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Grillo G, Capaldi G, Radošević K, Jakopović Ž, Markov K, Brncic M, Gallina L, Calcio Gaudino E, Cravotto G. Unlocking the Bioactive Potential of Pomegranate Peels: A Green Extraction Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1796. [PMID: 37891876 PMCID: PMC10604353 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is well known for its high content of bioactives, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which have been shown to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. It is worth noting that the majority of these molecules are found in the peels, which are usually disposed of after processing, causing a significant amount of waste, amounting to more than 3.6 million t/y. This work investigates microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) in water for the recovery of antioxidants from pomegranate peels (PP), including the optimisation of temperature and extraction times. The total phenolic, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the recovered extracts were determined, as well as their antioxidant activities, which were found to be 356.35 mgGAE/gExtr, 303.97 µgCy3G/gExtr, 37.28 mgQE/gExtr, 56.48 mgGAE/gExtr, and 5.72 mmolTE/gExtr, respectively (according to the adopted reference). All results were compared with those obtained using a conventional protocol. In addition, the potential for water recycling by means of downstream nanofiltration in optimised MAE was investigated, leading to overall water reuse of approx. 75%. Power consumption (20.92 W/mgGAE) and common green metrics, Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME), E-Factor, and the Process Mass Intensiti/efficiency (PMI, PME), were considered in evaluating the proposed PP valorisation strategy. Finally, the biological activities of the main products were assessed. The antimicrobial properties of the PP extracts against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria and their antiproliferative activity towards human cancer cells were tested. S. aureus bacteria was the most susceptible to the PP extracts. All tested products displayed antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells when higher concentrations were tested, with D-PP/NF (obtained from dried PP and sequential nanofiltration) being the most effective. This result was also confirmed via clonogenic analysis, which generally indicated the possible anti-cancer activity of pomegranate peel extracts obtained using this green approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Grillo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.); (L.G.); (E.C.G.)
| | - Giorgio Capaldi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.); (L.G.); (E.C.G.)
| | - Kristina Radošević
- Laboratory for Cell Cultures, Applications and Biotransformations, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottojeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Željko Jakopović
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottojeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottojeva Ulica 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Mladen Brncic
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lorenzo Gallina
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.); (L.G.); (E.C.G.)
| | - Emanuela Calcio Gaudino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.); (L.G.); (E.C.G.)
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.); (L.G.); (E.C.G.)
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Zhou J, Wang M, Carrillo C, Zhu Z, Brncic M, Berrada H, Barba FJ. Impact of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and pH on Protein Yield, Changes in Molecular Size Distribution and Antioxidant Compounds Recovery from Spirulina. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092153. [PMID: 34574263 PMCID: PMC8468321 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The research aims to extract nutrients and bioactive compounds from spirulina using a non-toxic, environmentally friendly and efficient method—Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). In this work, Response Surface Methodology (RSM)–Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimize the extraction time (5–15 min), temperature (20–60 °C) and pH (4–10) during PLE extraction (103.4 bars). The multi-factor optimization results of the RSM-CCD showed that under the pressure of 103.4 bars, the optimal conditions to recover the highest content of bioactive compounds were 10 min, 40 °C and pH 4. Furthermore, the compounds and antioxidant capacity of PLE and non-pressurized extraction extracts were compared. The results showed that under the optimal extraction conditions (10 min, 40 °C and pH 4), PLE significantly improved the antioxidant capacity (2870.5 ± 153.6 µM TE), protein yield (46.8 ± 3.1%), chlorophyll a (1.46 ± 0.04 mg/g), carotenoids (0.12 ± 0.01 mg/g), total polyphenols (11.49 ± 0.04 mg/g) and carbohydrates content (78.42 ± 1.40 mg/g) of the extracts compared with non-pressurized extraction (p < 0.05). The protein molecular distribution of the extracts was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the results showed that there were more small-molecule proteins in PLE extracts. Moreover, Liquid Chromatography Triple Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF–LC–MS–MS) was used to analyze the phenolic profile of the extracts, and the results showed the extracts were rich on phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid being the predominant phenolic compounds in the PLE extract. This indicates that PLE can promote the extraction of bioactive compounds from Spirulina, which is of great significance for the application of PLE technology to obtain active substances from marine algae resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhou
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (J.Z.); (M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Min Wang
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (J.Z.); (M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Celia Carrillo
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (F.J.B.); Tel.: +34-947-259506 (C.C.); +34-963-544-972 (F.J.B.)
| | - Zhenzhou Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
| | - Mladen Brncic
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Houda Berrada
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (J.Z.); (M.W.); (H.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (J.Z.); (M.W.); (H.B.)
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (F.J.B.); Tel.: +34-947-259506 (C.C.); +34-963-544-972 (F.J.B.)
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Sampath TK, Simic P, Moreno S, Bukanov N, Draca N, Kufner V, Tikvica A, Blair A, Semenski D, Brncic M, Burke SK, Vukicevic S. Sevelamer restores bone volume and improves bone microarchitecture and strength in aged ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 2008; 149:6092-102. [PMID: 18687772 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sevelamer hydrochloride, a noncalcium phosphate binder, has been shown to reduce coronary artery and aortic calcification, and to improve trabecular bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Here, we examined whether sevelamer given orally for 12 wk with normal food could restore bone volume (BV) and strength in aged ovariectomized (OVX) rats starting at 4 wk after OVX. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, microcomputerized tomography, and bone histomorphometry analyses showed that OVX animals receiving sevelamer had increased trabecular BV (51%), trabecular number (43%), trabecular thickness (9%), cortical thickness (16%), mineral apposition rate (103%), bone formation rate (25%), and enhanced cortical and trabecular bone mechanical strength as compared with OVX rats. Sevelamer decreased collagen C telopeptide, increased osteocalcin levels, and decreased phosphate and magnesium levels without affecting calcium levels in the blood. Although sevelamer was not absorbed systemically, it stimulated osteoblast differentiation in BM-derived mesenchymal stem cell cultures, as evaluated by alkaline phosphatase positive colony-forming units, and inhibited recombinant human soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation, as evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive cells in bone mineral-hematopoietic stem cell cultures. Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 69 proteins were differently expressed after OVX, of which 30% (20 of 69) were reversed to sham activity after sevelamer intake. PTH, fibroblast growth factor-23, and cytokine profile in serum were not significantly changed. Together, these results suggest that sevelamer in food increases the BV and improves biomechanical properties of bone in OVX rats.
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