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Chappleboim M, Naveh-Tassa S, Carmi M, Levy Y, Barkai N. Ordered and disordered regions of the Origin Recognition Complex direct differential in vivo binding at distinct motif sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae249. [PMID: 38597680 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) seeds replication-fork formation by binding to DNA replication origins, which in budding yeast contain a 17bp DNA motif. High resolution structure of the ORC-DNA complex revealed two base-interacting elements: a disordered basic patch (Orc1-BP4) and an insertion helix (Orc4-IH). To define the ORC elements guiding its DNA binding in vivo, we mapped genomic locations of 38 designed ORC mutants, revealing that different ORC elements guide binding at different sites. At silencing-associated sites lacking the motif, ORC binding and activity were fully explained by a BAH domain. Within replication origins, we reveal two dominating motif variants showing differential binding modes and symmetry: a non-repetitive motif whose binding requires Orc1-BP4 and Orc4-IH, and a repetitive one where another basic patch, Orc1-BP3, can replace Orc4-IH. Disordered basic patches are therefore key for ORC-motif binding in vivo, and we discuss how these conserved, minor-groove interacting elements can guide specific ORC-DNA recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chappleboim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Segev Naveh-Tassa
- Department of Chemical and structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Chemical and structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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2
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Mindel V, Brodsky S, Cohen A, Manadre W, Jonas F, Carmi M, Barkai N. Intrinsically disordered regions of the Msn2 transcription factor encode multiple functions using interwoven sequence grammars. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2260-2272. [PMID: 38109289 PMCID: PMC10954448 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are abundant in eukaryotic proteins, but their sequence-function relationship remains poorly understood. IDRs of transcription factors (TFs) can direct promoter selection and recruit coactivators, as shown for the budding yeast TF Msn2. To examine how IDRs encode both these functions, we compared genomic binding specificity, coactivator recruitment, and gene induction amongst a large set of designed Msn2-IDR mutants. We find that both functions depend on multiple regions across the > 600AA IDR. Yet, transcription activity was readily disrupted by mutations that showed no effect on the Msn2 binding specificity. Our data attribute this differential sensitivity to the integration of a relaxed, composition-based code directing binding specificity with a more stringent, motif-based code controlling the recruitment of coactivators and transcription activity. Therefore, Msn2 utilizes interwoven sequence grammars for encoding multiple functions, suggesting a new IDR design paradigm of potentially general use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mindel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sagie Brodsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aileen Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Wajd Manadre
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Felix Jonas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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3
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Potereau A, Carmi M, Luquet-Plantier F, Gras V, Id Baih A, Dadban A, Carmi E. Encorafenib-induced eccrine squamous syringometaplasia. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2024; 151:103241. [PMID: 38306724 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2023.103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- A Potereau
- Dermatologie, CHU Amiens-Picardie Site Nord, Amiens, France.
| | - M Carmi
- Cabinet de dermatologie, Docteur Carmi Esther, Amiens, France
| | - F Luquet-Plantier
- Anatomo-pathologie, Cabinet de pathologie Mathurin Moreau, Paris, France
| | - V Gras
- Pharmacovigilance, CHU Amiens-Picardie (site sud), Amiens, France
| | - A Id Baih
- Neurologie, Hôpital Universitaire La Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - A Dadban
- Dermatologie, CHU Amiens-Picardie Site Nord, Amiens, France
| | - E Carmi
- Cabinet de dermatologie, Docteur Carmi Esther, Amiens, France
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4
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Jonas F, Carmi M, Krupkin B, Steinberger J, Brodsky S, Jana T, Barkai N. The molecular grammar of protein disorder guiding genome-binding locations. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:4831-4844. [PMID: 36938874 PMCID: PMC10250222 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) direct transcription factors (TFs) towards selected genomic occurrences of their binding motif, as exemplified by budding yeast's Msn2. However, the sequence basis of IDR-directed TF binding selectivity remains unknown. To reveal this sequence grammar, we analyze the genomic localizations of >100 designed IDR mutants, each carrying up to 122 mutations within this 567-AA region. Our data points at multivalent interactions, carried by hydrophobic-mostly aliphatic-residues dispersed within a disordered environment and independent of linear sequence motifs, as the key determinants of Msn2 genomic localization. The implications of our results for the mechanistic basis of IDR-based TF binding preferences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jonas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Beniamin Krupkin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joseph Steinberger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sagie Brodsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Jana
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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5
