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Mūrniece G, Šteingolde Ž, Cvetkova S, Valciņa O, Zrelovs Ņ, Brīvība M, Kloviņš J, Birzniece L, Megnis K, Fridmanis D, Bērziņš A, Kovaļčuka L, Kovaļenko K. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats (Felis catus) during COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1338. [PMID: 38140758 PMCID: PMC10951624 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is of zoonotic origin and has shown reverse zoonotic transmissibility. OBJECTIVES The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the domestic cat (Felis catus) population from Latvia in natural conditions and subsequently perform viral genome analysis. METHODS Oropharyngeal and rectal swabs and blood samples were collected from 273 domestic cats during the second wave of COVID-19 infection in Latvia. Molecular prevalence was determined by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serum samples were analysed via double antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay targeting the antibody against the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2. Positive swab samples were analysed using whole viral genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequencing data of the samples was performed. RESULTS The overall SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positivity and seroprevalence was 1.1% (3/273) and 2.6% (7/273), respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from three RT-PCR positive cats were assigned to the three common lineages (PANGOLIN lineage S.1.; B.1.177.60. and B.1.1.7.) circulating in Latvia during the particular period of time. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that feline infection with SARS-CoV-2 occurred during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia, yet the overall prevalence was low. In addition, it seems like no special 'cat' pre-adaptations were necessary for successful infection of cats by the common lineages of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundega Mūrniece
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLatvia University of Life Sciences and TechnologiesJelgavaLatvia
| | - Žanete Šteingolde
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | - Svetlana Cvetkova
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | - Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | | | - Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study CentreRigaLatvia
| | - Jānis Kloviņš
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study CentreRigaLatvia
| | | | | | | | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLatvia University of Life Sciences and TechnologiesJelgavaLatvia
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | - Līga Kovaļčuka
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLatvia University of Life Sciences and TechnologiesJelgavaLatvia
| | - Kaspars Kovaļenko
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLatvia University of Life Sciences and TechnologiesJelgavaLatvia
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Ansone L, Rovite V, Brīvība M, Jagare L, Pelcmane L, Borisova D, Thews A, Leiminger R, Kloviņš J. Longitudinal NMR-Based Metabolomics Study Reveals How Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Recover: Evidence of Dyslipidemia and Energy Metabolism Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1523. [PMID: 38338803 PMCID: PMC10855192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), can manifest as long-term symptoms in multiple organ systems, including respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic systems. In patients with severe COVID-19, immune dysregulation is significant, and the relationship between metabolic regulation and immune response is of great interest in determining the pathophysiological mechanisms. We aimed to characterize the metabolomic footprint of recovering severe COVID-19 patients at three consecutive timepoints and compare metabolite levels to controls. Our findings add proof of dysregulated amino acid metabolism in the acute phase and dyslipidemia, glycoprotein level alterations, and energy metabolism disturbances in severe COVID-19 patients 3-4 months post-hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ansone
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (V.R.); (M.B.); (L.J.); (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Vita Rovite
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (V.R.); (M.B.); (L.J.); (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (V.R.); (M.B.); (L.J.); (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Lauma Jagare
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (V.R.); (M.B.); (L.J.); (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Līva Pelcmane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (V.R.); (M.B.); (L.J.); (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniella Borisova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (V.R.); (M.B.); (L.J.); (L.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Anne Thews
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH & Co., Rudolf-Plank-Straße 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany; (A.T.); (R.L.)
| | - Roland Leiminger
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH & Co., Rudolf-Plank-Straße 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany; (A.T.); (R.L.)
| | - Jānis Kloviņš
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (V.R.); (M.B.); (L.J.); (L.P.); (D.B.)
