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Wilson EN, Wang C, Swarovski MS, Zera KA, Ennerfelt HE, Wang Q, Chaney A, Gauba E, Ramos Benitez JA, Le Guen Y, Minhas PS, Panchal M, Tan YJ, Blacher E, A Iweka C, Cropper H, Jain P, Liu Q, Mehta SS, Zuckerman AJ, Xin M, Umans J, Huang J, Durairaj AS, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Greicius MD, James ML, Buckwalter MS, McReynolds MR, Rabinowitz JD, Andreasson KI. TREM1 disrupts myeloid bioenergetics and cognitive function in aging and Alzheimer disease mouse models. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01610-w. [PMID: 38539014 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Human genetics implicate defective myeloid responses in the development of late-onset Alzheimer disease. A decline in peripheral and brain myeloid metabolism, triggering maladaptive immune responses, is a feature of aging. The role of TREM1, a pro-inflammatory factor, in neurodegenerative diseases is unclear. Here we show that Trem1 deficiency prevents age-dependent changes in myeloid metabolism, inflammation and hippocampal memory function in mice. Trem1 deficiency rescues age-associated declines in ribose 5-phosphate. In vitro, Trem1-deficient microglia are resistant to amyloid-β42 oligomer-induced bioenergetic changes, suggesting that amyloid-β42 oligomer stimulation disrupts homeostatic microglial metabolism and immune function via TREM1. In the 5XFAD mouse model, Trem1 haploinsufficiency prevents spatial memory loss, preserves homeostatic microglial morphology, and reduces neuritic dystrophy and changes in the disease-associated microglial transcriptomic signature. In aging APPSwe mice, Trem1 deficiency prevents hippocampal memory decline while restoring synaptic mitochondrial function and cerebral glucose uptake. In postmortem Alzheimer disease brain, TREM1 colocalizes with Iba1+ cells around amyloid plaques and its expression is associated with Alzheimer disease clinical and neuropathological severity. Our results suggest that TREM1 promotes cognitive decline in aging and in the context of amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Wilson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S Swarovski
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristy A Zera
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah E Ennerfelt
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aisling Chaney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esha Gauba
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javier A Ramos Benitez
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paras S Minhas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maharshi Panchal
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuting J Tan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eran Blacher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chinyere A Iweka
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haley Cropper
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Poorva Jain
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingkun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Swapnil S Mehta
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abigail J Zuckerman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Xin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Umans
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jolie Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aarooran S Durairaj
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Wilson EN, Young CB, Ramos Benitez J, Swarovski MS, Feinstein I, Vandijck M, Le Guen Y, Kasireddy NM, Shahid M, Corso NK, Wang Q, Kennedy G, Trelle AN, Lind B, Channappa D, Belnap M, Ramirez V, Skylar-Scott I, Younes K, Yutsis MV, Le Bastard N, Quinn JF, van Dyck CH, Nairn A, Fredericks CA, Tian L, Kerchner GA, Montine TJ, Sha SJ, Davidzon G, Henderson VW, Longo FM, Greicius MD, Wagner AD, Wyss-Coray T, Poston KL, Mormino EC, Andreasson KI. Performance of a fully-automated Lumipulse plasma phospho-tau181 assay for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:172. [PMID: 36371232 PMCID: PMC9652927 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent promise of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has reinforced the need for accurate biomarkers for early disease detection, diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Advances in the development of novel blood-based biomarkers for AD have revealed that plasma levels of tau phosphorylated at various residues are specific and sensitive to AD dementia. However, the currently available tests have shortcomings in access, throughput, and scalability that limit widespread implementation. METHODS We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic performance of a high-throughput and fully-automated Lumipulse plasma p-tau181 assay for the detection of AD. Plasma from older clinically unimpaired individuals (CU, n = 463) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 107) or AD dementia (n = 78) were obtained from the longitudinal Stanford University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) and the Stanford Aging and Memory Study (SAMS) cohorts. We evaluated the discriminative accuracy of plasma p-tau181 for clinical AD diagnosis, association with amyloid β peptides and p-tau181 concentrations in CSF, association with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), and ability to predict longitudinal cognitive and functional change. RESULTS The assay showed robust performance in differentiating AD from control participants (AUC 0.959, CI: 0.912 to 0.990), and was strongly associated with CSF p-tau181, CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and amyloid-PET global SUVRs. Associations between plasma p-tau181 with CSF biomarkers were significant when examined separately in Aβ+ and Aβ- groups. Plasma p-tau181 significantly increased over time in CU and AD diagnostic groups. After controlling for clinical diagnosis, age, sex, and education, baseline plasma p-tau181 predicted change in MoCA overall and change in CDR Sum of Boxes in the AD group over follow-up of up to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS This fully-automated and available blood-based biomarker assay therefore may be useful for early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N. Wilson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Christina B. Young
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Javier Ramos Benitez
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Michelle S. Swarovski
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Igor Feinstein
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Yann Le Guen
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Nandita M. Kasireddy
