMT catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of pantothenate (vitamin B(5)), the precursor of coenzyme A and the acyl carrier protein cofactor. The structure of the decameric enzyme was solved by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion to locate 160 selenomethionine sites and phase 560 kDa of protein, making it the largest structure solved by this approach. KPHMT adopts the (betaalpha)(8) barrel fold and is a member of the phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate superfamily. The active site contains a ketopantoate bidentately coordinated to Mg(2+). Similar binding is likely for the substrate, alpha-ketoisovalerate, orienting the C3 for deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank von Delft
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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Krebitz M, Wagner B, Ferreira F, Peterbauer C, Campillo N, Witty M, Kolarich D, Steinkellner H, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H. Plant-based heterologous expression of Mal d 2, a thaumatin-like protein and allergen of apple (Malus domestica), and its characterization as an antifungal protein. J Mol Biol 2003; 329:721-30. [PMID: 12787673 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mal d 2 is a thaumatin-like protein and important allergen of apple fruits that is associated with IgE-mediated symptoms in apple allergic individuals. We obtained a full-length cDNA clone of Mal d 2 from RNA isolated from ripe apple (Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious). The cDNA's open reading frame encodes a protein of 246 amino acid residues including a signal peptide of 24 residues and two putative glycosylation sites. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature Mal d 2 protein results in a predicted molecular mass of 23,210.9Da and a calculated pI of 4.55. Sequence comparisons and molecular modeling place Mal d 2 among those pathogenesis-related thaumatin-like proteins that contain a conserved acidic cleft. In order to ensure the correct formation of the protein's eight conserved disulfide bridges we expressed Mal d 2 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by the use of a tobacco mosaic viral vector. Transfected N.benthamiana plants accumulated Mal d 2 to levels of at least 2% of total soluble protein. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analyses of the recombinant Mal d 2 and its proteolytic fragments showed that the apple-specific leader peptide was correctly cleaved off by the host plant and that the mature recombinant protein was intact and not glycosylated. Purified recombinant Mal d 2 displayed the ability to bind IgE from apple-allergic individuals equivalent to natural Mal d 2. In addition, the recombinant thaumatin-like Mal d 2 exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium expansum, implying a function in plant defense against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krebitz
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, AKH-EBO-3Q, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Witty M, Sanz C, Shah A, Grossmann J, Mizuguchi K, Perham RN, Luisi B. Structure of the periplasmic domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa TolA: evidence for an evolutionary relationship with the TonB transporter protein. EMBO J 2002; 21:4207-18. [PMID: 12169623 PMCID: PMC126161 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2002] [Revised: 05/28/2002] [Accepted: 06/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the C-terminal domain III of Pseudomonas aeruginosa TolA has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. The fold is similar to that of the corresponding domain of Escherichia coli TolA, despite the limited amino acid sequence identity of the two proteins (20%). A pattern was discerned that conserves the fold of domain III within the wider TolA family and, moreover, reveals a relationship between TolA domain III and the C-terminal domain of the TonB transporter proteins. We propose that the TolA and TonB C-terminal domains have a common evolutionary origin and are related by means of domain swapping, with interesting mechanistic implications. We have also determined the overall shape of the didomain, domains II + III, of P.aeruginosa TolA by solution X-ray scattering. The molecule is monomeric-its elongated, stalk shape can accommodate the crystal structure of domain III at one end, and an elongated helical bundle within the portion corresponding to domain II. Based on these data, a model for the periplasmic domains of P.aeruginosa TolA is presented that may explain the inferred allosteric properties of members of the TolA family. The mechanisms of TolA-mediated entry of bateriophages in P.aeruginosa and E.coli are likely to be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J.Günter Grossmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA and
CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: or
| | | | - Richard N. Perham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA and
CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: or
| | - Ben Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA and
CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: or
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Albert A, Dhanaraj V, Genschel U, Khan G, Ramjee MK, Pulido R, Sibanda BL, von Delft F, Witty M, Blundell TL, Smith AG, Abell C. Crystal structure of aspartate decarboxylase at 2.2 A resolution provides evidence for an ester in protein self-processing. Nat Struct Biol 1998; 5:289-93. [PMID: 9546220 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0498-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure of L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase from E. coli has been determined at 2.2 A resolution. The enzyme is a tetramer with pseudofour-fold rotational symmetry. The subunits are six-stranded beta-barrels capped by small alpha-helices at each end. The active sites are located between adjacent subunits. The electron density provides evidence for catalytic pyruvoyl groups at three active sites and an ester at the fourth. The ester is an intermediate in the autocatalytic self-processing leading to formation of the pyruvoyl group. This unprecedented structure provides novel insights into the general phenomenon of protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Albert
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge, UK