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Brīvība M, Atava I, Pečulis R, Elbere I, Ansone L, Rozenberga M, Silamiķelis I, Kloviņš J. Evaluating the Efficacy of Type 2 Diabetes Polygenic Risk Scores in an Independent European Population. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1151. [PMID: 38256224 PMCID: PMC10817091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous type 2 diabetes (T2D) polygenic risk scores (PGSs) have been developed to predict individuals' predisposition to the disease. An independent assessment and verification of the best-performing PGS are warranted to allow for a rapid application of developed models. To date, only 3% of T2D PGSs have been evaluated. In this study, we assessed all (n = 102) presently published T2D PGSs in an independent cohort of 3718 individuals, which has not been included in the construction or fine-tuning of any T2D PGS so far. We further chose the best-performing PGS, assessed its performance across major population principal component analysis (PCA) clusters, and compared it with newly developed population-specific T2D PGS. Our findings revealed that 88% of the published PGSs were significantly associated with T2D; however, their performance was lower than what had been previously reported. We found a positive association of PGS improvement over the years (p-value = 8.01 × 10-4 with PGS002771 currently showing the best discriminatory power (area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) = 0.669) and PGS003443 exhibiting the strongest association PGS003443 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.899). Further investigation revealed no difference in PGS performance across major population PCA clusters and when compared with newly developed population-specific PGS. Our findings revealed a positive trend in T2D PGS performance, consistently identifying high-T2D-risk individuals in an independent European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (I.A.); (I.E.); (L.A.); (J.K.)
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4
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Brīvība M, Silamiķele L, Birzniece L, Ansone L, Megnis K, Silamiķelis I, Pelcmane L, Borisova D, Rozenberga M, Jagare L, Elbere I, Kloviņš J. Gut Microbiome Composition and Dynamics in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients and Patients with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:567. [PMID: 38203738 PMCID: PMC10779053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in the modulation of host responses during viral infections, and recent studies have underscored its significance in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to investigate the dynamics and compositional changes in the gut microbiome of COVID-19 patients, addressing both the acute phase and the recovery process, with a particular focus on the emergence of post-COVID-19 conditions. Involving 146 COVID-19 patients and 110 healthy controls, this study employed a shotgun metagenomics approach for cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses with one- and three-month follow-ups. We observed a decline in taxonomic diversity among hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, while a subsequent increase in alpha diversity was shown during the recovery process. A notable contribution of Enterococcus faecium was identified in the acute phase of the infection, accompanied by an increasing abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae_unclassified) during the recovery period. We highlighted a protective role of the Prevotella genus in the long-term recovery process and suggested a potential significance of population-specificity in the early gut microbiome markers of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Our study represents distinctive gut microbiome signatures in COVID-19, with potential diagnostic and prognostic implications, pinpointing potential modulators of the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (L.S.); (L.B.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (I.S.); (L.P.); (D.B.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
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Reščenko R, Brīvība M, Atava I, Rovīte V, Pečulis R, Silamiķelis I, Ansone L, Megnis K, Birzniece L, Leja M, Xu L, Shi X, Zhou Y, Slaitas A, Hou Y, Kloviņš J. Whole-Genome Sequencing of 502 Individuals from Latvia: The First Step towards a Population-Specific Reference of Genetic Variation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15345. [PMID: 37895026 PMCID: PMC10607061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid improvements in the accessibility of whole-genome sequencing (WGS), understanding the extent of human genetic variation is limited by the scarce availability of genome sequences from underrepresented populations. Developing the population-scale reference database of Latvian genetic variation may fill the gap in European genomes and improve human genomics research. In this study, we analysed a high-coverage WGS dataset comprising 502 individuals selected from the Genome Database of the Latvian Population. An assessment of variant type, location in the genome, function, medical relevance, and novelty was performed, and a population-specific imputation reference panel (IRP) was developed. We identified more than 18.2 million variants in total, of which 3.3% so far are not represented in gnomAD and dbSNP databases. Moreover, we observed a notable though distinct clustering of the Latvian cohort within the European subpopulations. Finally, our findings demonstrate the improved performance of imputation of variants using the Latvian population-specific reference panel in the Latvian population compared to established IRPs. In summary, our study provides the first WGS data for a regional reference genome that will serve as a resource for the development of precision medicine and complement the global genome dataset, improving the understanding of human genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimonds Reščenko
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ivanna Atava
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Vita Rovīte
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Raitis Pečulis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ivars Silamiķelis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Laura Ansone
