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Sherif F, Elmokadem AH, Abdel Razek A, Kamal E, Abdou EHE, Salem MA, Ghoneim MM. DTI of the Olfactory Bulb in COVID-19-Related Anosmia: A Pilot Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:1180-1183. [PMID: 36920776 PMCID: PMC9575417 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the utility of DTI in the detection of olfactory bulb dysfunction in COVID-19-related anosmia. It was performed in 62 patients with COVID-19-related anosmia and 23 controls. The mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy were calculated by 2 readers. The difference between the fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity values of anosmic and control olfactory bulbs was statistically significant (P = .001). The threshold of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity to differentiate a diseased from normal olfactory bulb were 0.22 and 1.5, with sensitivities of 84.4% and 96.8%, respectively, and a specificity of 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sherif
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.S., A.H.E., A.A.R., M.M.G.)
| | - A H Elmokadem
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.S., A.H.E., A.A.R., M.M.G.)
| | - A Abdel Razek
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.S., A.H.E., A.A.R., M.M.G.)
| | - E Kamal
- Otorhinolaryngology (E.K., E.H.E.A., M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - E H E Abdou
- Otorhinolaryngology (E.K., E.H.E.A., M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - M A Salem
- Otorhinolaryngology (E.K., E.H.E.A., M.A.S.), Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - M M Ghoneim
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.S., A.H.E., A.A.R., M.M.G.)
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Ragab FA, Eissa AAM, Fahim SH, Salem MA, Gamal MA, Nissan YM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as cytotoxic agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100029. [PMID: 33872414 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New coumarin derivatives 9a-f, 10a-e, and 11a-f were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). All compounds exhibited good activity in the nanomolar range, using doxorubicin and erlotinib as positive controls. The most active compound 9d with IC50 of 21 nM was tested against the HCT-116, HepG-2, A549, and SGC-7901 cell lines, with IC50 values of 0.021, 0.170, 0.028, and 0.11 µM, respectively. Compound 9d was further investigated for its ability to suppress the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Compound 9d decreased the concentration of EGFR by 87%, using erlotinib as a positive control. A docking study revealed similar or higher scores than for erlotinib and similar binding poses providing interactions with the hinge region of the tyrosine kinase (TK). Besides the effect on expression, this in silico investigation predicts the possibility of direct binding between the new coumarin derivatives and the EGFR TK. Moreover, computational calculation for ADME properties for the most active compounds 9d, 9e, 10c, and 11c revealed the expected high gastrointestinal tract absorption, moderate water solubility with no central nervous system toxicity, and druglikeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A Ragab
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal A M Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar H Fahim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Salem
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt.,School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A Gamal
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yassin M Nissan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
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Salem MA. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of 2-methyl-4-N,N-diethylamino stilbazolium iodide cyanine dye with peroxydisulphate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/jcp/1991880471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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4
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Salem MA, El-Sheikh MY, Ismail AA, Zaki AB. Catalytic oxidation of p-nitrodiphenylamine with peroxydisulphate in micellar and non-micellar media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/jcp/1993901201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Farrag AAM, Mustafa A, Wielandts JY, Altintas S, Ahmed A, Hesselink T, Annoni A, Cho IJ, Sorour S, Salem MA, Bakhoum S, Shahin S, Abdelkader M, Rashid T, De Buck S, Camaioni C, Frontera A, Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Thambo JB, Iriart X, Cochet H, Dinh T, Marcks NGHM, Kok M, Aerts AJJ, Weijs B, Blaauw Y, Wildberger JE, Das M, Kietselaer BLJH, Crijns HJGM, Qureshi W, Al-Mallah M, Molenaar MMD, Scholten LFA, Meijs MF, Stevenhagen YJ, Stoel MG, Van Dessel PHFM, Van Opstal JM, Van Houwelingen KG, Scholten MF, Formenti A, Mancini E, Mushtaq S, Conte E, Baggiano A, Guglielmo M, Beltrama V, Andreini D, Pepi M, Chang HJ, Lee SE, Cho I, Shim CY, Hong GR, Chung N. Moderated Posters: Practical applications of cardiac CT and/or radionuclide imagingP806Calcium but not fat is an additional marker for sub-clinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitusP807Assessment of diastolic heart function with multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT)P808Automated measurement of left atrial appendage orifice dimensions and their variation in patients with atrial fibrillation using MDCT imagesP809Presence and extent of cardiac CT angiography defined coronary artery disease in patients presenting with syncopeP810Dobutamine stress myocardial perfusion imaging by SPECT adds incremental prognostic value across a high risk cohortP811Prevalence and consequences of incidental findings detected by computed tomography in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation or transcatheter aortic valve implantationP812Low dose computed tomography angiography for evaluation of the thoracic aorta and coronary arteries using 160 mm detector coverage and iterative reconstruction algorithmP813Differential prognostic value of thoracic aorta calcium score on clinical outcomes in elderly individuals according to the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jew254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A. Aladle
