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Rambaud K, van Woerden S, Palumbo L, Salvi C, Smallwood C, Rockenschaub G, Okoliyski M, Marinova L, Fomaidi G, Djalalova M, Faruqui N, Melo Bianco V, Mosquera M, Spasov I, Totskaya Y. Building a Chatbot in a Pandemic. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e42960. [PMID: 37074958 PMCID: PMC10566580 DOI: 10.2196/42960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Easy access to evidence-based information on COVID-19 within an infodemic has been a challenging task. Chatbots have been introduced in times of emergency, when human resources are stretched thin and individuals need a user-centered resource. The World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe and UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) Europe and Central Asia came together to build a chatbot, HealthBuddy+, to assist country populations in the region to access accurate COVID-19 information in the local languages, adapted to the country context. Working in close collaboration with thematic technical experts, colleagues and counterparts at the country level allowed the project to be tailored to a diverse range of subtopics. To ensure that HealthBuddy+ was relevant and useful in countries across the region, the 2 regional offices worked closely with their counterparts in country offices, which were essential in partnering with national authorities, engaging communities, promoting the tool, and identifying the most relevant communication channels in which to embed HealthBuddy+. Over the past 2 years, the project has expanded from a web-based chatbot in 7 languages to a multistream, multifunction chatbot available in 16 regional languages, and HealthBuddy+ continues to expand and adjust to meet emerging health emergency needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Rambaud
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon van Woerden
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Palumbo
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristiana Salvi
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nabiha Faruqui
- United Nations Children's Fund, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Melo Bianco
- United Nations Children's Fund, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Mosquera
- United Nations Children's Fund, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kilian C, Neufeld M, Manthey J, Alavidze S, Bobrova A, Baron-Epel O, Berisha M, Bilici R, Davletov K, Isajeva L, Kantaş Yılmaz F, Karatkevich T, Mereke A, Musić Milanović S, Galstyan K, Muslić L, Okoliyski M, Shabani Z, Štelemėkas M, Sturua L, Sznitman SR, Ünübol B, Ferreira-Borges C, Rehm J. Self-reported changes in alcohol and tobacco use during COVID-19: findings from the eastern part of WHO European Region. Eur J Public Health 2022; 32:474-480. [PMID: 35137046 PMCID: PMC9159328 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic might impact substance use behaviours around the globe. In this study, we investigate changes in alcohol and tobacco use in the second half of 2020 in countries of the eastern part of the WHO European Region. Methods Self-reported changes in alcohol and tobacco use among 11 295 adults from 18 countries in the eastern part of the WHO European Region were collected between August 2020 and January 2021. The non-probabilistic sample was weighted for age, gender and education. For each country, proportions of respondents reporting a decrease, no change or increase in substance use over the past 3 months were examined, and multinomial regression models were used to test associations with age, gender and past-year alcohol use. Results In most countries, about half of the respondents indicating past-year alcohol or tobacco use reported no change in their substance use. Of those alcohol users who reported changes in their alcohol use, a larger proportion reported a decrease than an increase in most countries. The opposite was true for tobacco use. Women, young adults and past-year harmful alcohol users were identified as being more likely to change their substance use behaviour. Conclusion We found diverging overall trends for alcohol and tobacco use in the second half of 2020. The patterns of change vary according to age, gender and past-year substance use. Individuals at risk to increase their substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic require most policy considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kilian
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany, Chemnitzer Straße 46
| | - Maria Neufeld
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany, Chemnitzer Straße 46.,World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009, Russian Federation.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S, Canada, 3M1
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany, Chemnitzer Straße 46.,Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany, Martinistraße 52.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany, Semmelweisstraße 10
| | - Sophiko Alavidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, 99, Kakheti highway, Tbilisi, 0198, Georgia
| | - Anastacia Bobrova
- National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Institute of Economics, Surganova 1. Minsk, 220072, Belarus
| | - Orna Baron-Epel
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Merita Berisha
- Department for Social Medicine, National Institute of Public Health of Kosova, Kosovo, 10000, Prishtina.,Cathedra for Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, 10000, Kosovo
| | - Rabia Bilici
- .Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sinan, Ercan Street, Kazasker 34736, Kadıkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Laura Isajeva
- Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, street, Latvia, Duntes 22 k-5, 1005
| | - Fatma Kantaş Yılmaz
- Department of Health Management, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Haydarpaşa Campus, Turkey, 34668, Uskudar, Istanbul
| | - Tatsiana Karatkevich
- Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Mental Health, Minsk, trakt, Belarus, Dolginovskii 152, 220053
| | - Alibek Mereke
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Sanja Musić Milanović
- .Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller, 10000, Croatia, str. 7, Zagreb.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Kristine Galstyan
- Public Health Department, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, 0010, Armenia
| | - Ljiljana Muslić
- .Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller, 10000, Croatia, str. 7, Zagreb
| | - Michail Okoliyski
- WHO Country Office in Bulgaria, Ivan, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria, 15, Geshov Blvd
| | - Zana Shabani
- Ministry of Health in Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo, 10000
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, Kaunas, 47181, Lithuania.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, Kaunas, 47181, Lithuania
| | - Lela Sturua
