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Nydegger M, Wang ZJ, Willinger MG, Spolenak R, Reiser A. Direct In- and Out-of-Plane Writing of Metals on Insulators by Electron-Beam-Enabled, Confined Electrodeposition with Submicrometer Feature Size. Small Methods 2024:e2301247. [PMID: 38183406 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Additive microfabrication processes based on localized electroplating enable the one-step deposition of micro-scale metal structures with outstanding performance, e.g., high electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. They are therefore evaluated as an exciting and enabling addition to the existing repertoire of microfabrication technologies. Yet, electrochemical processes are generally restricted to conductive or semiconductive substrates, precluding their application in the manufacturing of functional electric devices where direct deposition onto insulators is often required. Here, the direct, localized electrodeposition of copper on a variety of insulating substrates, namely Al2 O3 , glass and flexible polyethylene, is demonstrated, enabled by electron-beam-induced reduction in a highly confined liquid electrolyte reservoir. The nanometer-size of the electrolyte reservoir, fed by electrohydrodynamic ejection, enables a minimal feature size on the order of 200 nm. The fact that the transient reservoir is established and stabilized by electrohydrodynamic ejection rather than specialized liquid cells can offer greater flexibility toward deposition on arbitrary substrate geometries and materials. Installed in a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope, the setup further allows for operando, nanoscale observation and analysis of the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Nydegger
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Zhu-Jun Wang
- Scientific Center of Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern Weg 3, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Marc Georg Willinger
- Scientific Center of Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern Weg 3, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- School of Natural Science, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Ralph Spolenak
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Alain Reiser
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, 11428, Sweden
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Nydegger M, Pruška A, Galinski H, Zenobi R, Reiser A, Spolenak R. Additive manufacturing of Zn with submicron resolution and its conversion into Zn/ZnO core-shell structures. Nanoscale 2022; 14:17418-17427. [PMID: 36385575 PMCID: PMC9714770 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic redox 3D printing (EHD-RP) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique with submicron resolution and multi-metal capabilities, offering the possibility to switch chemistry during deposition "on-the-fly". Despite the potential for synthesizing a large range of metals by electrochemical small-scale AM techniques, to date, only Cu and Ag have been reproducibly deposited by EHD-RP. Here, we extend the materials palette available to EHD-RP by using aqueous solvents instead of organic solvents, as used previously. We demonstrate deposition of Cu and Zn from sacrificial anodes immersed in acidic aqueous solvents. Mass spectrometry indicates that the choice of the solvent is important to the deposition of pure Zn. Additionally, we show that the deposited Zn structures, 250 nm in width, can be partially converted into semiconducting ZnO structures by oxidation at 325 °C in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Nydegger
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Adam Pruška
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Galinski
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Reiser
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralph Spolenak
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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Steinfurth A, Oppel S, Dias MP, Starnes T, Pearmain EJ, Dilley BJ, Davies D, Nydegger M, Bell C, Le Bouard F, Bond AL, Cuthbert RJ, Glass T, Makhado AB, Crawford RJM, Ryan PG, Wanless RM, Ratcliffe N. Important marine areas for the conservation of northern rockhopper penguins within the Tristan da Cunha Exclusive Economic Zone. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The designation of Marine Protected Areas has become an important approach to conserving marine ecosystems that relies on robust information on the spatial distribution of biodiversity. We used GPS tracking data to identify marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) for the Endangered northern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes moseleyi within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic. Penguins were tracked throughout their breeding season from 3 of the 4 main islands in the Tristan da Cunha group. Foraging trips remained largely within the EEZ, with the exception of those from Gough Island during the incubation stage. We found substantial variability in trip duration and foraging range among breeding stages and islands, consistent use of areas among years and spatial segregation of the areas used by neighbouring islands. For colonies with no or insufficient tracking data, we defined marine IBAs based on the mean maximum foraging range and merged the areas identified to propose IBAs around the Tristan da Cunha archipelago and Gough Island. The 2 proposed marine IBAs encompass 2% of Tristan da Cunha’s EEZ, and are used by all northern rockhopper penguins breeding in the Tristan da Cunha group, representing ~90% of the global population. Currently, one of the main threats to northern rockhopper penguins within the Tristan da Cunha EEZ is marine pollution from shipping, and the risk of this would be reduced by declaring waters within 50 nautical miles of the coast as ‘areas to be avoided’.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steinfurth
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - S Oppel
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - MP Dias
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 1100-304 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Starnes
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - EJ Pearmain
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - BJ Dilley
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - D Davies
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - M Nydegger
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - C Bell
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - F Le Bouard
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - AL Bond
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, HP23 6AP, UK
| | - RJ Cuthbert
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- World Land Trust, Blyth House, Bridge Street, Halesworth, IP19 8AB, UK
| | - T Glass
- Tristan Conservation Department, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, Tristan da Cunha, TDCU 1ZZ, South Atlantic
| | - AB Makhado
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
- Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, PO Box 52126, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - RJM Crawford
- Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, PO Box 52126, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - PG Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - RM Wanless
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
- Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - N Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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Nydegger M, Deshmukh R, Tervoort E, Niederberger M, Caseri W. Composites of Copper Nanowires in Polyethylene: Preparation and Processing to Materials with NIR Dichroism. ACS Omega 2019; 4:11223-11228. [PMID: 31460223 PMCID: PMC6649297 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Agglomeration of copper nanowires (aspect ratios on the order of 1000) in polyethylene, commonly a major problem, could be prevented by modification of the nanowires with a surface layer of oleylamine. Nanocomposite films were prepared by mixing nanowire dispersions in organic solvents with polyethylene solutions followed by casting, drying, and sometimes hot pressing. Orientation of the copper nanowires by solid-state drawing of the composites at elevated temperatures led to preferential alignment of the nanowires in the drawing direction. This arrangement gave rise to a uniform dichroism in the near-infrared (NIR) region, which is uncommon in the case of the hitherto reported dichroic nanocomposites. The NIR dichroism is ascribed to the high aspect ratio of the metal wires. Hence, drawing of isotropic nanocomposites with metal wires may serve for the manufacture of NIR polarization filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Nydegger
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rupali Deshmukh
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, OSUA/205, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tervoort
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Walter Caseri
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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