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A. Salem
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Lotfy A. Mahmoud
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Helal MH, Salem MA, Gouda MA, Ahmed NS, El-Sherif AA. Design, synthesis, characterization, quantum-chemical calculations and anti-inflammatory activity of novel series of thiophene derivatives. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 147:73-83. [PMID: 25827768 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of 1-(4-morpholinophenyl)ethanone 1 with either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate 2 afforded Knoevenagel-Cope product 3. In subsequent treatment of 3 with sulfur, the 2-aminothiophene derivatives (4a, 4b) are formed under basic conditions. The solvent-free reaction of thiophene derivative 4a with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazine derivative 6. The base catalyzed condensation of 2-aminothiophene derivative (4a) with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded N-(thieno-2-yl) cyanoacetamide derivative 7. The latter was used to synthesize different heterocyclic derivatives comprising, pyridine and coumarin rings. Also, several substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines have been prepared from reaction of 2-aminothiophene-3-carbonitrile 4b with some electrophilic reagents. The structure of the newly compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data. The molecular modeling of the synthesized compounds has been drawn and their molecular parameters were calculated. Also, valuable information is obtained from calculation of the molecular parameters including electronegativity, net dipole moment of the compounds, total energy, electronic energy, binding energy, HOMO and LUMO energy. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the tested compounds was performed in albino rats by producing carrageenan induced paw oedema and measuring the zone of inflammation at different time intervals i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4h after carrageenan injection. Results indicated that most of the tested compounds showed moderate to good activity comparable to indomethacin. Also, compound 16 with additional morpholine ring beside the thiophene ring inhibits carrageenan induced paw oedema more than the standard indomethacin drug at all the time scales studied. Thus, compound 16 is considered as a promising compound for further modification to obtain clinically useful anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Helal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M A Gouda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Ulla 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - N S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheres, Alex, Egypt
| | - A A El-Sherif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Ghonim MR, Shabana YK, Ashraf B, Salem MA. Anatomical reposition of incus after transmastoid facial nerve decompression using bone cement: preliminary results in 17 patients. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 41:95-9. [PMID: 26031347 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ghonim
- Department of ORL (Otology & Neurotology Unit), Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Y K Shabana
- Department of ORL (Otology & Neurotology Unit), Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - B Ashraf
- Department of ORL (Otology & Neurotology Unit), Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M A Salem
- Department of ORL (Otology & Neurotology Unit), Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Helal MH, El-Awdan SA, Salem MA, Abd-elaziz TA, Moahamed YA, El-Sherif AA, Mohamed GAM. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of novel series of pyridine derivatives as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:764-773. [PMID: 25150427 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a combined synthesis; characterization, computational and biological activity studies of novel series of pyridines heterocyclic compounds. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses and spectral like IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS studies. Michael addition of substituted-2-methoxycarbonylacetanilide 2a,b on the α-substituted cinnamonitriles 3a-d gave the corresponding 2-pyridone derivatives 5-10. Structures of the titled compounds cited in this article were elucidated by spectrometric data (IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS). The molecular modeling of the synthesized compounds has been drawn and their molecular parameters were calculated. Also, valuable information is obtained from the calculation of molecular parameters including electronegativity, net dipole moment of the compounds, total energy, electronic energy, binding energy, HOMO and LUMO energy. Various in vitro antitumor as well as in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of test compounds was performed using carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. All the tested compounds showed moderate to good activity. The SAR results indicate that all compounds showed moderate to good activity, among these 7 and 10 compounds having -N(CH3)2 group are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Helal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - S A El-Awdan
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Center, El-Bohoth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail Assir, Saudi Arabia
