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Scognamiglio F, Cok M, Piazza F, Marsich E, Pacor S, Aarstad OA, Aachmann FL, Donati I. Hydrogels based on methylated-alginates as a platform to investigate the effect of material properties on cell activity. The role of material compliance. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 311:120745. [PMID: 37028873 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Alginate-based hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties are developed by chemical methylation of the polysaccharide backbone, which was performed either in homogeneous phase (in solution) or in heterogeneous phase (on hydrogels). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC-MALS) analyses of methylated alginates allow to identify the presence and location of methyl groups on the polysaccharide, and to investigate the influence of methylation on the stiffness of the polymer chains. The methylated polysaccharides are employed for the manufacturing of calcium-reticulated hydrogels for cell growth in 3D. The rheological characterization shows that the shear modulus of hydrogels is dependent on the amount of cross-linker used. Methylated alginates represent a platform to explore the effect of mechanical properties on cell activity. As an example, the effect of compliance is investigated using hydrogels displaying similar shear modulus. An osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63) was encapsulated in the alginate hydrogels and the effect of material compliance on cell proliferation and localization of YAP/TAZ protein complex is investigated by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results point out that an increase of material compliance leads to an increase of the proliferative rate of cells and correlates with the translocation of YAP/TAZ inside the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, 34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pacor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Olav A Aarstad
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Sacco P, Lipari S, Cok M, Colella M, Marsich E, Lopez F, Donati I. Insights into Mechanical Behavior and Biological Properties of Chia Seed Mucilage Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:47. [PMID: 33923998 PMCID: PMC8167777 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution we report insights on the rheological properties of chia (Salvia hispanica) seed mucilage hydrogels. Creep experiments performed in steady state conditions allowed calculation of Newtonian viscosities for chia hydrogels with different polymer concentration, pointing at inter-chain interactions as the main responsible for the different behavior toward network slipping under constant stress. A combination of oscillatory frequency and stress sweep tests highlighted a moderate effect of temperature in influencing hydrogel mechanics. The latter results prompted us to investigate potential biological functions for this set of biomaterials. Lactate Dehydrogenase assay proved the lack of cytotoxicity of chia suspensions toward Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from adipose tissue used here as a cell model. Differentiation experiments were finally undertaken to verify the influence of chia samples on osteo-induction triggered by chemical differentiation factors. Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme activity assay and Alizarin red staining demonstrated that chia mucilage did not alter in vitro stem cell differentiation. Collectively, this set of experiments revealed an almost inert role associated with chia suspensions, indicating a possible application of chia-based networks as scaffold models to study osteogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Sara Lipari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34129 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Francesco Lopez
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA) and Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.); (I.D.)
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Sacco P, Furlani F, Marfoglia A, Cok M, Pizzolitto C, Marsich E, Donati I. Temporary/Permanent Dual Cross‐Link Gels Formed of a Bioactive Lactose‐Modified Chitosan. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000236. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 5 Trieste I‐34127 Italy
| | - Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 5 Trieste I‐34127 Italy
| | - Andrea Marfoglia
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 5 Trieste I‐34127 Italy
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 5 Trieste I‐34127 Italy
| | - Chiara Pizzolitto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences University of Trieste Piazza dell'Ospitale 1 Trieste I‐34129 Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences University of Trieste Piazza dell'Ospitale 1 Trieste I‐34129 Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 5 Trieste I‐34127 Italy
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Pizzolitto C, Cok M, Asaro F, Scognamiglio F, Marsich E, Lopez F, Donati I, Sacco P. On the Mechanism of Genipin Binding to Primary Amines in Lactose-Modified Chitosan at Neutral pH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6831. [PMID: 32957651 PMCID: PMC7554727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present manuscript deals with the elucidation of the mechanism of genipin binding by primary amines at neutral pH. UV-VIS and CD measurements both in the presence of oxygen and in oxygen-depleted conditions, combined with computational analyses, led to propose a novel mechanism for the formation of genipin derivatives. The indications collected with chiral and achiral primary amines allowed interpreting the genipin binding to a lactose-modified chitosan (CTL or Chitlac), which is soluble at all pH values. Two types of reaction and their kinetics were found in the presence of oxygen: (i) an interchain reticulation, which involves two genipin molecules and two polysaccharide chains, and (ii) a binding of one genipin molecule to the polymer chain without chain-chain reticulation. The latter evolves in additional interchain cross-links, leading to the formation of the well-known blue iridoid-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pizzolitto
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Fioretta Asaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Francesco Lopez
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
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Sacco P, Cok M, Scognamiglio F, Pizzolitto C, Vecchies F, Marfoglia A, Marsich E, Donati I. Glycosylated-Chitosan Derivatives: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E1534. [PMID: 32230971 PMCID: PMC7180478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan derivatives, and more specifically, glycosylated derivatives, are nowadays attracting much attention within the scientific community due to the fact that this set of engineered polysaccharides finds application in different sectors, spanning from food to the biomedical field. Overcoming chitosan (physical) limitations or grafting biological relevant molecules, to mention a few, represent two cardinal strategies to modify parent biopolymer; thereby, synthetizing high added value polysaccharides. The present review is focused on the introduction of oligosaccharide side chains on the backbone of chitosan. The synthetic aspects and the effect on physical-chemical properties of such modifications are discussed. Finally, examples of potential applications in biomaterials design and drug delivery of these novel modified chitosans are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Chiara Pizzolitto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Federica Vecchies
