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Holzer P, Chang EJ, Rogers K, Tarlton J, Lu D, Gillespie N, Adkins J, Metea M, LaRochelle A, Wicks J, Onel B, Gullans S, Doloff JC, Scobie L, Cetrulo CL, Monroy R. Large-gap peripheral nerve repair using xenogeneic transplants in rhesus macaques. Xenotransplantation 2023; 30:e12792. [PMID: 36648004 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Surgical intervention is required to successfully treat severe, large-gap (≥4 cm) peripheral nerve injuries. However, all existing treatments have shortcomings and an alternative to the use of autologous nerves is needed. Human and porcine nerves are physiologically similar, with comparable dimensions and architecture, presence and distribution of Schwann cells, and conserved features of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We report the repair of fully transected radial nerves in 10 Rhesus Macaques using viable, whole sciatic nerve from genetically engineered (GalT-KO), designated pathogen free (DPF) porcine donors. This resulted in the regeneration of the transected nerve, and importantly, recovery of wrist extension function, distal muscle reinnervation, and recovery of nerve conduction velocities and compound muscle action potentials similar to autologous controls. We also demonstrate the absence of immune rejection, systemic porcine cell migration, and detectable residual porcine material. Our preliminary findings support the safety and efficacy of viable porcine nerve transplants, suggest the interchangeable therapeutic use of cross-species cells, and highlight the broader clinical potential of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Holzer
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,XenoTherapeutics Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie Tarlton
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diana Lu
- XenoTherapeutics Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha Gillespie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jon Adkins
- XenoTherapeutics Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica Metea
- Preclinical Electrophysiology Consulting, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan LaRochelle
- Biomedical Research Models, Inc. (Biomere), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Buket Onel
- Xeno Diagnostics, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Doloff
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linda Scobie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Curtis L Cetrulo
- Reconstructive Transplantation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children-Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rod Monroy
- XenoTherapeutics Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Metea M, Palmero-Soler E, Crum L. Preclinical nerve conduction: Nerve battery options for primate studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 116:107187. [PMID: 35636693 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological neurodiagnostic tests of nerve conduction (NC) are key assays included in preclinical safety and toxicology programs to assess the peripheral neuropathy (PN) liability of a new drug. Despite their increased use, standardization of nerve conduction studies (NCS) is lacking in the preclinical space, with limited regulatory guidelines stipulating type and number of nerves or minimum combinations appropriate for each stage of drug development or indication. Detection of subtle peripheral toxicities depends on choosing appropriate nerve targets for testing, especially when functional changes remain above the lower limit of normal values. To support robust preclinical toxicology study designs, the current short communication provides options and recommendations for selecting peripheral nerves for clinically translatable nerve conduction batteries applicable to toxicology and gene therapy, with a focus on clinically translatable primate models. A comprehensive compilation of accessible nerve locations is offered including lower and upper extremity motor nerves, and sensory nerves with origin at multiple DRG levels. Rankings of technique difficulty and repeatability across serial collections are presented for each assay informed by serial nerve conduction from 500 adult primates. The goal of this communication is to support the standardization and preclinical implementation of this important assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Metea
- Preclinical Electrophysiology Consulting, LLC, Mattapoisett, MA, USA.