| | - T A Abd-elaziz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Y A Moahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A A El-Sherif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - G A M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Couprie M, Meulenyzer S, Salem MA, Talbot H, Pourcel F. Fibre analysis in 3D materials and process validation on artificial data. J Microsc 2014; 255:78-88. [PMID: 24837494 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of fibrous materials are closely linked to their microstructure. In order to characterize their microstructures as effectively as possible, all fibres in a sample should be individualized. This work mainly aims at developing a new fibre analysis method that segments a 3D greyscale tomography image into a background and a set of connected components, each representing a single fibre. Properly completed fibre analyses may provide input data for generative or synthetic models, which can in turn be used to estimate various characteristics of the material. In this paper, we introduce an original method based on the skeletonization of the fibre mass, followed by a geometrical analysis of the obtained skeleton. Based on this procedure, several measurements can be computed (e.g. length, orientation, number of contacts). Furthermore, we validate the reliability of our fibre analysis process using various comparisons between our results and artificial ground-truth data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Couprie
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge, équipe A3SI, ESIEE Paris, Marne la Vallée, France
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Ibrahim A, Salem MA, Hassan R. Outcome of young age at diagnosis of breast cancer in South Egypt. Gulf J Oncolog 2014; 1:76-83. [PMID: 24610292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of breast cancer in patients <40 years old accounts for 20% of the total breast cancer patients in Egypt which is quite higher than the incidence reported worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the differences in survival between age groups below and above the age of 40. METHOD 170 patients <40 years and 500 patients ≥40 years were evaluated retrospectively to assess the differences in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between age groups after adjustment of other risk factors like stage, lymph node status, tumor size, and hormonal positivity. RESULTS After median follow up of 49 months, there was no significant difference between the 2 age groups with regards to DFS p= 0.6 and OS P=0.7 and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups when we stratified the patients according to stages, hormonal status and number of metastatic lymph nodes. However, we found significant increase in local recurrence after breast conserving surgery in patients <40 years compared to patients ≥40 years. CONCLUSION Patients <40 years exhibited more often at advanced stage and large tumors size compared to patients ≥ 40 years; However, there was no significant difference in DFS and OS when we adjusted other risk factors. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that age <40 years can be considered as an adverse prognostic factor for the locoregional failure after breast conserving surgery. KEYWORDS breast cancer, young age, <40 years old, locoregional failure, DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibrahim
- Abeer Elsayed Aly Ibrahim, M.D., Lecturer of Medical Oncology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Egypt. PC 71515. Tel. No. 01001015295
| | - M A Salem
- Surgical Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - R Hassan
- Medical Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Egypt
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Abstract
Cytomorphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, in addition to cytogenetic and molecular analyses have specific roles in the diagnosis and management of acute leukemias. This work was designed as a comparative study of different available methods for diagnosis of acute leukemia. The study comprised 47 cases with acute leukemia (21 cases with ALL and 26 cases with AML). Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were subjected to through morphological examination of Leishman-stained smears, cytochemical analysis, immunophenotyping, conventional cytogenetic banding analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for selected cases, and RT-PCR for detection of BCR-ABL rearrangement. The results of the study revealed that careful examination of Romanowsky-stained peripheral blood and BM films is fundamental in the diagnosis of acute leukemias, and when considered together with clinical and hematological features, indicates which of the more specialized techniques are most likely to be useful. The major role of cytochemistry was in the diagnosis of AML, while the major role of immunophenotyping was in the diagnosis of acute leukemia, which is not obviously myeloid. Apart from identification of chromosomal abnormalities unique to specific subtypes of leukemia, cytogenetic analysis had a salient impact on anticipating the prognosis and treatment outcome in acute leukemias. We could conclude that the techniques used in this study are considered complementary rather than alternatives and that stepwise employment of strategies is more cost effective than doing all the tests simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfy A Mahmoud
- Mansoura University, Hematology Unit of Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura, Egypt
