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Raziq F, Hussain J, Ahmad S, Hussain MA, Khan MT, Ullah A, Qumar M, Wadood F, Gull-e-Faran. Effect of body weight at photostimulation on productive performance and welfare aspects of commercial layers. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:500-508. [PMID: 36915928 PMCID: PMC10915190 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to current selection practices for increased egg production and peak persistency, the production profile, age at maturity, and body weight criteria for commercial layers are constantly changing. Body weight and age at the time of photostimulation will thus always be the factors that need to be adequately addressed among various production systems. The current study was carried out to determine the effects of pullets' body weight (low, medium, and heavy) on their performance, welfare, physiological response, and hormonal profile. METHODS With regard to live weight, 150 16-week-old pullets were divided into three groups using a completely randomized design (CRD) and held until the 50th week. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data under the CRD, and the least significant difference test was used to distinguish between treatment means. RESULTS In comparison to the medium and light birds, the heavy birds had higher body weight at maturity, an earlier age at maturity, and higher egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk index, breaking strength, egg surface area, egg shape index, egg volume, and hormonal profile except corticosterone. However, the medium and light birds had lower feed consumption rates per dozen eggs and per kilogram of egg mass than the heavy birds. Light birds showed greater body weight gain, egg production, and egg specific gravity than the other categories. At 20 weeks of age, physiological response, welfare aspects, and catalase were non-significant; however, at 50 weeks of age, all these factors-aside from catalase-were extremely significant. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that layers can function at lower body weights during photostimulation; hence, dietary regimens that result in lighter pullets may be preferable. Additionally, the welfare of the birds was not compromised by the lighter weight group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Raziq
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-54000,
Pakistan
| | - Jibran Hussain
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-54000,
Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-54000,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Hussain
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Abdul Wali khan University, Mardan-23200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur-63100,
Pakistan
| | - Assad Ullah
- Civil Veterinary Hospital Gumbat, Kohat-26120,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur-63100,
Pakistan
| | - Fazal Wadood
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur-63100,
Pakistan
| | - Gull-e-Faran
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur-63100,
Pakistan
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Aditya S, Qumar M, Karimy MF, Pourazad P, Penagos-Tabares F, Wulansari N. High-grain feeding contributes to endotoxin contamination in dairy milk. Toxicon 2024; 241:107659. [PMID: 38423219 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
To support milk production and milk quality, ruminant animals like dairy cows are particularly fed using concentrate containing high grain and starch. Nonetheless, this type of regimen feeding could induce subacute rumen acidosis condition. Then, these circumstances cause the lysis of gram-negative bacteria accompanied by endotoxin release in gut. More importantly, gut endotoxin could be translocated to mammary gland, whereby this condition negatively affects to milk safety. The aim of the review is to update and summarize the current knowledge regarding high-grain diet and the occurrence of endotoxin in milk of dairy cows. The data suggest that there is interplay between high-grain feeding for dairy cows to endotoxin contamination in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aditya
- Research Group of Food Safety, Research Center for Food Technology Processing, The National Agency for Research and Innovation of the Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Jogja-Wonosari, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - M Qumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production & Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - M F Karimy
- Research Group of Food Safety, Research Center for Food Technology Processing, The National Agency for Research and Innovation of the Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Jogja-Wonosari, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - P Pourazad
- Phytogenic Feed Additives Division, Delacon Biotechnik GmbH Langwiesen 24, 4209, Engerwitzdorf, Austria
| | - F Penagos-Tabares
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department of Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - N Wulansari
- The Animal Teaching Hospital, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia
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Khan MT, Mehmood S, Arslan M, Azhar M, Asad T, Raziq F, Liaqat S, Gondal MA, Rauf M, Nazir S, Faran G, Abbasi F, Farooq Z, Iqbal ZM, Qumar M, Wadood F, Raja IH, Ali H, Abbas G, Bughio E, Magsi AS, Younas U, Arshad MA, Rehman MF. Organoleptic characteristics and compositional profile of meat of growing Japanese quail fed different levels of poultry byproducts compost. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e274040. [PMID: 37937627 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry generates a lot of waste, including dead birds, manure, and poultry litter. Poultry waste should never be disposed of improperly because it can seriously harm the environment. The waste can be recycled as a feedstock for use in poultry feed by composting the litter and deceased birds. The compositional profile and organoleptic properties of the meat of growing Japanese quail were examined over the course of a 4-week trial to ascertain the effect of adding compost to the diet. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 1200 newly hatched quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were divided into five treatment groups (diets with 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% compost), each consisting of 40 birds with six replicates. The addition of compost to the diet had no noticeable effects on the organoleptic qualities of appearance, color, aroma, taste, texture, juiciness, tenderness, and acceptability (P>0.05). The compositional profile characteristics for chicks given compost at any level compared to chicks fed the control diet showed no differences (P>0.05). These findings suggest that the sensory characteristics and compositional profile of growing meat quails can be maintained when fed diets including up to 10% compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Khan