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Bejarano ER, Khashoggi A, Witty M, Lichtenstein C. Integration of multiple repeats of geminiviral DNA into the nuclear genome of tobacco during evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:759-64. [PMID: 8570630 PMCID: PMC40128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.2.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of viral DNA into the host nuclear genome, although not unusual in bacterial and animal systems, has surprisingly not been reported for plants. We have discovered geminvirus-related DNA (GRD) sequences, in the form of distinct sets of multiple direct repeats comprising three related repeat classes, situated in a unique locus in the Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) nuclear genome. The organization of these sequences is similar or identical in eight different tobacco cultivars we have examined. DNA sequence analysis reveals that each repeat has sequences most resembling those of the New World geminiviral DNA replication origin plus the adjacent AL1 gene, encoding the viral replication protein. We believe these GRD sequences originated quite recently in Nicotiana evolution through integration of geminiviral DNA by some combination of the processes of illegitimate recombination, amplification, deletions, and rearrangements. These events must have occurred in plant tissue that was subsequently able to contribute to meristematic tissue yielding gametes. GRD may have been retained in tobacco by selection or by random fixation in a small evolving population. Although we cannot detect transcription of these sequences, this does not exclude the possibility that they may originally have been expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Bejarano
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Witty M, Jones RM, Robb MS, Jordan PM, Smith AG. Subcellular location of the tetrapyrrole synthesis enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase in higher plants: an immunological investigation. Planta 1996; 199:557-564. [PMID: 8818294 DOI: 10.1007/bf00195187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant plasmid, pArab8, harbouring the cDNA encoding the mature form of the tetrapyrrole synthesis enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (EC 4.3.1.8; also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase) from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. has been constructed, and used to transform Escherichia coli. The porphobilinogen deaminase protein from Arabidopsis was overexpressed in this strain, and purified to homogeneity (3000-fold) with a yield of 20%. Antibodies were raised against the purified plant enzyme, and used in Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation of enzyme activity and immuno-gold electron microscopy. The results indicate that the enzyme is confined to plastids in both leaves and roots. The implications of this finding for plant tetrapyrrole synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK
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Lim SH, Witty M, Wallace-Cook AD, Ilag LI, Smith AG. Porphobilinogen deaminase is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and is targeted to the chloroplasts. Plant Mol Biol 1994; 26:863-872. [PMID: 8000000 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG deaminase) is an early enzyme of the pathway for chlorophyll and heme synthesis. Using degenerate oligonucleotide primers, based on amino acid sequence data for purified PBG deaminase from pea, a fragment was amplified from Arabidopsis genomic DNA by PCR, and then used to isolate both a cDNA and a genomic clone for PBG deaminase from Arabidopsis. The cDNA, shown to be full-length by primer extension, encodes a precursor protein of 382 residues, which can be imported into isolated chloroplasts and processed to the mature size. The genomic clone encodes an identical sequence to the cDNA, except for the presence of four introns within the coding region of the mature protein, and 1.7 kb of upstream sequence. There is no obvious TATA box within 50 bp of the transcription start. Southern blot analysis suggests that PBG deaminase is encoded by a single gene in the Arabidopsis genome, and RNase protection experiments demonstrated that this gene is expressed in both leaves and roots. These results support the conclusion that there is only one form of PBG deaminase in all plant cells, which is located in the plastid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK
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Witty M, Wallace-Cook AD, Albrecht H, Spano AJ, Michel H, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Timko MP, Smith AG. Structure and expression of chloroplast-localized porphobilinogen deaminase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) isolated by redundant polymerase chain reaction. Plant Physiol 1993; 103:139-147. [PMID: 7516080 PMCID: PMC158956 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase catalyzes the polymerization of four PBG monopyrrole units into the linear tetrapyrrole hydroxymethylbilane necessary for the formation of chlorophyll and heme in plant cells. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed based on amino acid sequence data (generated by mass spectrometry) for purified PBG deaminase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts. These primers were used in TaqI polymerase-catalyzed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to produce partial cDNA and nuclear genomic fragments encoding the enzyme. Subsequently, a 1.6-kb cDNA was isolated by screening a cDNA library constructed in lambda gt11 from leaf poly(A)+ RNA with the PCR products. The cDNA encodes an approximately 40-kD polypeptide containing a 46-amino acid NH2-terminal transit peptide and a mature protein of 323 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature pea enzyme is similar to PBG deaminases from other species and contains the conserved arginine and cysteine residues previously implicated in catalysis. Northern blot analysis indicates that the pea gene encoding PBG deaminase is expressed to varying levels in chlorophyll-containing tissues and is subject to light induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, England
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witty
- Department of Plant and Microbial Science, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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