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Helal MHM, Salem MA, El-Gaby MSA, Aljahdali M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel thiazole compounds as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:517-26. [PMID: 23787438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, furo[2,3-d]thiazol-5(2H)-one 5 was obtained from reaction of thiosemicarbazone derivative 2 with diethyl acetylene dicarboxylate. A series of newly synthesized 2-(hydrazinyl)thiazol-4(5H)-one 6, 7 &8 and 2-(4-(substituted)-thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono derivatives 9a, b &10 were synthesized from treatment of thiosemicarbazone derivative 2 with appropriate α-halogenated compounds. Also, a one pot synthesis of thiazole derivatives 13 &15 was achieved from three components reaction of hydrazone derivative 11 with phenyl isothiocyanate and α-halogenated compounds catalyzed by DMF/KOH. 4-(4-Morpholino phenyl) thiazol-2-amino 17 was obtained via the reaction of acetophenone derivative 1 with thiourea in presence of iodine. The reactivity of 2-aminothiazole 17 toward some electrophilic reagents was investigated. The structure of the newly compounds was confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data. The antibacterial activity towards two Gram negative (Proteus mirabilis &Serratia marcesens) and two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus &Bacillus cereus) bacteria was investigated. The anti-inflammatory activity was also investigated and the inhibition of the carrageenin-induced oedema by these compounds was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H M Helal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.
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Hettiarachchi K, Green CE, Ramanathan-Girish S, Wu B, Jackson CJ, Ridge S, Salem MA, Lanser ME. Analysis of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-iodo-E-allyl)nortropane in rat plasma. II. Pharmacokinetic profile in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2001; 924:471-81. [PMID: 11521899 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a pharmacokinetic study performed in Sprague-Dawley rats after i.v. administration of a single 6-mg/kg dose of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-iodo-E-allyl)nortropane (Altropane). Plasma samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus at times up to 3 h after drug administration, extracted by solid-phase extraction, and the drug levels determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by a standard noncompartmental model using WinNonlin version 1.5. The maximum plasma concentrations, clearances of the drug, and areas under the curve for male and female rats were 5.74 and 7.26 microg/ml, 135.7 and 98.5 ml/kg x min, and 44.23 and 60.92 microg x min/ml, respectively. The drug was cleared very rapidly from the systemic circulation, with a terminal t(1/2) of 7 to 10 min and a mean residence time of about 11 min for both sexes. The volume of distribution was approximately 1 l/kg. No metabolites were detected when the samples were analyzed individually. However, after samples were pooled and concentrated, traces of two unknown peaks that may represent metabolites were detected in concentrates from the last two timepoints. Part I of this work [J. Chromatogr. A, 895 (2000) 87] describes validation of CE methods for the analysis of aqueous and plasma samples of Altropane, including its solid-phase extraction from rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hettiarachchi
- Biopharmaceutical Development Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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15
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Hettiarachchi K, Green CE, Ridge S, Wu B, Catz P, Salem MA. Analysis of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-iodo-E-allyl)nortropane in rat plasma. I. Method development and validation by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:87-100. [PMID: 11105851 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Altropane, 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-iodo-E-allyl)nor tropane, is an imaging agent that was developed recently for early detection of Parkinson's disease. Its promise as a useful radiopharmaceutical for single-photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography imaging of the brain has been well demonstrated, and it is currently undergoing clinical trials. This paper presents methods development and validation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques to analyze Altropane in aqueous environments as well as in rat plasma, using an internal standard, nicotinamide. N-Allylaltropane, 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-allylnortropane, which is a known degradation product of the Altropane precursor (tributyltinaltropane), was used to verify the method's specificity. A solid-phase extraction method for extraction of Altropane from rat plasma is also described. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the applicability of CE methods to study the pharmacokinetic properties of Altropane in animal models. The results of the pharmacokinetic study will be published later, as Part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hettiarachchi
- Biopharmaceutical Development Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Hipkin CR, Salem MA, Simpson D, Wainwright SJ. 3-nitropropionic acid oxidase from horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa): a novel plant enzyme. Biochem J 1999; 340 ( Pt 2):491-5. [PMID: 10333494 PMCID: PMC1220276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel enzyme that catalyses the oxygen-dependent oxidation of 3-nitropropionic acid (3NPA) to malonate semialdehyde, nitrate, nitrite and H2O2 has been purified from leaf extracts of the horseshoe vetch, Hippocrepis comosa, and named 3NPA oxidase. The enzyme is a flavoprotein with a subunit molecular mass of 36 kDa containing 1 molecule of FMN and exhibits little specificity for all nitroalkanes tested other than 3NPA (apparent Km 620 microM). The maximum enzyme activity in vitro was expressed at pH4.8 and was inhibited strongly by the products nitrate and nitrite. 3NPA oxidase activity was detected in green shoots, which also contain high concentrations of 3NPA, from plants grown with nitrate, ammonium or N2 as sources of nitrogen. Enzyme activity was absent from roots and cell cultures, neither of which accumulate high levels of 3NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Hipkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K.
