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Lienhard A, Rehorska R, Pöllinger-Zierler B, Mayer C, Grasser M, Berner S. Future Proteins: Sustainable Diets for Tenebrio molitor Rearing Composed of Food By-Products. Foods 2023; 12:4092. [PMID: 38002150 PMCID: PMC10670904 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the human population is continuously growing, sufficient food with low environmental impact is required. Especially, the challenge of providing proteins will deepen and insects can contribute to a more sustainable and efficient source of protein for human consumption. Tenebrio molitor larvae are highly nutritious and rearing mealworms is more environmentally friendly compared to the production of traditional livestock meat. To use T. molitor as a more sustainable alternative to conventional proteins, it is essential to apply diets from a local and sustainable source. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find local by-products or leftovers which can be used in mass production of larvae as a main substrate. Feeding trials investigating twenty-nine different substrates were conducted to evaluate larval growth performance and adult reproduction by determining development times, survival rates, biomass, and fecundity. Several suitable by-products were identified that can be used in high quantities as single component diet for T. molitor rearing, revealing a high survival rate, short development time, high mean total biomass, and successful breeding. The most successful substrate-malt residual pellets-was found to be an alternative to the most used substrate, wheat bran. Furthermore, corn germ meal, sweet chestnuts, bread remains, soybeans, sweet potatoes, and wheat germs have been discovered to be suitable diets for T. molitor. Moreover, the findings of this study contribute towards using several substrates as supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lienhard
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria (B.P.-Z.); (S.B.)
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Pöllinger-Zierler B, Lienhard A, Mayer C, Berner S, Rehorska R, Schöpfer A, Grasser M. Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758): Microbiological Screening of Feed for a Safe Food Choice. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112139. [PMID: 37297384 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of the increasing focus on alternative protein sources which are ideally still sustainable, the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, has come into focus. To verify its suitability as a food source in relation to human health, an analysis of the microbiome of larvae of T. molitor is pertinent. Subsequently, the focus of this study was, on the one hand, to analyze the influence of the substrate on the microbial load of the larvae microbiome, and, on the other hand, to determine which processing methods ensure the risk-free consumption of mealworms. For this purpose, mealworms were grown on 10 different substrates derived from by-products of food production (malt residual pellets, corn germ meal, chestnut breakage and meal, wheat bran, bread remains, draff, nettle, hemp seed oil cake, oyster mushrooms with coffee grounds, pumpkin seed oil cake) and microbial loads were analyzed using different selective media. Further starvation/defecation and heating (850 W for 10 min) methods were used to investigate how the reduction of microorganisms is enabled by these methods. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the microbial load of the substrate and the mealworm. Starvation and defecation led to a lower stock of microorganisms. Heating led to a significant microbial reduction in non-defecated mealworms. The group of defecated and heated mealworms showed no detectable microbial load. In conclusion, firstly, the choice of substrate showed no effect on the microbial load of larvae of Tenebrio molitor and secondly, heating and starvation allow risk-free consumption. This study makes an important contribution for evaluating the safety of mealworms as a sustainable protein source in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pöllinger-Zierler
- Sustainable Food Management, Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Lienhard
- Sustainable Food Management, Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Chiara Mayer
- Sustainable Food Management, Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Berner
- Sustainable Food Management, Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - René Rehorska
- Sustainable Food Management, Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Schöpfer
- Sustainable Food Management, Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Grasser
- Sustainable Food Management, Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria
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Derler H, Lienhard A, Berner S, Grasser M, Posch A, Rehorska R. Use Them for What They Are Good at: Mealworms in Circular Food Systems. Insects 2021; 12:40. [PMID: 33419154 PMCID: PMC7825568 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Future food systems must provide more food produced on less land with fewer greenhouse gas emissions if the goal is to keep planetary boundaries within safe zones. The valorisation of agricultural and industrial by-products by insects is an increasingly investigated strategy, because it can help to address resource scarcities and related environmental issues. Thus, insects for food and feed have gained increasing attention as a sustainable protein production strategy in circular food systems lately. In this article, we provide an overview on by-products, which have already been fed to T. molitor (mealworms), a common edible insect species. In addition, we investigate other by-products in Austria, which can be suitable substrates for T. molitor farming. We also provide an overview and discuss different perspectives on T. molitor and link it with the circular economy concept. We identify several future research fields, such as more comprehensive feeding trials with other by-products, feeding trials with mealworms over several generations, and the development of a standardized framework for insect rearing trials. In addition, we argue that due to their ability to convert organic by-products from agricultural and industrial processes into biomass in an efficient way, T. molitor can contribute towards resource-efficient and circular food and feed production. However, several hurdles, such as legal frameworks, need to be adapted, and further research is needed to fully reap the benefits of mealworm farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Derler
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Andrea Lienhard
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Simon Berner
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Monika Grasser
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Alfred Posch
- Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - René Rehorska
- Institute of Applied Production Sciences, Sustainable Food Management, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Eggenberger Allee 11, 8020 Graz, Austria; (A.L.); (S.B.); (M.G.); (R.R.)