| | | | - Lucas Crum
- Preclinical Electrophysiology Consulting, LLC, Mattapoisett, MA, USA
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Buss N, Lanigan L, Zeller J, Cissell D, Metea M, Adams E, Higgins M, Kim KH, Budzynski E, Yang L, Liu Y, Butt M, Danos O, Fiscella M. Characterization of AAV-mediated dorsal root ganglionopathy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:342-354. [PMID: 35229008 PMCID: PMC8851102 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in non-human primates administered recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have shown lesions in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of unknown pathogenesis. In this study, rAAV9s manufactured using different purification methods alongside a non-expressing Null AAV9 vector was administered to groups of cynomolgus monkeys followed by neuropathological evaluation after 4 weeks. Lesions, including neuronal degeneration, increased cellularity, and nerve fiber degeneration, were observed in the DRG, regardless of purification methods. Animals did not develop any neurological signs throughout the study, and there was no loss of function observed in neuro-electrophysiological endpoints or clear effects on intraepidermal nerve fiber density. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of animals with axonopathy showed an increase in short tau inversion recovery (STIR) intensity and decrease in fractional anisotropy. In animals administered the Null AAV9 vector, DRG lesions were not observed despite vector DNA being detected in the DRG at levels equivalent to or greater than rAAV9-treated animals. This study further supports that DRG toxicity is associated with transgene overexpression in DRGs, with particular sensitivity at the lumbar and lumbosacral level. The data from this study also showed that the nerve fiber degeneration did not correlate with any functional effect on nerve conduction but was detectable by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monica Metea
- Preclinical Electrophysiology Consulting, Mattapoisett, MA 02739, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Yang
- REGENXBIO, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- REGENXBIO, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Kramer L, Nguyen H, Jacobs E, McCoy L, Curley JL, Sharma AD, Metea M, Moore MJ. Modeling chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy using a nerve-on-a-chip microphysiological system. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Metea M, Center W, Messenheimer J. The use of normative qEEG databases increases the accuracy of subject screening in phase I clinical trials of drugs with seizure liabilities. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Metea M, Lyng GD, Mena JD. Nerve conduction assessments detect early changes in sensory and motor nerve function in a preclinical mouse model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kearney KR, Jenkins CJ, Adkins NA, Appleby CS, Metea M, Richardson C, Roche B. Surface lead EEGs: Will it stick? J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bradley J, Metea M, Strock CJ. Evaluating the pharmacology and neurotoxic predictability of neuroactive compounds using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived glutamatergic neurons co-cultured with astrocytes using a microelectrode array platform. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.01.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Metea M, Litwak M, Arezzo J. Assessment of seizure risk in pre-clinical studies: Strengths and limitations of the electroencephalogram (EEG). J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 75:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Metea M, Gill R, Wakefield A, McPherson H, Piontek M, Best D, Gould K. Assessment of radio telemetry signal quality during blood sampling from the arterial or venous circulation in nonhuman primates. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kearney K, Metea M, Gleason T, Edwards T, Atterson P. Evaluation of respiratory function in freely moving Beagle dogs using implanted impedance technology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:119-26. [PMID: 20601021 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Safety Pharmacology ICH S7A guidelines mandate the preclinical evaluation of drug effects on respiratory function. Chronic measurements of potential drug effects are commonly performed in rodents due to lack of a viable alternative in large animals. Presently, although the value and validity of these standard methods cannot be refuted, each method presents inherent limitations; such as the introduction of restraint stress (e.g. head-out rodent plethysmography and the pneumotachograph-equipped dog face mask), or sensitivity issues (e.g. whole body plethysmography). Since these approaches may limit the number of time points tested or affect respiratory parameters, new and accurate methods are needed for assessing respiratory function in conscious, freely moving animals. METHODS We evaluated a new surgically implanted telemetry device, which adds an impedance sensor for the chronic measurement of respiratory parameters to the standard device used for safety pharmacology cardiovascular studies. The feasibility of the implantable device was assessed based on concordance of respiratory data with pneumotachograph-recorded parameters in conscious Beagle dogs following intravenous administration of a positive control (4 mg/kg doxapram). RESULTS Linear regression analysis of data collected under restrained conditions showed a high correlation (R(2) 0.95) between impedance-derived respiratory parameters (tidal volume and respiratory frequency) and direct measurements of respiration via pneumotachograph. The correlation was reproduced when animals were challenged under the same dosing regimen. Volume changes similar to those obtained during the restrained collection were observed during the ambulatory collection following doxapram administration. Calibration of impedance-based values was adequate using both individual and population-based baseline conversion factors, both approximating actual mean respiratory variables collected with the pneumotachograph. DISCUSSION The benefit of this model is the accurate, continuous measurement of respiratory endpoints in restrained, as well as ambulatory settings. Assessment of multiple physiological parameters collected concurrently and the use of population-based calibrations may enable the maximization of resources and shortened timelines in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kearney
- WIL Research Laboratories, LLC, Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Sciences Department, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
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