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Kaspars Megnis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Līga Birzniece
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Mārcis Leja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liqin Xu
- Latvia MGI Tech, LV-2167 Mārupe, Latvia; (L.X.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (A.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xulian Shi
- Latvia MGI Tech, LV-2167 Mārupe, Latvia; (L.X.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (A.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- Latvia MGI Tech, LV-2167 Mārupe, Latvia; (L.X.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (A.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Andis Slaitas
- Latvia MGI Tech, LV-2167 Mārupe, Latvia; (L.X.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (A.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yong Hou
- Latvia MGI Tech, LV-2167 Mārupe, Latvia; (L.X.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (A.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jānis Kloviņš
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.B.); (I.A.); (V.R.); (R.P.); (I.S.); (L.A.); (K.M.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
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Brīvība M, Silamiķele L, Kalniņa I, Silamiķelis I, Birzniece L, Ansone L, Jagare L, Elbere I, Kloviņš J. Metformin targets intestinal immune system signaling pathways in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model of obesity and insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1232143. [PMID: 37795356 PMCID: PMC10546317 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1232143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research findings of the past decade have highlighted the gut as the main site of action of the oral antihyperglycemic agent metformin despite its pharmacological role in the liver. Extensive evidence supports metformin's modulatory effect on the composition and function of gut microbiota, nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of the host responses remain elusive. Our study aimed to evaluate metformin-induced alterations in the intestinal transcriptome profiles at different metabolic states. Methods The high-fat diet-induced mouse model of obesity and insulin resistance of both sexes was developed in a randomized block experiment and bulk RNA-Seq of the ileum tissue was the method of choice for comparative transcriptional profiling after metformin intervention for ten weeks. Results We found a prominent transcriptional effect of the diet itself with comparatively fewer genes responding to metformin intervention. The overrepresentation of immune-related genes was observed, including pronounced metformin-induced upregulation of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region coding Ighv1-7 gene in both high-fat diet and control diet-fed animals. Moreover, we provide evidence of the downregulation NF-kappa B signaling pathway in the small intestine of both obese and insulin-resistant animals as well as control animals after metformin treatment. Finally, our data pinpoint the gut microbiota as a crucial component in the metformin-mediated downregulation of NF-kappa B signaling evidenced by a positive correlation between the Rel and Rela gene expression levels and abundances of Parabacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides spp., and Lactobacillus spp. in the gut microbiota of the same animals. Discussion Our study supports the immunomodulatory effect of metformin in the ileum of obese and insulin-resistant C57BL/6N mice contributed by intestinal immunoglobulin responses, with a prominent emphasis on the downregulation of NF-kappa B signaling pathway, associated with alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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Sokolovs-Karijs O, Brīvība M, Saksis R, Rozenberga M, Girotto F, Osīte J, Reinis A, Sumeraga G, Krūmiņa A. Identifying the Microbiome of the Adenoid Surface of Children Suffering from Otitis Media with Effusion and Children without Middle Ear Effusion Using 16S rRNA Genetic Sequencing. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1955. [PMID: 37630514 PMCID: PMC10459895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper respiratory tract harbors diverse communities of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic organisms, originating from both the oral and nasopharyngeal microbiota. Among the primary sites of microbial colonization in the upper airways are the adenoids. Alterations in the adenoid microbiota have been implicated in the development of various conditions, including secretory otitis media. AIM This study aims to employ 16S rRNA genetic sequencing to identify the most common bacteria present on the surface of adenoids in children with otitis media with effusion and compare them with children without pathologies in the tympanic cavity. Additionally, we seek to determine and compare the bacterial diversity in these two study groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of nineteen samples from the adenoid surfaces were collected, comprising two groups: thirteen samples from children without middle ear effusion and six samples from children with secretory otitis media. The libraries of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was made and sequenced using MiSeq platform. RESULTS The most prevalent phyla observed in both groups were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The most common bacterial genera identified in both groups were Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Moraxella, Fusobacterium, and Bordetella, with Fusobacterium and Moraxella being more prevalent in the groups that had no middle ear effusion, while Haemophulus and Streptococcus were more prevalent in the otitis media with effusion group, although not in a statistically significant way. Statistical analysis shows a trend towards bacterial composition and beta diversity being similar between the study groups; however, due to the limited sample size and unevenness between groups, we should approach this data with caution. CONCLUSION The lack of prolific difference in bacterial composition between the study groups suggests that the role of the adenoid microbiome in the development of otitis media with effusion may be less significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oļegs Sokolovs-Karijs
