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Stevens CS, Oguntuyo KY, Kowdle S, Brambilla L, Haas G, Gowlikar A, Siddiquey MN, Schilke RM, Woolard MD, Zhang H, Acklin JA, Ikegame S, Huang CT, Lim JK, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Ivanov SS, Kamil JP, Lee B. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and its variant-dependent role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. bioRxiv 2023:2020.08.14.248880. [PMID: 32817940 PMCID: PMC7430570 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.14.248880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rationale SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is facilitated by endogenous and exogenous proteases that proteolytically activate the spike glycoprotein and antiproteases inhibiting this process. Understanding the key actors in viral entry is crucial for advancing knowledge of virus tropism, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic targets. Objectives We aimed to investigate the role of naïve serum and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) in inhibiting protease-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry and explore the implications of AAT deficiency on susceptibility to different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Findings Our study demonstrates that naïve serum exhibits significant inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry, with AAT identified as the major serum protease inhibitor potently restricting entry. Using pseudoparticles, replication-competent pseudoviruses, and authentic SARS-CoV-2, we show that AAT inhibition occurs at low concentrations compared with those in serum and bronchoalveolar tissues, suggesting physiological relevance. Furthermore, sera from subjects with an AAT-deficient genotype show reduced ability to inhibit entry of both Wuhan-Hu-1 (WT) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) but exhibit no difference in inhibiting B.1.1.529 (Omicron) entry. Conclusions AAT may have a variant-dependent therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Our findings highlight the importance of further investigating the complex interplay between proteases, antiproteases, and spike glycoprotein activation in SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses to identify potential therapeutic targets and improve understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Stevens
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Luca Brambilla
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Griffin Haas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Aditya Gowlikar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mohammed Na Siddiquey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Robert M Schilke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Joshua A Acklin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Satoshi Ikegame
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Chuan-Tien Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Stanimir S Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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