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Kumar DK, Jonas F, Jana T, Brodsky S, Carmi M, Barkai N. Complementary strategies for directing in vivo transcription factor binding through DNA binding domains and intrinsically disordered regions. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1462-1473.e5. [PMID: 37116493 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
DNA binding domains (DBDs) of transcription factors (TFs) recognize DNA sequence motifs that are highly abundant in genomes. Within cells, TFs bind a subset of motif-containing sites as directed by either their DBDs or DBD-external (nonDBD) sequences. To define the relative roles of DBDs and nonDBDs in directing binding preferences, we compared the genome-wide binding of 48 (∼30%) budding yeast TFs with their DBD-only, nonDBD-truncated, and nonDBD-only mutants. With a few exceptions, binding locations differed between DBDs and TFs, resulting from the cumulative action of multiple determinants mapped mostly to disordered nonDBD regions. Furthermore, TFs' preferences for promoters of the fuzzy nucleosome architecture were lost in DBD-only mutants, whose binding spread across promoters, implicating nonDBDs' preferences in this hallmark of budding yeast regulatory design. We conclude that DBDs and nonDBDs employ complementary DNA-targeting strategies, whose balance defines TF binding specificity along genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Krishna Kumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Felix Jonas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Jana
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sagie Brodsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Frenkel N, Jonas F, Carmi M, Yaakov G, Barkai N. Rtt109 slows replication speed by histone N-terminal acetylation. Genome Res 2021; 31:426-435. [PMID: 33563717 PMCID: PMC7919450 DOI: 10.1101/gr.266510.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The wrapping of DNA around histone octamers challenges processes that use DNA as their template. In vitro, DNA replication through chromatin depends on histone modifiers, raising the possibility that cells modify histones to optimize fork progression. Rtt109 is an acetyl transferase that acetylates histone H3 before its DNA incorporation on the K56 and N-terminal residues. We previously reported that, in budding yeast, a wave of histone H3 K9 acetylation progresses ∼3–5 kb ahead of the replication fork. Whether this wave contributes to replication dynamics remained unknown. Here, we show that the replication fork velocity increases following deletion of RTT109, the gene encoding the enzyme required for the prereplication H3 acetylation wave. By using histone H3 mutants, we find that Rtt109-dependent N-terminal acetylation regulates fork velocity, whereas K56 acetylation contributes to replication dynamics only when N-terminal acetylation is compromised. We propose that acetylation of newly synthesized histones slows replication by promoting replacement of nucleosomes evicted by the incoming fork, thereby protecting genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Frenkel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Felix Jonas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gilad Yaakov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Brodsky S, Jana T, Mittelman K, Chapal M, Kumar DK, Carmi M, Barkai N. Intrinsically Disordered Regions Direct Transcription Factor In Vivo Binding Specificity. Mol Cell 2020; 79:459-471.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Gene duplication promotes adaptive evolution in two main ways: allowing one duplicate to evolve a new function and splitting ancestral functions between the duplicates. The second scenario may resolve adaptive conflicts that can rise when one gene performs different functions. In an apparent departure from both scenarios, low-expressing transcription factor (TF) duplicates commonly bind to the same DNA motifs and act in overlapping conditions. To examine for possible benefits of this apparent redundancy, we examined the Msn2 and Msn4 duplicates in budding yeast. We show that Msn2,4 function as one unit by inducing the same set of target genes in overlapping conditions. Yet, the two-factor composition allows this unit’s expression to be both environmentally responsive and with low noise, resolving an adaptive conflict that limits expression of single genes. We propose that duplication can provide adaptive benefit through cooperation rather than functional divergence, allowing two-factor dynamics with beneficial properties that cannot be achieved by a single gene. Gene expression tuning is limited by a conflict between expression plasticity and expression noise. This study shows that duplicated genes can resolve this conflict by functioning as one unit with expression control that is both environmentally responsive and low-noise, revealing a new adaptive benefit of duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chapal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sefi Mintzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagie Brodsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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9
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Gispan A, Carmi M, Barkai N. Model-based analysis of DNA replication profiles: predicting replication fork velocity and initiation rate by profiling free-cycling cells. Genome Res 2016; 27:310-319. [PMID: 28028072 PMCID: PMC5287236 DOI: 10.1101/gr.205849.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells initiate DNA synthesis by sequential firing of hundreds of origins. This ordered replication is described by replication profiles, which measure the DNA content within a cell population. Here, we show that replication dynamics can be deduced from replication profiles of free-cycling cells. While such profiles lack explicit temporal information, they are sensitive to fork velocity and initiation capacity through the passive replication pattern, namely the replication of origins by forks emanating elsewhere. We apply our model-based approach to a compendium of profiles that include most viable budding yeast mutants implicated in replication. Predicted changes in fork velocity or initiation capacity are verified by profiling synchronously replicating cells. Notably, most mutants implicated in late (or early) origin effects are explained by global modulation of fork velocity or initiation capacity. Our approach provides a rigorous framework for analyzing DNA replication profiles of free-cycling cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gispan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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10