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Abstract
The embryonic development of the inner ear, especially the sensory epithelia and otoliths in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, was studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the auditory vesicle, saccular otolith and statoacoustic ganglion were first observed by 12 days after fertilization, while the utricular otolith appeared at 15 days after fertilization. Both the saccular and utricular maculae were more developed at 22 days after fertilization, and well developed by 27 days. The crista ampullaris of the horizontal canal was also developed at 27 days after fertilization, while the other cristae were not yet distinguished. Electron microscopically, vesicular structures and short microvilli were found on the sensory epithelia of the maculae by 15 days after fertilization. At 22 days after fertilization, the saccular otolith possessed 7 incremental layers, and developing cilia, microvilli, and aggregates of secretory materials also appeared on the apical surface of the sensory epithelia. At 27 days after fertilization, the apical surface of each hair cell was covered with a hair bundle consisting of a single kinocilium and a bundle of stereocilia. These findings are discussed with special regard to the environmental factors on early development in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salem
- Laboratory of Animal Information Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The paper describes a comparative bioavailability study on two tablet formulations containing 100 mg of tetroxoprim and 250 mg of sulphadiazine. The comparison was based on the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters from time--serum concentration profiles obtained following the administration of the tablets to 12 healthy volunteers. Statistical analysis performed on the parameters showed that the differences are statistically insignificant and the formulations are bioequivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Alkaysi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid
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19
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Lewis UJ, Lewis LJ, Salem MA, Staten NR, Galosy SS, Krivi GG. A recombinant-DNA-derived modification of human growth hormone (hGH44-191) with enhanced diabetogenic activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991; 78:45-54. [PMID: 1936524 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(91)90184-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A modified human growth hormone (hGH) that lacks the first 43 residues of the intact hormone was prepared by recombinant-DNA technology. For preparative purposes an additional alanine was made the amino terminal residue. Sequence analysis and tryptic peptide mapping combined with amino acid analyses confirmed the structure of the polypeptide. Less than 2% N-terminal methionine was detected. The hGH44-191 was estimated to be at least 10 times more active than hGH in producing glucose intolerance in obese yellow mice (Avy/A) and was equipotent to hGH in increasing serum free fatty acids in fasted, hypophysectomized rats. The peptide did not promote growth in hypophysectomized rats nor did it exhibit early (1h) insulin-like activity in fasted, hypophysectomized rats, as indicated by its failure to lower blood glucose and fatty acids. The modified hGH was inactive in the Nb-2 cell assay but was about one-third as active as hGH in stimulating the pigeon crop sac. In radioimmunoassays using 125I-labeled hGH and polyclonal antibodies to intact hGH, cross-reactivity of hGH44-191 was less than 1%. We conclude that removal of the amino terminal portion of hGH enhances its diabetogenic properties, and that this activity does not depend upon the ability to promote growth. Furthermore, the insulin-like activity can be separated from its diabetogenic action by deletion of the first 43 amino terminal residues. This is the first report of a modified hGH that has anti-insulin effects greater than hGH itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- U J Lewis
- Lutcher Brown Department of Biochemistry, Whittier Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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20
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Abstract
A procedure for the determination of methotrexate in human plasma is reported. The analysis involved extraction of methotrexate as an ion pair in ethyl acetate. Reconstituted residue was analyzed using reverse phase C-18 column and a mobile phase consisting of acetate buffer (87%), methanol (6.5%), and acetonitrile (6.5%). The methotrexate recovery range was 95-97%. Theophylline was used as internal standard with a recovery of 96%. The intraday coefficient of variation for the assay ranged from 1.8-3.0%, while interday variation coefficient range was 3.5-3.7%. The method is selective, reproducible, and covers a wide range of methotrexate concentrations in patient's plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Alkaysi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid
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21