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Marian Shahid
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Nicole K. Corso
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Qian Wang
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Gabriel Kennedy
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Alexandra N. Trelle
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Betty Lind
- grid.410404.50000 0001 0165 2383Neurology, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Divya Channappa
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Malia Belnap
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Veronica Ramirez
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Irina Skylar-Scott
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kyan Younes
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Maya V. Yutsis
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Joseph F. Quinn
- grid.410404.50000 0001 0165 2383Neurology, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | | | - Angus Nairn
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Carolyn A. Fredericks
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Lu Tian
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Kerchner
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sharon J. Sha
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Guido Davidzon
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Victor W. Henderson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Frank M. Longo
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Michael D. Greicius
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Anthony D. Wagner
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kathleen L. Poston
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Mormino
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Katrin I. Andreasson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.499295.a0000 0004 9234 0175Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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5
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Trelle AN, Carr VA, Wilson EN, Swarovski MS, Hunt MP, Toueg TN, Tran TT, Channappa D, Corso NK, Thieu MK, Jayakumar M, Nadiadwala A, Guo W, Tanner NJ, Bernstein JD, Litovsky CP, Guerin SA, Khazenzon AM, Harrison MB, Rutt BK, Deutsch GK, Chin FT, Davidzon GA, Hall JN, Sha SJ, Fredericks CA, Andreasson KI, Kerchner GA, Wagner AD, Mormino EC. Association of CSF Biomarkers With Hippocampal-Dependent Memory in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease. Neurology 2021; 96:e1470-e1481. [PMID: 33408146 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether memory tasks with demonstrated sensitivity to hippocampal function can detect variance related to preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers, we examined associations between performance in 3 memory tasks and CSF β-amyloid (Aβ)42/Aβ40 and phosopho-tau181 (p-tau181) in cognitively unimpaired older adults (CU). METHODS CU enrolled in the Stanford Aging and Memory Study (n = 153; age 68.78 ± 5.81 years; 94 female) completed a lumbar puncture and memory assessments. CSF Aβ42, Aβ40, and p-tau181 were measured with the automated Lumipulse G system in a single-batch analysis. Episodic memory was assayed using a standardized delayed recall composite, paired associate (word-picture) cued recall, and a mnemonic discrimination task that involves discrimination between studied "target" objects, novel "foil" objects, and perceptually similar "lure" objects. Analyses examined cross-sectional relationships among memory performance, age, and CSF measures, controlling for sex and education. RESULTS Age and lower Aβ42/Aβ40 were independently associated with elevated p-tau181. Age, Aβ42/Aβ40, and p-tau181 were each associated with (1) poorer associative memory and (2) diminished improvement in mnemonic discrimination performance across levels of decreased task difficulty (i.e., target-lure similarity). P-tau mediated the effect of Aβ42/Aβ40 on memory. Relationships between CSF proteins and delayed recall were similar but nonsignificant. CSF Aβ42 was not significantly associated with p-tau181 or memory. CONCLUSIONS Tests designed to tax hippocampal function are sensitive to subtle individual differences in memory among CU and correlate with early AD-associated biomarker changes in CSF. These tests may offer utility for identifying CU with preclinical AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Trelle
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA.
| | - Valerie A Carr
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Edward N Wilson
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Michelle S Swarovski
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Madison P Hunt
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Tyler N Toueg
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Tammy T Tran
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Divya Channappa
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Nicole K Corso
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Monica K Thieu
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Manasi Jayakumar
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Ayesha Nadiadwala
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Wanjia Guo
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Natalie J Tanner
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Jeffrey D Bernstein
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Celia P Litovsky
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Scott A Guerin
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Anna M Khazenzon
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Marc B Harrison
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Brian K Rutt
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Gayle K Deutsch
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Guido A Davidzon
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Jacob N Hall
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Sharon J Sha
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Carolyn A Fredericks
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Geoffrey A Kerchner
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
| | - Elizabeth C Mormino
- From the Department of Psychology (A.N.T., V.A.C., M.P.H., T.T.T., M.K.T., M.J., W.G., N.J.T., J.D.B., C.P.L., S.A.G., A.M.K., M.B.H., A.D.W.), Stanford University; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.N.W., M.S.S., T.N.T., D.C., N.K.C., A.N., G.K.D., J.N.H., S.J.S., C.A.F., K.I.A., G.A.K., E.C.M.) and Division of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Division, Department of Radiology (B.K.R., F.T.C., G.A.D.), Stanford Medical School, CA
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