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Vardi N, Levy S, Gurvich Y, Polacheck T, Carmi M, Jaitin D, Amit I, Barkai N. Sequential Feedback Induction Stabilizes the Phosphate Starvation Response in Budding Yeast. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1122-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Gispan A, Carmi M, Barkai N. Checkpoint-independent scaling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA replication program. BMC Biol 2014; 12:79. [PMID: 25288172 PMCID: PMC4218987 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In budding yeast, perturbations that prolong S phase lead to a proportionate delay in the activation times of most origins. The DNA replication checkpoint was implicated in this scaling phenotype, as an intact checkpoint was shown to be required for the delayed activation of late origins in response to hydroxyurea treatment. In support of that, scaling is lost in cells deleted of mrc1, a mediator of the replication checkpoint signal. Mrc1p, however, also plays a role in normal replication. Results To examine whether the replication checkpoint is required for scaling the replication profile with S phase duration we measured the genome-wide replication profile of different MRC1 alleles that separate its checkpoint function from its role in normal replication, and further analyzed the replication profiles of S phase mutants that are checkpoint deficient. We found that the checkpoint is not required for scaling; rather the unique replication phenotype of mrc1 deleted cells is attributed to the role of Mrc1 in normal replication. This is further supported by the replication profiles of tof1Δ which functions together with Mrc1p in normal replication, and by the distinct replication profiles of specific POL2 alleles which differ in their interaction with Mrc1p. Conclusions We suggest that the slow fork progression in mrc1 deleted cells reduces the likelihood of passive replication leading to the activation of origins that remain mostly dormant in wild-type cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0079-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Vardi N, Levy S, Assaf M, Carmi M, Barkai N. Budding Yeast Escape Commitment to the Phosphate Starvation Program Using Gene Expression Noise. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2051-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Avraham N, Soifer I, Carmi M, Barkai N. Increasing population growth by asymmetric segregation of a limiting resource during cell division. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:656. [PMID: 23591772 PMCID: PMC3658268 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that when budding yeast are transferred to low-metal environment, they adopt a proliferation pattern in which division is restricted to the subpopulation of mother cells which were born in rich conditions, before the shift. Mother cells continue to divide multiple times following the shift, generating at each division a single daughter cell, which arrests in G1. The transition to a mother-restricted proliferation pattern is characterized by asymmetric segregation of the vacuole to the mother cell and requires the transcription repressor Whi5. Notably, while deletion of WHI5 alleviates daughter cell division arrest in low-zinc conditions, it results in a lower final population size, as cell division rate becomes progressively slower. Our data suggest a new stress-response strategy, in which the dilution of a limiting cellular resource is prevented by maintaining it within a subset of dividing cells, thereby increasing population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Avraham
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Abstract
Accurate models of the cross-talk between signaling pathways and transcriptional regulatory networks within cells are essential to understand complex response programs. We present a new computational method that combines condition-specific time-series expression data with general protein interaction data to reconstruct dynamic and causal stress response networks. These networks characterize the pathways involved in the response, their time of activation, and the affected genes. The signaling and regulatory components of our networks are linked via a set of common transcription factors that serve as targets in the signaling network and as regulators of the transcriptional response network. Detailed case studies of stress responses in budding yeast demonstrate the predictive power of our method. Our method correctly identifies the core signaling proteins and transcription factors of the response programs. It further predicts the involvement of additional transcription factors and other proteins not previously implicated in the response pathways. We experimentally verify several of these predictions for the osmotic stress response network. Our approach requires little condition-specific data: only a partial set of upstream initiators and time-series gene expression data, which are readily available for many conditions and species. Consequently, our method is widely applicable and can be used to derive accurate, dynamic response models in several species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gitter
- Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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15
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Abstract