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Vollenbroich R, Duroux A, Grasser M, Brandstätter M, Borasio GD, Führer M. Effectiveness of a Pediatric Palliative Home Care Team as Experienced by Parents and Health Care Professionals. J Palliat Med 2012; 15:294-300. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2011.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- René Vollenbroich
- Coordination Center for Pediatric Palliative Care, Interdisciplinary Center for Palliative Medicine and Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ayda Duroux
- Coordination Center for Pediatric Palliative Care, Interdisciplinary Center for Palliative Medicine and Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Grasser
- Coordination Center for Pediatric Palliative Care, Interdisciplinary Center for Palliative Medicine and Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Brandstätter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Palliative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gian Domenico Borasio
- Coordination Center for Pediatric Palliative Care, Interdisciplinary Center for Palliative Medicine and Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Service de Soins Palliatifs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Führer
- Coordination Center for Pediatric Palliative Care, Interdisciplinary Center for Palliative Medicine and Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Holzinger A, Riepe FG, Krone N, Grasser M, Münch HG, Schwarz HP. Extreme hyponatremia in an infant with congenital adrenal hypoplasia due to a novel NR0B1 (DAX-1) mutation. Klin Padiatr 2008; 220:287-90. [PMID: 18716981 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme hyponatremia (<105 mmol/l) has rarely been reported in infants. It is potentially life-threatening and requires intensive care treatment. PATIENT We report on a male infant with absence of weight gain from birth to day 33 of life despite adequate nutrition. On admission serum sodium and potassium were 104 and 5.9 mmol/L respectively. The infant's physical status revealed dehydration, but normal activity with no apparent neurological, circulatory or respiratory impairment. MAIN RESULTS Global adrenocortical insufficiency was diagnosed and treated with hormonal substitution in addition to intravenous application of fluid, glucose and electrolytes. The rise of serum sodium was carefully monitored and adjusted to a target rate of 0.5 mmol/L/h. X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (X-AHC) was confirmed by the identification of a novel nonsense NR0B1 (DAX-1) mutation (W236X). CONCLUSIONS X-AHC in infants may present as failure to thrive despite adequate nutrition. Extreme hyponatremia may be associated with little symptoms if developing slowly. Rehydration and slow correction of serum sodium with solutions containing less sodium than normal saline is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Holzinger
- Division of Neonatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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Grasser M, Döhlemann C, Mittal R, Till H, Dietz HG, Münch G, Holzinger A. Acquired heart block: a possible complication of patent ductus arteriosus in a preterm infant. Neonatology 2008; 93:276-80. [PMID: 18063870 DOI: 10.1159/000112210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a frequently encountered clinical problem in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. It leads to an increased pulmonary blood flow and in a decreased or reversed diastolic flow in the systemic circulation, resulting in complications. Here we report a possible complication of PDA not previously published. On day 8 of life, a male ELBW infant (birth weight 650 g) born at a gestational age of 23 weeks and 3 days developed an atrioventricular block (AV block). The heart rate dropped from 168/min to 90/min, and the ECG showed a Wenckebach second-degree AV block and intraventricular conduction disturbances. Echocardiography demonstrated a PDA with a large left-to-right shunt and large left atrium and left ventricle with high contractility. Within several minutes after surgical closure of the PDA, the heart rate increased, and after 30 min the AV block had improved to a 1:1 conduction ratio. Echocardiography after 2 h revealed a significant decrease of the left ventricular and atrial dimensions. Within 12 h, the AV block completely reversed together with the intraventricular conduction disturbances. We suggest that PDA with a large left-to-right shunt and left ventricular volume overload may lead to an AV block in an ELBW infant. Surgical closure of the PDA may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Grasser
- Division of Neonatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Schmidt H, Kammer B, Grasser M, Enders A, Rost I, Kiess W. Endochondral gigantism: a newly recognized skeletal dysplasia with pre- and postnatal overgrowth and endocrine abnormalities. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1868-75. [PMID: 17618504 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 3-year-old male, born at 34 weeks of gestation, with marked pre- and postnatal overgrowth, birth weight of 6,600 g, length of 61 cm, and head circumference of 38.5 cm. A striking phenotype was recorded at birth, which became more evident during the follow-up period. He had macrobrachycephaly, facial abnormalities, small thoracic cage, long trunk, deformed spine, rhizomelia, large hands and feets, absent subcutaneous fat, small umbilical hernia, inguinal hernias, and large joints with mild contractures. Hypoglycemic episodes and obstructive apnea complicated the neonatal period. During follow-up, overgrowth continued with a height of 146 cm (+11.65 SDS) and a weight of 39 kg (BMI 18.3 kg/m(2)) at 3.5 years. Endocrinological work-up disclosed extremely low levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and insulin. What makes our patient unique is the association of marked prenatal overgrowth; unusual phenotype; skeletal dysplasia caused by accelerated endochondral ossification resulting in cartilage hyperplasia of the skull base and spine, and postnatal gigantism; and complete absence of subcutaneous fat. Other well-known overgrowth syndromes were excluded. We hypothesize that autocrine/paracrine growth factors could be the cause of excessive endochondral ossification. Alternately, activating mutations in transcription factors involved in both growth and endocrine/metabolic homeostasis could be responsible for this unusual phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Schmidt
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Medical Genetics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Brenning A, Grasser M, Friend DA. Statistical estimation and generalized additive modeling of rock glacier distribution in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grasser M, Thilmany C, Deml M, Fuchs O, Schwarz HP, Holzinger A, Münch G. Extreme Hyponatriämie bei einem 4 Wochen alten Säugling: Therapie und weiterführende Diagnostik. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-946146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Staffler A, Glöckner J, Benz M, Weber L, Grasser M, Münch G, Holzinger A. Extreme Hypernatriämie (173mmol/l): Effiziente Diagnostik eines Diabetes insipidus renalis, Identifikation einer neuen AVPR2 Mutation und rein enterale Rehydratation. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-943232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Grasser M, Thilmany C, Deml M, Fuchs O, Schwarz HP, Holzinger A, Münch G. Extreme Hyponatriämie bei einem 4 Wochen alten Säugling: Therapie und weiterführende Diagnostik. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-943231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bories-Azeau A, Grasser M, Dayan L. [Therapy of the complications of colonic diverticulosis (author's transl)]. Ann Chir 1980; 34:92-6. [PMID: 7377713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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