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Salem MA, Lewis UJ, Haro LS, Kishi K, McAllister DL, Seavey BK, Bee G, Wolff GL. Effects of hypophysectomy and the insulin-like and anti-insulin pituitary peptides on carbohydrate metabolism in yellow Avy/A (BALB/c x VY)F1 hybrid mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1989; 191:408-19. [PMID: 2672006 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-191-42942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The amino-terminal portion of human growth hormone, residues 1-43 (hGH1-43), has insulin-potentiating action, while a hyperglycemic pituitary peptide (HP), which co-purifies with human growth hormone (hGH), is antagonistic to the action of insulin. The effects of hGH, hGH1-43, and HP on glucose metabolism were assessed in young (4-5 weeks) and adult (6-8 months) hypophysectomized yellow Avy/A mice which lacked any interfering endogenous pituitary hormones, and compared with age-matched intact obese yellow Avy/A and lean agouti A/a mice. Treatment with hGH1-43 or HP did not promote body growth in hypophysectomized yellow mice; but after 2 weeks of treatment with hGH, there was a significant increase in body weight (P less than 0.05). Treatment with HP raised blood glucose and lowered insulin concentrations in obese yellow mice, but not in agouti or hypophysectomized yellow mice. The severely impaired glucose tolerance of the hypophysectomized yellow mice was improved by acute (60 min) and chronic (3 days) treatment with hGH1-43 as well as by 2 weeks of treatment with hGH; in contrast, HP had no effect. Glucose oxidation in adipose tissue from obese yellow mice was low and showed essentially no response to stimulation by insulin at doses lower than 1000 microunits/ml. Basal glucose oxidation rates in adipose tissue taken from agouti and hypophysectomized yellow mice were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than those in tissue from obese yellow mice, and the rates responded significantly (P less than 0.05) to 100 microunits/ml insulin. The insulin binding affinities in liver membranes from agouti mice were higher than those from either obese or hypophysectomized yellow mice. The insulin receptor densities were similar in both agouti and obese yellow mice, but higher in hypophysectomized yellow mice (P less than 0.05). Treatment with hGH1-43 slightly increased, although not significantly, the insulin receptor density in yellow obese mice while hGH showed essentially no change. Therefore, hypophysectomy appeared to increase tissue response and decrease insulin resistance by increasing receptor numbers and lowering the circulating insulin levels. Furthermore, the insulin-like action of hGH was elicited directly in vivo by hGH1-43 in hypophysectomized yellow mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salem
- Lutcher Brown Department of Biochemistry, Whittier Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, California 92037
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22
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Salem MA, Wolff GL. Potentiation of response to insulin and anti-insulin action by two human pituitary peptides in lean agouti A/a, obese yellow Avy/A, and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1989; 191:113-23. [PMID: 2657747 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-191-42896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like and anti-insulin effects of human growth hormone (hGH) were examined by determining the effects of two peptides representing portions of the hGH molecule in lean agouti A/a and obese yellow Avy/A and ob/ob mice. The peptides were the amino terminal segment, residue 1-43 (hGH1-43), which has been shown to potentiate the response to insulin and another peptide, hyperglycemic peptide (HP), with unknown structure, which has anti-insulin activity. The anti-insulin component is an acidic low molecular weight peptide which co-purifies with hGH but was not recognized by antibodies to intact hGH and did not cross-react with anti-hGH1-43 antiserum. The purpose of these studies was to further understand the multiple actions of hGH and its acute and chronic effects on response to insulin. Injections of hGH1-43 dramatically enhanced the effect of insulin on glucose clearance of obese yellow Avy/A and ob/ob mice and increased the insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation in adipose tissue of yellow mice, but had no direct effect on blood glucose or insulin levels of either genotype. Administration of HP to obese yellow mice produced hyperglycemia and suppressed serum insulin concentrations. Tissues from lean agouti and obese yellow mice treated with HP in vitro showed decreased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation as well as decreased 14C incorporation into lipids. Chronic treatment of obese yellow and ob/ob mice with HP increased fasting blood glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. The effect of HP was more pronounced in obese yellow mice and the ob/ob mice were more sensitive to the diabetogenic actions of intact hGH. These data provide further evidence for the existence of two opposing biologic activities derived from disparate amino acid sequences in hGH. Additionally, the data indicate that assays using obese yellow Avy/A mice can distinguish the effects of hGH from those of the individual peptides to a greater degree than assays using obese ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salem