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Poultry Science, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Poultry Production, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Arslan
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Poultry Science, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Azhar
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Poultry Science, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - T Asad
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Poultry Science, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - F Raziq
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department (Extension), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S Liaqat
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M A Gondal
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Rauf
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pathology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - S Nazir
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Meat Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - G Faran
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - F Abbasi
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Z Farooq
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biosciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Z M Iqbal
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Livestock Management, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Qumar
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Animal Nutrition, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - F Wadood
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - I H Raja
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Animal Nutrition, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - H Ali
- Office of Human and Animal Food Operation , Food Safety Officer, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - G Abbas
- Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Production, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - E Bughio
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Production, Sakrand, Pakistan
| | - A S Magsi
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Dairy Technology, Sakrand, Pakistan
| | - U Younas
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Livestock Management, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M A Arshad
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Poultry Science, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M F Rehman
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Poultry Science, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Khan MT, Mehmood S, Asad T, Azhar M, Arslan M, Raziq F, Liaqat S, Raja IH, Gondal MA, Rauf M, Nazir S, Faran G, Nisa Q, Abbasi F, Farooq Z, Iqbal ZM, Qumar M, Wadood F, Abbas G, Bughio E, Magsi AS, Younas U, Arshad MA. Assessing effect of feeding poultry byproducts compost on organoleptic characteristics and compositional profile of meat of broiler chickens. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275633. [PMID: 37937630 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of waste, including dead birds, manure, and poultry litter, are produced by the poultry industry. Poultry waste should be disposed of properly to avoid major pollution and health risks. Composting litter and dead birds could be an option to recycle the waste and use in poultry feed. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding composted poultry waste on the organoleptic qualities and compositional profile of the meat of broiler chickens. A total of 300 day-old broiler chicks (500-Cobb) were randomly allocated to five treatment groups replicated six times with 10 birds each, under a completely randomized design (CRD). Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets including composted poultry byproducts at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% were fed ad libitum to the birds from day 0 to day 35. The sensory grading and meat composition profile of 500 Cobb broiler chickens were tested at 35 days of age. The findings showed that there were no variations in the sensory profiles of the meat from birds given various diets (P>0.05). Although the results were somewhat lower for the chicks fed compost-containing diets than for the control group, this difference was deemed to be insignificant (P>0.05). Similarly, there were no variations in the compositional profile values of the meat between meat from birds fed various diets (P>0.05). These findings imply that broiler chickens may be raised on diets containing up to 10% poultry byproduct compost without any negative impacts on the meat's sensory quality or composition. Additionally, using compost into broiler diets may help to lower the cost of feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Khan
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - T Asad
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Azhar
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Arslan
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - F Raziq
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department (Extension), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S Liaqat
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - I H Raja
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M A Gondal
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Rauf
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pathology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - S Nazir
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Meat Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - G Faran
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Q Nisa
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Pathology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F Abbasi