Cells use transporters of different affinities to regulate nutrient influx. When nutrients are depleted, low-affinity transporters are replaced by high-affinity ones. High-affinity transporters are helpful when concentrations of nutrients are low, but the advantage of reducing their abundance when nutrients are abundant is less clear. When we eliminated such reduced production of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-affinity transporters for phosphate and zinc, the elapsed time from the initiation of the starvation program until the lack of nutrients limited growth was shortened, and recovery from starvation was delayed. The latter phenotype was rescued by constitutive activation of the starvation program. Dual-transporter systems appear to prolong preparation for starvation and to facilitate subsequent recovery, which may optimize sensing of nutrient depletion by integrating internal and external information about nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Levy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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16
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Levy S, Ihmels J, Carmi M, Weinberger A, Friedlander G, Barkai N. Strategy of transcription regulation in the budding yeast. PLoS One 2007; 2:e250. [PMID: 17327914 PMCID: PMC1803021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells must adjust their gene expression in order to compete in a constantly changing environment. Two alternative strategies could in principle ensure optimal coordination of gene expression with physiological requirements. First, characters of the internal physiological state, such as growth rate, metabolite levels, or energy availability, could be feedback to tune gene expression. Second, internal needs could be inferred from the external environment, using evolutionary-tuned signaling pathways. Coordination of ribosomal biogenesis with the requirement for protein synthesis is of particular importance, since cells devote a large fraction of their biosynthetic capacity for ribosomal biogenesis. To define the relative contribution of internal vs. external sensing to the regulation of ribosomal biogenesis gene expression in yeast, we subjected S. cerevisiae cells to conditions which decoupled the actual vs. environmentally-expected growth rate. Gene expression followed the environmental signal according to the expected, but not the actual, growth rate. Simultaneous monitoring of gene expression and growth rate in continuous cultures further confirmed that ribosome biogenesis genes responded rapidly to changes in the environments but were oblivious to longer-term changes in growth rate. Our results suggest that the capacity to anticipate and prepare for environmentally-mediated changes in cell growth presented a major selection force during yeast evolution.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Culture Media/pharmacology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Fermentation/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/physiology
- Genes, Fungal
- Genes, cdc
- Mycology/methods
- Nucleotides/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/biosynthesis
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/biosynthesis
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- Reproduction, Asexual
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effects
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/growth & development
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/biosynthesis
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Levy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jan Ihmels
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Miri Carmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adina Weinberger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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17
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Tirosh I, Weinberger A, Carmi M, Barkai N. A genetic signature of interspecies variations in gene expression. Nat Genet 2006; 38:830-4. [PMID: 16783381 DOI: 10.1038/ng1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity is generated through changes in gene structure or gene regulation. The availability of full genomic sequences allows for the analysis of gene sequence evolution. In contrast, little is known about the principles driving the evolution of gene expression. Here we describe the differential transcriptional response of four closely related yeast species to a variety of environmental stresses. Genes containing a TATA box in their promoters show an increased interspecies variability in expression, independent of their functional association. Examining additional data sets, we find that this enhanced expression divergence of TATA-containing genes is consistent across all eukaryotes studied to date, including nematodes, fruit flies, plants and mammals. TATA-dependent regulation may enhance the sensitivity of gene expression to genetic perturbations, thus facilitating expression divergence at particular genetic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Tirosh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Bar-Even A, Paulsson J, Maheshri N, Carmi M, O'Shea E, Pilpel Y, Barkai N. Noise in protein expression scales with natural protein abundance. Nat Genet 2006; 38:636-43. [PMID: 16715097 DOI: 10.1038/ng1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Noise in gene expression is generated at multiple levels, such as transcription and translation, chromatin remodeling and pathway-specific regulation. Studies of individual promoters have suggested different dominating noise sources, raising the question of whether a general trend exists across a large number of genes and conditions. We examined the variation in the expression levels of 43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins, in cells grown under 11 experimental conditions. For all classes of genes and under all conditions, the expression variance was approximately proportional to the mean; the same scaling was observed at steady state and during the transient responses to the perturbations. Theoretical analysis suggests that this scaling behavior reflects variability in mRNA copy number, resulting from random 'birth and death' of mRNA molecules or from promoter fluctuations. Deviation of coexpressed genes from this general trend, including high noise in stress-related genes and low noise in proteasomal genes, may indicate fluctuations in pathway-specific regulators or a differential activation pattern of the underlying gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arren Bar-Even