- Lutcher Brown Department of Biochemistry, Whittier Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, California 92037
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23
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Salem MA, Phares CK. The growth factor from plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, stimulates growth but is not diabetogenic. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1989; 191:187-92. [PMID: 2726784 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-191-42907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A factor produced by plerocercoids of the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides is similar to human growth hormone (hGH) in that it stimulates body growth, binds to hGH receptors, cross-reacts with anti-hGH antibodies, and has lactogenic and insulin-like activities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) is similar to hGH in expressing diabetogenic activity in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. To determine an effective dose for use in the obese mice, the ability of daily injections of PGF to stimulate growth of phenotypically normal mice of the same strain was assessed in a 10-day weight gain assay. Injections of PGF stimulated a dose-dependent weight gain (r = 0.83) and 25 ng eq/day of PGF stimulated a response not significantly different from that produced by 100 micrograms of bovine growth hormone/day. Diabetogenicity was assessed using fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance tests in obese mice that had been injected for 3 days with saline, hGH, or PGF. Human growth hormone caused a significant increase (P less than 0.005) in fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance of the obese mice was impaired (P less than 0.01). All of the doses of PGF used to test diabetogenicity in the obese mice were at least twice that required to stimulate a maximal growth response in normal mice, yet none of the doses of PGF increased fasting blood glucose or decreased glucose tolerance. These results show that PGF was a potent growth stimulant but was not diabetogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68105
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24
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Abstract
The bioavailability of two brands of ranitidine tablets was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Formulation factors were compared by performing disintegration, dissolution and content uniformity tests. Plasma concentrations of ranitidine were measured using a sensitive and precise high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for both formulations and included: Cmax, AUCt, AUC infinity, tmax, t1/2 and the terminal rate of elimination (k). Statistical analysis revealed that differences between the brands were not significant. The two formulations can be considered to be bioequivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Alkaysi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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25
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Abstract
In vitro actions of purified plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) were compared with those of insulin and human growth hormone (hGH) in adipose tissue from normal male rats. Insulin-like effects were measured by the ability of PGF, insulin, or hGH to stimulate oxidation of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2, to stimulate lipogenesis, and to inhibit epinephrine-induced lipolysis. PGF and insulin stimulated significant increases in glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in adipose tissue that had not been preincubated as well as in tissue that had been preincubated. hGH stimulated insulin-like effects only in tissue that had been preincubated for 3 hr. Insulin, hGH, and PGF inhibited epinephrine-induced lipolysis of preincubated (3 hr) adipose tissue. hGH produced a dramatic lipolytic response in tissue freshly removed from normal rats but no dose of PGF was lipolytic. PGF did not displace 125I-insulin from its receptors on adipocytes but did competitively inhibit 125I-hGH binding to adipocytes. These results suggest that PGF has direct insulin-like actions which are initiated by binding a GH receptor, but PGF had no anti-insulin action and the insulin-like activity of PGF was unaffected by refractoriness of adipose tissue to GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68105
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26