- Department of Otolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- AIWA Clinic, 241 Maskavas Str., LV-1019 Riga, Latvia
| | - Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Center, 1 Ratsupites Str., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Rihards Saksis
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Center, 1 Ratsupites Str., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Rozenberga
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Center, 1 Ratsupites Str., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Francesca Girotto
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jana Osīte
- Centrālā Laboratorrija, 1b. Šarlotes Str., LV-1011 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Angelika Krūmiņa
- Department of Infectology, Riga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Silamiķele L, Saksis R, Silamiķelis I, Kotoviča PP, Brīvība M, Kalniņa I, Kalniņa Z, Fridmanis D, Kloviņš J. Spatial variation of the gut microbiome in response to long-term metformin treatment in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mouse model of both sexes. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2188663. [PMID: 36927522 PMCID: PMC10026874 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2188663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antidiabetic drug metformin alters the gut microbiome composition in the context of type 2 diabetes and other diseases; however, its effects have been mainly studied using fecal samples, which offer limited information about the intestinal site-specific effects of this drug. Our study aimed to characterize the spatial variation of the gut microbiome in response to metformin treatment by using a high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mouse model of both sexes. Four intestinal parts, each at the luminal and mucosal layer level, were analyzed in this study by performing 16S rRNA sequencing covering six variable regions (V1-V6) of the gene and thus allowing to obtain in-depth information about the microbiome composition. We identified significant differences in gut microbiome diversity in each of the intestinal parts regarding the alpha and beta diversities. Metformin treatment altered the abundance of different genera in all studied intestinal sites, with the most pronounced effect in the small intestine, where Lactococcus increased remarkably. The abundance of Lactobacillus was substantially lower in male mice compared to female mice in all locations, in addition to an enrichment of opportunistic pathogens. Diet type and intestinal layer had significant effects on microbiome composition at each of the sites studied. We observed a different effect of metformin treatment on the analyzed subsets, indicating the multiple dimensions of metformin's effect on the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Silamiķele
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rihards Saksis
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ivars Silamiķelis
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Monta Brīvība
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ineta Kalniņa
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Kalniņa
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dāvids Fridmanis
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jānis Kloviņš
- Human genetics and disease mechanisms, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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Sokolovs-Karijs O, Brīvība M, Saksis R, Sumeraga G, Girotto F, Erts R, Osīte J, Krūmiņa A. An Overview of Adenoid Microbiome Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing-Based Metagenomic Analysis. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070920. [PMID: 35888639 PMCID: PMC9318310 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: the upper respiratory tract harbors the highest bacterial density in the whole respiratory system. Adenoids, which are located in the nasopharynx, are a major site of bacterial colonies in the upper airways. Our goal was to use culture-independent molecular techniques to identify the breadth of bacterial diversity in the adenoid vegetations of children suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and obstructive sleep apnea. Materials and methods: in total, 21 adenoid samples were investigated using amplification and sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: among the most common bacterial species found were Veillonella atypica, Fusobactrium nucelatum, Shaalia odontolytica, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Veillonella atypica and Fusbacteriumnucelatum dominated the microbiome in all 21 samples, attributing to more than 60% of all detected genetic material. Conclusions: since both Veillonella atypica and Fusobacterium nucleatum are, predominantly, oral cavity and dental microorganisms, our findings may suggest oral microbiome migration deeper into the oropharynx and nasopharynx where these bacteria colonize adenoid vegetations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oļegs Sokolovs-Karijs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Rīga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia;
- AIWA Clinic, 241 Maskavas Str., LV-1019 Rīga, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-26-516-362
| | - Monta Brīvība
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes Str. 1, LV-1067 Rīga, Latvia; (M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Rihards Saksis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes Str. 1, LV-1067 Rīga, Latvia; (M.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Rīga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia;
| | - Francesca Girotto
- Medical Faculty, Rīga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia;
| | - Renārs Erts
- Faculty of Medicine, Latvian University, Raina Blvd. 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Jana Osīte
- Centrālā Laboratorija, Šarlotes Str. 1b, LV-1011 Rīga, Latvia;
| | - Angelika Krūmiņa
- Department of Infectology, Medical Faculty, Rīga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia;
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