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Z Farooq
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Zoology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Z M Iqbal
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Livestock Management, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Qumar
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - F Wadood
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Theriogenology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - G Abbas
- Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Production, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - E Bughio
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Production, Sakrand, Pakistan
| | - A S Magsi
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Dairy Technology, Sakrand, Pakistan
| | - U Younas
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Department of Livestock Management, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M A Arshad
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Aditya S, Bahutala MB, Hibatullah DN, Pourazad P, Wahyono T, Qumar M, Penagos-Tabares F, Wulansari N. Evaluation of milk yield and composition, feed intake, chewing activities, and clinical variables in dairy cows under hot-humid climate of tropical zone. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103608. [PMID: 37329840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows increase heat loads when the temperature-humidity index (THI) value is elevated in the ambient environments. This condition often occurs in the tropical areas due to a higher THI rate throughout seasons. The major objective of the study was to investigate the different responses in milk yield and composition, chewing activities, and health parameters in dairy cows under the dry and wet seasons of tropical climate zone in Indonesia. Twenty mid-lactating Indonesian Holstein-Friesian cows (139.3 ± 24.63 DIM; 10 primiparous and 10 multiparous; 441 ± 21.5 kg BW) were randomly subjected to 2 groups, dairy cows under dry (n = 10) and wet season (n = 10). Both groups received the same diets throughout the experiment. To determine the heat stress condition, the THI values were recorded daily. Overall, a higher number of THI was more pronounced in wet season. A lower dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were observed in wet season group. A tendency towards higher milk protein contents was found in dairy cows under dry season compared to cows under wet season. The other milk compositions such as fat, lactose, and SNF remained unchanged in both dry and wet season groups. The comparison between both groups at several time points of eating and ruminating time revealed significantly higher in cows under dry season. Overall, a higher chewing per bolus was observed in cows under dry season than their counterparts. Furthermore, a tendential greater extent rectal temperature pointed in the wet season group compared to the dry season group relatively. Data suggest that a stronger heat stress condition in wet season was more pronounced compared to dry season, with adversely affecting stronger declined DMI, milk yield, and chewing activities of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siska Aditya
- The National Agency for Research and Innovation of The Republic of Indonesia, B.J. Habibie Building, M.H. Thamrin Street No. 8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia.
| | - Mohammad Bahutala Bahutala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia
| | - Dhimas Naufal Hibatullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia
| | - Poulad Pourazad
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Langwiesen 24, 4209, Engerwitzdorf, Austria
| | - Teguh Wahyono
- The National Agency for Research and Innovation of The Republic of Indonesia, B.J. Habibie Building, M.H. Thamrin Street No. 8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production & Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nawang Wulansari
- The Animal Teaching Hospital, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia
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Saeed M, Khan MS, Alagawany M, Farag MR, Alqaisi O, Aqib AI, Qumar M, Siddique F, Ramadan MF. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its phytochemicals in ruminant feed: an updated review. Rend Fis Acc Lincei 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-021-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Saeed M, Khan MS, Kamboh AA, Alagawany M, Khafaga AF, Noreldin AE, Qumar M, Safdar M, Hussain M, Abd El-Hack ME, Chao S. L-theanine: an astounding sui generis amino acid in poultry nutrition. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5625-5636. [PMID: 33142480 PMCID: PMC7647716 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (γ-Glutamylethylamide) is a nonprotein water soluble amino acid (AA) mostly found in leaves of Camellia sinensis (green tea). This is a key component of green tea and is considered as the most abundant form of total AAs in green tea (i.e., about 50%). L-theanine is an exclusive taste ingredient of tea producing an attractive flavor and aroma in tea. It has biological effects such as antioxidant, growth promoter, immune booster, anti-stresser, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antiaging, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antianxiety activities that are worth noticing. It could reduce the oxidative impairment by reducing the synthesis of reactive oxygen species, oxidative parameters, and lipid damage as well as increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The oral ingestion of L-theanine enhanced γδ T-cell proliferation. Therefore, it is being considered an essential compound of green tea that has the ability to improve immune function. The L-theanine can be used as a potential treatment for hepatic injury and immune-related liver diseases via the downregulation of the inflammatory response through the initiation of nitric oxide synthesis and glutathione production which are likely to be critical for the control of hepatic diseases as well as for the improvement of immune function. In addition, it could be used as a best natural feed additive with a potent antistressor by decreasing the levels of corticosterone, dopamine, and noradrenaline. After systematically reviewing the literature, it is noticed that most studies were carried out on mice, pig, human, and butterfly; while dietary supplementation studies of L-theanine in animal and poultry especially among broilers are very limited because of less awareness of this AA. So, the aim of this review is to encourage the veterinarian and poultry researchers to conduct more research at the molecular level about this AA to expose its more beneficial effects and its mechanism of absorption for potential use of this unique green tea AA in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad Khan