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Marfoglia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
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Furlani F, Sacco P, Cok M, de Marzo G, Marsich E, Paoletti S, Donati I. Biomimetic, Multiresponsive, and Self-Healing Lactose-Modified Chitosan (CTL)-Based Gels Formed via Competitor-Assisted Mechanism. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5539-5547. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gaia de Marzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Furlani F, Sacco P, Scognamiglio F, Asaro F, Travan A, Borgogna M, Marsich E, Cok M, Paoletti S, Donati I. Nucleation, reorganization and disassembly of an active network from lactose-modified chitosan mimicking biological matrices. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 208:451-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sacco P, Cok M, Asaro F, Paoletti S, Donati I. The role played by the molecular weight and acetylation degree in modulating the stiffness and elasticity of chitosan gels. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 196:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Medelin M, Porrelli D, Aurand ER, Scaini D, Travan A, Borgogna MA, Cok M, Donati I, Marsich E, Scopa C, Scardigli R, Paoletti S, Ballerini L. Exploiting natural polysaccharides to enhance in vitro bio-constructs of primary neurons and progenitor cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:285-301. [PMID: 29621637 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies in Central Nervous System (CNS) repair focus on the engineering of artificial scaffolds for guiding and promoting neuronal tissue regrowth. Ideally, one should combine such synthetic structures with stem cell therapies, encapsulating progenitor cells and instructing their differentiation and growth. We used developments in the design, synthesis, and characterization of polysaccharide-based bioactive polymeric materials for testing the ideal composite supporting neuronal network growth, synapse formation and stem cell differentiation into neurons and motor neurons. Moreover, we investigated the feasibility of combining these approaches with engineered mesenchymal stem cells able to release neurotrophic factors. We show here that composite bio-constructs made of Chitlac, a Chitosan derivative, favor hippocampal neuronal growth, synapse formation and the differentiation of progenitors into the proper neuronal lineage, that can be improved by local and continuous delivery of neurotrophins. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In our work, we characterized polysaccharide-based bioactive platforms as biocompatible materials for nerve tissue engineering. We show that Chitlac-thick substrates are able to promote neuronal growth, differentiation, maturation and formation of active synapses. These observations support this new material as a promising candidate for the development of complex bio-constructs promoting central nervous system regeneration. Our novel findings sustain the exploitation of polysaccharide-based scaffolds able to favour neuronal network reconstruction. Our study shows that Chitlac-thick may be an ideal candidate for the design of biomaterial scaffolds enriched with stem cell therapies as an innovative approach for central nervous system repair.
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Sacco P, Furlani F, Cok M, Travan A, Borgogna M, Marsich E, Paoletti S, Donati I. Boric Acid Induced Transient Cross-Links in Lactose-Modified Chitosan (Chitlac). Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4206-4213. [PMID: 29039653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present paper explores the effect of boric acid on Chitlac, a lactose-modified chitosan which had previously shown interesting biological and physical-chemical features. The herewith-reported experimental evidences demonstrated that boric acid binds to Chitlac, producing conformational and association effects on the chitosan derivative. The thermodynamics of boric acid binding to Chitlac was explored by means of 11B NMR, circular dichroism (CD), and UV-vis spectroscopy, while macromolecular effects were investigated by means of viscometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The experimental results revealed a chain-chain association when limited amounts of boric acid were added to Chitlac. However, upon exceeding a critical boric acid limit dependent on the polysaccharide concentration, the soluble aggregates disentangle. The rheological behavior of Chitlac upon treatment with boric acid was explored showing a dilatant behavior in conditions of steady flow. An uncommonly high dependence in the scaling law between the zero-shear viscosity and the concentration of Chitlac was found, i.e., η0 ∝ CCTL5.8, pointing to interesting potential implications of the present system in biomaterials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste , Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste , Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste , Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste , Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Borgogna
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste , Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste , Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste , Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste , Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Cok M, Sacco P, Porrelli D, Travan A, Borgogna M, Marsich E, Paoletti S, Donati I. Mimicking mechanical response of natural tissues. Strain hardening induced by transient reticulation in lactose-modified chitosan (chitlac). Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 106:656-660. [PMID: 28813684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of transient cross-links has been explored on a lactose-modified chitosan, which previously had shown interesting biological features. The presence of galactose side chains and of the polyol spacer resulted particularly appealing for the reticulation by borate ions. The interaction between chitlac and borax was investigated by means of 11B NMR while rheology pointed to a marked non-linear behavior depending on the amount of borax added to the system. The presence of limited amount of cross-linking ion led to dilatant behavior when the steady flow curve was measured. In addition, strain stiffening was noticed on elastic response upon exceeding a critical stress, indicating a transient nature in the formation of the cross-links. The non-linear response of chitlac in the presence of borax compared surprisingly well with the one showed by proteins composing the natural ECM pointing at a possible role of mechanotransduction in the biological significance of the modified chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Porrelli
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Borgogna
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Scognamiglio F, Travan A, Cok M, Borgogna M, Marsich E, Paoletti S, Donati I. On the demixing of hyaluronan and alginate in the gel state. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sacco P, Paoletti S, Cok M, Asaro F, Abrami M, Grassi M, Donati I. Insight into the ionotropic gelation of chitosan using tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate as cross-linkers. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:476-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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