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Friedlander G, Joseph-Strauss D, Carmi M, Zenvirth D, Simchen G, Barkai N. Modulation of the transcription regulatory program in yeast cells committed to sporulation. Genome Biol 2006; 7:R20. [PMID: 16542486 PMCID: PMC1557749 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-3-r20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the gene expression program in yeast cells suggests that commitment to sporulation involves an active modulation of the gene expression program. Background Meiosis in budding yeast is coupled to the process of sporulation, where the four haploid nuclei are packaged into a gamete. This differentiation process is characterized by a point of transition, termed commitment, when it becomes independent of the environment. Not much is known about the mechanisms underlying commitment, but it is often assumed that positive feedback loops stabilize the underlying gene-expression cascade. Results We describe the gene-expression program of committed cells. Sporulating cells were transferred back to growth medium at different stages of the process, and their transcription response was characterized. Most sporulation-induced genes were immediately downregulated upon transfer, even in committed cells that continued to sporulate. Focusing on the metabolic-related transcription response, we observed that pre-committed cells, as well as mature spores, responded to the transfer to growth medium in essentially the same way that vegetative cells responded to glucose. In contrast, committed cells elicited a dramatically different response. Conclusion Our results suggest that cells ensure commitment to sporulation not by stabilizing the process, but by modulating their gene-expression program in an active manner. This unique transcriptional program may optimize sporulation in an environment-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilgi Friedlander
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Physics of Complex System, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daphna Joseph-Strauss
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Physics of Complex System, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Miri Carmi
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Physics of Complex System, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Drora Zenvirth
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Giora Simchen
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Naama Barkai
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Physics of Complex System, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Bradbrook J, Carmi M, Danby J, Fawdry R, Fletcher J, Gill D, Jackson-Baker A, Jewell D, McKenzie M, Noble A, Porter R, Seaman B, Smith L, Young G. GMSC's advice on intrapartum care is unhelpful. BMJ 1996; 312:910-1. [PMID: 8611900 PMCID: PMC2350576 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7035.910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
High affinity 3H-imipramine binding and 3H-serotonin uptake to platelets was evaluated in nine untreated adolescent enuretics (ages 13-18) and nine age- and sex-matched controls. A significant decrease in the maximal binding of 3H-imipramine (Bmax) was observed in the enuretics as compared to the controls. No alteration in the affinity of 3H-imipramine to its binding sites (Kd) or in serotonin uptake kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km) was detected. The lack of correlation between Bmax and Vmax values might indicate that the binding sites for imipramine and the sites for serotonin uptake are not identical.
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Weizman R, Carmi M, Tyano S, Apter A, Rehavi M. High affinity [3H]imipramine binding and serotonin uptake to platelets of adolescent females suffering from anorexia nervosa. Life Sci 1986; 38:1235-42. [PMID: 3959752 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High affinity [3H]imipramine binding and [3H]serotonin uptake to platelets were investigated in 17 anorexic females aged 15-18 years as compared to 15 healthy females of similar ages. A significant decrease in the density of [3H]imipramine binding sites was observed in anorexics as compared to controls (368 +/- 40 vs 517 +/- 38 fmoles/mg protein, p less than 0.01). No alteration in Kd values or in the kinetic parameters of serotonin uptake (Vmax, Km) were noted. The fact that the decrease in imipramine binding is not accompanied by a parallel reduction in serotonin uptake might indicate that anorexia nervosa is not ultimately related to major depression and that the imipramine binding site is not identical to the serotonin uptake site.
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Weizman A, Carmi M, Hermesh H, Shahar A, Apter A, Tyano S, Rehavi M. High-affinity imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in platelets of eight adolescent and ten adult obsessive-compulsive patients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:335-9. [PMID: 3006522 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.143.3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors evaluated high-affinity [3H]imipramine binding and [3H]serotonin uptake to platelets in eight adolescent and 10 adult patients who met DSM-III criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder in comparison with those of normal control subjects of similar ages. The maximal binding of [3H]imipramine was significantly lower in adults and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder than in the control subjects. No differences between groups in the affinity of [3H]imipramine to its binding sites or in serotonin uptake kinetic measures were detected. The lower density of [3H]imipramine binding sites in platelet membrane in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder might implicate involvement of the serotonergic system or might represent an adaptive response to a chronic disease.
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