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Liu R, Edwards CG, Cannavale CN, Flemming IR, Chojnacki MR, Reeser GE, Iwinski SJ, Renzi-Hammond LM, Khan NA. Weight Status and Visceral Adiposity Mediate the Relation between Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration and Skin Carotenoids in Later Childhood. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab010. [PMID: 33758790 PMCID: PMC7965082 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is associated with healthier weight and nutrient status in early life. However, the impact of breastfeeding on carotenoid status beyond infancy, and the influence of adiposity, are unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to retrospectively investigate the relation between breastfeeding and carotenoid status, and the mediating effect of weight status and adiposity on this relation, among school-age children. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of baseline data collected from a randomized-controlled clinical trial. Children 7-12 y old (n = 81) were recruited from East-Central Illinois. DXA was used to assess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and whole-body total fat percentage (%Fat; i.e., whole-body adiposity). Weight was obtained to calculate children's BMI percentiles. Skin carotenoids were assessed via reflection spectroscopy. Macular carotenoids were assessed as macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Dietary, birth, and breastfeeding information was self-reported by parents. RESULTS Skin carotenoids were inversely related to %Fat (P < 0.01), VAT (P < 0.01), and BMI percentile (P < 0.01). VAT and BMI percentile significantly mediated this relation between exclusive breastfeeding duration and skin carotenoids, after adjustment for dietary carotenoids, energy intake, and mother education. CONCLUSIONS Weight status and adipose tissue distribution mediate the positive correlation between exclusive breastfeeding duration and skin carotenoids among children aged 7-12 y. The results indicate the need to support breastfeeding and healthy physical growth in childhood for optimal carotenoid status.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03521349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Caitlyn G Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Isabel R Flemming
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Morgan R Chojnacki
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ginger E Reeser
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Samantha J Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lisa M Renzi-Hammond
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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McLoughlin GM, Edwards CG, Jones A, Chojnacki MR, Baumgartner NW, Walk AD, Woods AM, Graber KC, Khan NA. School Lunch Timing and Children's Physical Activity During Recess: An Exploratory Study. J Nutr Educ Behav 2019; 51:616-622. [PMID: 30765296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between school lunch timing (before vs after recess) on physical activity (PA) during recess and energy balance and food intake at lunch. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was used to examine lunch intake and PA during recess among fourth- and fifth-graders (n = 103) over 5 school days. Lunch and PA were measured using a weighted plate waste technique and accelerometry, respectively. RESULTS Children who received lunch before recess accumulated lower residual energy (ie, energy intake at lunch minus energy expenditure during recess) and consumed a greater proportion of milk servings. No timing effects were observed for other lunch and PA variables. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Lunch intake and activity during recess are related to lunch timing policy. Findings warrant further examination using experimental and quasi-experimental studies to better understand the impact of timing on health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M McLoughlin
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Caitlyn G Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Alicia Jones
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Morgan R Chojnacki
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Nicholas W Baumgartner
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Anne D Walk
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Amelia M Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Kim C Graber
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
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Chojnacki MR, Raine LB, Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Kramer AF, Hillman CH, Khan NA. The Negative Influence of Adiposity Extends to Intraindividual Variability in Cognitive Control Among Preadolescent Children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:405-411. [PMID: 29282881 PMCID: PMC5783726 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between adiposity and cognition by using mean accuracy, mean reaction time, and intraindividual variability (IIV) among preadolescents. METHODS Children 7 to 9 years old (N = 233, 133 females) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and a maximal oxygen consumption test to assess whole-body adiposity and aerobic fitness relative to fat-free mass (VO2 FF), respectively. Attentional inhibition was assessed by using a modified flanker task. IIV was assessed as standard deviation of reaction time and as a coefficient of variation of reaction time (CVRT). Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships between adiposity and cognitive measures following the adjustment of significant demographic factors, intelligence quotient, and VO2 FF. RESULTS Whole-body adiposity was negatively related to congruent trial mean accuracy and reaction time and to CVRT in both the congruent and incongruent trials. Differences in cognitive function across weight status were selectively evident for measures of IIV, such that children with overweight/obesity (≥ 85th BMI-for-age percentile) exhibited higher CVRT for both the congruent and incongruent trials. CONCLUSIONS This work provides additional evidence linking childhood obesity to poorer cognitive function and includes novel data extending the negative influence of adiposity to measures of intraindividual response variability in cognitive control, even after accounting for intellectual abilities, aerobic fitness, and demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R Chojnacki
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren B Raine
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric S Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark R Scudder
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Walk AM, Edwards CG, Baumgartner NW, Chojnacki MR, Covello AR, Reeser GE, Hammond BR, Renzi-Hammond LM, Khan NA. The Role of Retinal Carotenoids and Age on Neuroelectric Indices of Attentional Control among Early to Middle-Aged Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28649198 PMCID: PMC5465972 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One apparent consequence of aging appears to be loss of some aspects of cognitive control. This loss is measurable as early as mid-adulthood. Since, like many aspects of cognition, there is wide variance among individuals, it is possible that behavior, such as one’s diet, could drive some of these differences. For instance, past data on older humans and non-human primates have suggested that dietary carotenoids could slow cognitive decline. In this study, we tested how early such protection might manifest by examining a sample (n = 60) of 25–45 year olds. Carotenoid status was assessed by directly measuring macular pigment optical density (MPOD) which has shown to be highly correlated with the primary carotenoid in brain, lutein. Cognitive control was measured using event-related potentials during the performance of cognitive control tasks designed to tap into different aspects of attentional (i.e., selective attention, attentional inhibition, and response inhibition) control. Our results showed that, across participants, MPOD was related to both age and the P3 component of participants’ neuroelectric profile (P3 amplitude) for attentional, but not response, inhibition. Although younger adults exhibited larger P3 amplitudes than their older adult counterparts, older subjects with higher MPOD levels displayed P3 indices similar to their younger adult counterparts in amplitude. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analyses showed that age was no longer a significant predictor of P3 amplitude when MPOD was included as a predictor in the model, suggesting that MPOD may partially contribute to the relationship between age and P3 amplitude. In addition, age and MPOD were shown to have independent associations with intraindividual variability of attentional control, such that younger individuals and individuals with higher MPOD showed less intraindividual variability. These results show a relationship between retinal carotenoids and neuroelectric indices underlying cognitive control. The protective role of carotenoids within the CNS may be evident during early and middle adulthood, decades prior to the onset of older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Walk
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Caitlyn G Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas W Baumgartner
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Morgan R Chojnacki
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Alicia R Covello
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Ginger E Reeser
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Billy R Hammond
- Department of Psychology, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | | | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, United States
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