Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database

Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research-from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non-forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC-BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599. To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology-from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Environmental filtering, predominance of strong competitor trees and exclusion of moderate-weak competitor trees shape species richness and biomass

Strong competitor (i.e. big-sized) trees are globally crucial for promoting aboveground biomass. Still, we do not fully understand the simultaneous influences of different levels of competitor (i.e. strong, moderate, medium and weak) trees at stand level in shaping forest diversity and biomass along a climatic gradient. We hypothesized that few strong competitor trees shape the positive relationship between tree species richness and aboveground biomass better than moderate, medium and weak competitor trees along a climatic gradient. Using the forest inventory data (i.e. tree diameter, height and crown diameter), we quantified strong (i.e. 99th percentile; top 1%), moderate (i.e. 75th percentile; top 25%), medium (i.e. 50th percentile) and weak (i.e. 25th percentile) competitor trees as well as species richness and aboveground biomass of 248 plots (moist temperate, semi-humid, and semi-arid forests) across 12 sites in Iran. The main results from three piecewise structural equation models (i.e. tree diameter, height and crown based models) showed that, after considering the simultaneous fixed effects of climate and random effects of sites or forest types variation, strong competitor trees possessed strong positive effects on tree species richness and biomass whereas moderate, medium and weak competitor trees possessed negligible positive to negative effects. Also, different levels of competitor trees promoted each other in a top-down way but the effects of strong competitor trees on moderate, medium and weak competitor trees were relatively weak. This study suggests that the simultaneous interactions of different tree sizes at stand level across forest sites should be included in the integrative ecological modeling for better understanding the role of different levels of competitor trees in shaping positive forest diversity - functioning relationship in a changing environment.

Impacts of climatic and edaphic factors on the diversity, structure and biomass of species-poor and structurally-complex forests

Understanding the impacts of multiple climatic and edaphic factors on forest diversity, structure and biomass is crucial to predicting how forests will react to global environmental change. Here, we addressed how do forest structural attributes (i.e. top 1% big, top 25% big medium and small trees; in terms of tree height, diameter, and crown), species richness, and aboveground biomass respond to temperature-related and water-related climatic factors as well as to edaphic factors. By assuming disturbance as a constant factor in the study forests, we hypothesize that water-related and temperature-related climatic factors play contrasting roles whereas edaphic factors play an additional role in shaping forest diversity, structure and aboveground biomass in species-poor and structurally-complex forests. We used forest inventory and environmental factors data from 248 forest plots (moist temperate, semi-humid, and semi-arid) across 12 sites in Iran. We developed multiple linear mixed-effect models for each response variable by using multiple climatic and edaphic factors as fixed effects whereas sites as a random effect. Top 1% big, top 25% big, medium, and small trees enhanced with mean annual temperature but declined with water-related climatic (i.e. mean annual precipitation, cloud cover, potential evapotranspiration, and wet day frequency) factors, whereas soil texture (i.e. sand content) and pH were of additional importance. Species richness increased with precipitation and cloud cover but decreased with temperature, potential evapotranspiration, soil fertility and sand content. Aboveground biomass increased along temperature gradient but decreased with potential evapotranspiration, clay and sand contents. Temperature seemed to be the main driver underlying the increase in forest structure (i.e. diameter-related attributes) and biomass whereas precipitation did so for species richness. We argue that the impacts of multiple climatic factors on forest structural attributes, diversity and biomass should be properly evaluated in order to better understand the responses of species-poor forests to climate change.