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Salem MA. Effects of the amino-terminal portion of human growth hormone on glucose clearance and metabolism in normal, diabetic, hypophysectomized, and diabetic-hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 1988; 123:1565-76. [PMID: 3042372 DOI: 10.1210/endo-123-3-1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A naturally occurring pituitary peptide, human (h) GH-(1-43) potentiates insulin action. The present study has compared the effects of acute (30-60 min) and chronic (3-6 days) injections of synthetic hGH-(1-43), hGH, and insulin in normal, diabetic, hypophysectomized, and diabetic-hypophysectomized rats. Male rats (150-250 g) received injections of saline, insulin (50-200 mU), hGH (200 micrograms), or hGH-(1-43) (200-400 micrograms) with or without insulin. Hormone and glucose were injected simultaneously for glucose tolerance tests. Basal and insulin-stimulated [U-14C]glucose oxidation to 14CO2 in adipose tissue were measured in vitro after in vivo treatments; insulin release by isolated pancreatic islets was determined in vitro. Acute injections of hGH-(1-43) with insulin dramatically increased glucose clearance in diabetic (P less than 0.05) and hypophysectomized (P less than 0.01) rats. In diabetic-hypophysectomized rats acute injections of hGH-(1-43) significantly lowered the elevated basal blood glucose level (P less than 0.025) and stimulated [U-14C]glucose oxidation to 14CO2 in adipose tissue (P less than 0.05); it did not increase the glucose clearance rate during glucose administration. Chronic treatment of diabetic rats with hGH-(1-43) did not lower the elevated blood glucose level significantly, but it stimulated [U-14C]glucose oxidation to 14CO2 in adipose tissue; the oxidation was further stimulated by treatment with insulin. Chronic injections of hGH-(1-43) slightly lowered blood glucose levels in hypophysectomized rats (P less than 0.025) despite a diminished release in vitro of insulin from pancreatic islets (P less than 0.05). Therefore, these experiments show hGH-(1-43) to be an insulin potentiator that increases insulin-stimulated glucose clearance and glucose oxidation without an increase in insulin secretion, and they suggest that the peptide may have a physiological role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salem
- Lutcher Brown Department of Biochemistry, Whittier Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology, La Jolla, California 92037
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27
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Salem MA, Phares CK. Insulin-like effects in the rat of the purified growth factor from Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1987; 185:31-8. [PMID: 3554256 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-185-42512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects of injections of the human growth hormone-like factor purified from plerocercoids of the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolisms were determined in intact rats. Male rats were injected ip with saline, insulin, or various doses of partially purified PGF. The rats injected with insulin had significantly reduced serum glucose concentrations but no dose of PGF caused a change in serum glucose levels. Insulin and PGF stimulated [14C]glucose and [14C]leucine oxidation to 14CO2 in adipose tissue and muscle and increased incorporation of both [14C]glucose carbons into lipids and [14C]leucine into protein in fat and muscle. The responses to PGF were dose-dependent and persisted after 3 hr of incubation in vitro. Injections of naloxone prior to injecting PGF to block the stress response did not prevent the stimulation of insulin-like responses by PGF. Therefore, PGF has intrinsic insulin-like activities in normal male rats.
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28
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Salem MA, Phares CK. Some biochemical effects of the growth hormone analogue produced by plerocercoids of the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides on carbohydrate metabolism of adipose tissue from normal, diabetic, and hypophysectomized rats. J Parasitol 1986; 72:498-506. [PMID: 3537254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plerocercoids of Spirometra mansonoides produce a functional analogue of mammalian growth hormone (GH). Plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) mimics the growth-promoting actions of GH, but has not been shown to duplicate all of the actions reported for GH. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of plerocercoid infection (chronic PGF treatment) on glucose metabolism of adipose tissue and to compare the effects to those elicited by insulin and GH in intact, diabetic, and hypophysectomized male rats. Groups of rats were constantly exposed to PGF (via plerocercoid infection) or injected twice daily with bovine GH, insulin, or saline for 10 days. Basal oxidation rates of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 in adipose tissue segments were measured in vitro immediately after tissue removal. Other aliquots of adipose tissue were preincubated in hormone-free medium for 3 hr prior to testing the ability of the tissue to respond to insulin or human GH (hGH) added in vitro. Adipose tissue from PGF-treated intact and hypophysectomized rats had significantly elevated basal glucose oxidation rates, and the tissue was sensitive to further stimulation by insulin or hGH. The results obtained with intact and hypophysectomized rats were essentially the same, indicating that the effects of PGF were not due to suppression of endogenous GH. The basal glucose oxidation rate in adipose tissue from diabetic rats was stimulated (P less than 0.01) by PGF, but the tissue was not sensitive to insulin added in vitro. Furthermore, PGF had no effect on body growth or blood glucose concentrations of diabetic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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