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, 99, Kakheti highway, Tbilisi, 0198, Georgia.,.Petre Shotadze Tbilisi Medical Academy, /, 0144, Georgia, 512 Ketevan Dedofali Ave, Tbilisi
| | - Sharon R Sznitman
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Başak Ünübol
- .Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sinan, Ercan Street, Kazasker 34736, Kadıkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009, Russian Federation
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany, Chemnitzer Straße 46.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S, Canada, 3M1.,Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany, Martinistraße 52.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T, 1P8, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S, Canada, Room 2374 1A8.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, .Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S, Canada, 3M1.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T, 1R8, Canada.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Street 8, b. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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Scott KM, Al-Hamzawi AO, Andrade LH, Borges G, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Fiestas F, Gureje O, Hu C, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Lee S, Levinson D, Lim CC, Navarro-Mateu F, Okoliyski M, Posada-Villa J, Torres Y, Williams DR, Zakhozha V, Kessler RC. Associations between subjective social status and DSM-IV mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health surveys. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:1400-8. [PMID: 25354080 PMCID: PMC5315238 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The inverse social gradient in mental disorders is a well-established research finding with important implications for causal models and policy. This research has used traditional objective social status (OSS) measures, such as educational level, income, and occupation. Recently, subjective social status (SSS) measurement has been advocated to capture the perception of relative social status, but to our knowledge, there have been no studies of associations between SSS and mental disorders. OBJECTIVES To estimate associations of SSS with DSM-IV mental disorders in multiple countries and to investigate whether the associations persist after comprehensive adjustment of OSS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Face-to-face cross-sectional household surveys of community-dwelling adults in 18 countries in Asia, South Pacific, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East (N=56,085). Subjective social status was assessed with a self-anchoring scale reflecting respondent evaluations of their place in the social hierarchies of their countries in terms of income, educational level, and occupation. Scores on the 1 to 10 SSS scale were categorized into 4 categories: low (scores 1-3), low-mid (scores 4-5), high-mid (scores 6-7), and high (scores 8-10). Objective social status was assessed with a wide range of fine-grained objective indicators of income, educational level, and occupation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed the 12-month prevalence of 16 DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and impulse control disorders. RESULTS The weighted mean survey response rate was 75.2% (range, 55.1%-97.2%). Graded inverse associations were found between SSS and all 16 mental disorders. Gross odds ratios (lowest vs highest SSS categories) in the range of 1.8 to 9.0 were attenuated but remained significant for all 16 disorders (odds ratio, 1.4-4.9) after adjusting for OSS indicators. This pattern of inverse association between SSS and mental disorders was significant in 14 of 18 individual countries, and in low-, middle-, and high-income country groups but was significantly stronger in high- vs lower-income countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Significant inverse associations between SSS and numerous DSM-IV mental disorders exist across a wide range of countries even after comprehensive adjustment for OSS. Although it is unclear whether these associations are the result of social selection, social causation, or both, these results document clearly that research relying exclusively on standard OSS measures underestimates the steepness of the social gradient in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Scott
- Author for correspondence: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand (); 64 3 4740999 ext 7369 (voice); 64 3 4747934 (fax)
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Stein DJ, McLaughlin KA, Koenen KC, Atwoli L, Friedman MJ, Hill ED, Maercker A, Petukhova M, Shahly V, van Ommeren M, Alonso J, Borges G, de Girolamo G, de Jonge P, Demyttenaere K, Florescu S, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Matschinger H, Okoliyski M, Posada-Villa J, Scott KM, Viana MC, Kessler RC. DSM-5 and ICD-11 definitions of posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating "narrow" and "broad" approaches. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:494-505. [PMID: 24894802 PMCID: PMC4211431 DOI: 10.1002/da.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) and ICD-11 has led to reconsideration of diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys allow investigation of the implications of the changing criteria compared to DSM-IV and ICD-10. METHODS WMH Surveys in 13 countries asked respondents to enumerate all their lifetime traumatic events (TEs) and randomly selected one TE per respondent for PTSD assessment. DSM-IV and ICD-10 PTSD were assessed for the 23,936 respondents who reported lifetime TEs in these surveys with the fully structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). DSM-5 and proposed ICD-11 criteria were approximated. Associations of the different criteria sets with indicators of clinical severity (distress-impairment, suicidality, comorbid fear-distress disorders, PTSD symptom duration) were examined to investigate the implications of using the different systems. RESULTS A total of 5.6% of respondents met criteria for "broadly defined" PTSD (i.e., full criteria in at least one diagnostic system), with prevalence ranging from 3.0% with DSM-5 to 4.4% with ICD-10. Only one-third of broadly defined cases met criteria in all four systems and another one third in only one system (narrowly defined cases). Between-system differences in indicators of clinical severity suggest that ICD-10 criteria are least strict and DSM-IV criteria most strict. The more striking result, though, is that significantly elevated indicators of clinical significance were found even for narrowly defined cases for each of the four diagnostic systems. CONCLUSIONS These results argue for a broad definition of PTSD defined by any one of the different systems to capture all clinically significant cases of PTSD in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Correspondence to: Dan J. Stein, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital J2, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town , South Africa.
| | | | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Psychiatry, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Matthew J. Friedman
- National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
| | - Eric D. Hill
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Division of Psychopathology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Petukhova
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria Shahly
- Division of Psychopathology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark van Ommeren
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Alonso
- Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d Investigacio Medica (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain,CIBER en Epidemologıa y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Division of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Department of Epidemiological Research, National Institute of Psychiatry (Mexico) & Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Peter de Jonge
- Department of Psychiatry (PdJ), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Demyttenaere
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Florescu
- Health Services Research and Evaluation Center, National School of Public Health Management and Professional Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elie G. Karam
- Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy & Applied Care (IDRAAC), Medical Institute for Neuropsychological Disorders (MIND), St. George Hospital University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Herbert Matschinger
- Public Health Research Unit (HM), Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michail Okoliyski
- Department of Mental Health, National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Ministry of Health, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jose Posada-Villa
- Instituto Colombiano del Sistema Nervioso, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C., Colombia
| | - Kate M. Scott
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maria Carmen Viana
- Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Kawakami N, Abdulghani EA, Alonso J, Bromet E, Bruffaerts R, de Almeida JMC, Chiu WT, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Fayyad J, Ferry F, Florescu S, Gureje O, Hu C, Lakoma MD, LeBlanc W, Lee S, Levinson D, Malhotra S, Matschinger H, Medina-Mora ME, Nakamura Y, Browne MAO, Okoliyski M, Posada-Villa J, Sampson NA, Viana MC, Kessler RC. Early-life mental disorders and adult household income in the World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:228-37. [PMID: 22521149 PMCID: PMC3402018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better information on the human capital costs of early-onset mental disorders could increase sensitivity of policy makers to the value of expanding initiatives for early detection and treatment. Data are presented on one important aspect of these costs: the associations of early-onset mental disorders with adult household income. METHODS Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys in 11 high-income, five upper-middle income, and six low/lower-middle income countries. Information about 15 lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders as of age of completing education, retrospectively assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview, was used to predict current household income among respondents aged 18 to 64 (n = 37,741) controlling for level of education. Gross associations were decomposed to evaluate mediating effects through major components of household income. RESULTS Early-onset mental disorders are associated with significantly reduced household income in high and upper-middle income countries but not low/lower-middle income countries, with associations consistently stronger among women than men. Total associations are largely due to low personal earnings (increased unemployment, decreased earnings among the employed) and spouse earnings (decreased probabilities of marriage and, if married, spouse employment and low earnings of employed spouses). Individual-level effect sizes are equivalent to 16% to 33% of median within-country household income, and population-level effect sizes are in the range 1.0% to 1.4% of gross household income. CONCLUSIONS Early mental disorders are associated with substantial decrements in income net of education at both individual and societal levels. Policy makers should take these associations into consideration in making health care research and treatment resource allocation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jordi Alonso
- IMIM-Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Spain
| | - Evelyn Bromet
- State University of New York at Stony Brook Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Belgium
| | - Jose Miguel Caldas de Almeida
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Wai Tat Chiu
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ron de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Fayyad
- Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy, and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Lebanon
| | - Finola Ferry
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland
| | - Silvia Florescu
- Scoala Nationala de Sanatate Publica, Management si Perfectionare in Domeniul Sanitar Bucuresti, (SNSPMPDSB), National School of Public Health Management and Professional Development, Romania
| | - Oye Gureje
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences, Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chiyi Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzen, China
| | | | - William LeBlanc
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sing Lee
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Daphna Levinson
- Research & Planning, Mental Health Services Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Savita Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh, India
| | - Herbert Matschinger
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Public Health Research Unit, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michail Okoliyski
- Department of Global Mental Health, National Centre of Public Health Protection, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nancy A. Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maria Carmen Viana
- Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Brazil
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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6
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Levinson D, Lakoma MD, Petukhova M, Schoenbaum M, Zaslavsky AM, Angermeyer M, Borges G, Bruffaerts R, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Gureje O, Haro JM, Hu C, Karam AN, Kawakami N, Lee S, Lepine JP, Browne MO, Okoliyski M, Posada-Villa J, Sagar R, Viana MC, Williams DR, Kessler RC. Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197:114-21. [PMID: 20679263 PMCID: PMC2913273 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burden-of-illness data, which are often used in setting healthcare policy-spending priorities, are unavailable for mental disorders in most countries. AIMS To examine one central aspect of illness burden, the association of serious mental illness with earnings, in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. METHOD The WMH Surveys were carried out in 10 high-income and 9 low- and middle-income countries. The associations of personal earnings with serious mental illness were estimated. RESULTS Respondents with serious mental illness earned on average a third less than median earnings, with no significant between-country differences (chi(2)(9) = 5.5-8.1, P = 0.52-0.79). These losses are equivalent to 0.3-0.8% of total national earnings. Reduced earnings among those with earnings and the increased probability of not earning are both important components of these associations. CONCLUSIONS These results add to a growing body of evidence that mental disorders have high societal costs. Decisions about healthcare resource allocation should take these costs into consideration.
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