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Hussain
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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Petri RM, Wetzels SU, Qumar M, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Adaptive responses in short-chain fatty acid absorption, gene expression, and bacterial community of the bovine rumen epithelium recovered from a continuous or transient high-grain feeding. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5361-5378. [PMID: 31005320 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of high-grain diets to dairy cows commonly results in lowered pH and ruminal dysbiosis, characterized by changes in absorption dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) across the reticuloruminal wall, epithelial function, and the epithelial bacteria community structure. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of high-grain feeding persistence on the absorption kinetics of reticuloruminal SCFA, gene expression in the rumen epithelium, and the associated shifts in the epithelial bacteria in cows recovering from either a long-term continuous high-grain feeding model or a long-term transient high-grain feeding model. In a crossover study design, 8 nonlactating Holstein cows were fed 60% concentrate either continuously for 4 wk (continuous) or with a 1-wk break in the second week of the high-grain feeding (transient). After the high-grain feeding, all animals were fed a diet of 100% forage (recovery) for an additional 8 wk. Rumen papilla biopsies and SCFA absorption measurements were taken at the start of the trial (baseline), after the 4-wk high-grain feeding (49 d), after 2-wk recovery forage feeding (63 d), and after 8-wk recovery forage (105 d). Absorption of SCFA was determined in vivo using the washed and isolated reticulorumen technique. Rumen papillae biopsies were used for adherent bacterial DNA and host RNA extraction. The epithelial bacteria were determined using Illumina MiSeq (Microsynth AG, Balgach, Switzerland) sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. No significant effects of the high-grain feeding model were seen for bacterial diversity. However, bacterial diversity increased with time spent in the recovery forage feeding period regardless of feeding model. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria phyla and Acetivibrio spp. increased when animals were fed a transient high-grain feeding model. A trend toward increased CLDN4 expression was observed in the continuous model. Furthermore, there were interactions between feeding model and sampling day for gene targets CD14, DRA, NHE2, NHE3, and MCT2. When comparing length of recovery, in the continuous model increased relative absorption of SCFA was sustained at 63 d but dropped to baseline measurements at 105 d. A similar pattern was found with the transient model but it did not reach significance. The only gene target that was found to significantly correlate to relative absorption of SCFA was DRA (correlation coefficient ≤ -0.41). Whereas, genera Alkalibaculum, Anaerorhabdus, Coprococcus, and Dethiobacter all showed positive correlations to gene targets for pH regulation (NHE2 and NHE3) and SCFA uptake (MCT1) but negative correlations to SCFA absorption. We conclude that while the rumen absorption and epithelial bacteria were able to recover to baseline levels after 8 wk of forage feeding, the time needed for re-establishment of homeostasis in host gene expression is longer, especially when high-grain feeding is interrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - S U Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Qumar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Khiaosa-Ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Qumar M, Khiaosa-ard R, Klevenhusen F, Plaizier J, Zebeli Q. Gastrointestinal endotoxin and metabolic responses in cows fed and recovered from two different grain-rich challenges. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Wetzels SU, Mann E, Pourazad P, Qumar M, Pinior B, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Wagner M, Schmitz-Esser S, Zebeli Q. Epimural bacterial community structure in the rumen of Holstein cows with different responses to a long-term subacute ruminal acidosis diet challenge. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:1829-1844. [PMID: 28041738 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a prevalent metabolic disorder in cattle, characterized by intermittent drops in ruminal pH. This study investigated the effect of a gradual adaptation and continuously induced long-term SARA challenge diet on the epimural bacterial community structure in the rumen of cows. Eight rumen-cannulated nonlactating Holstein cows were transitioned over 1 wk from a forage-based baseline feeding diet (grass silage-hay mix) to a SARA challenge diet, which they were fed for 4 wk. The SARA challenge diet consisted of 60% concentrates (dry matter basis) and 40% grass silage-hay mix. Rumen papillae biopsies were taken at the baseline, on the last day of the 1-wk adaptation, and on the last day of the 4-wk SARA challenge period; ruminal pH was measured using wireless sensors. We isolated DNA from papillae samples for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. Sequencing results of most abundant key phylotypes were confirmed by quantitative PCR. Although they were fed similar amounts of concentrate, cows responded differently in terms of ruminal pH during the SARA feeding challenge. Cows were therefore classified as responders (n = 4) and nonresponders (n = 4): only responders met the SARA criterion of a ruminal pH drop below 5.8 for longer than 330 min/d. Data showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla, and at genus level, Campylobacter and Kingella showed highest relative abundance, at 15.5 and 7.8%, respectively. Diversity analyses revealed a significant increase of diversity after the 1-wk adaptation but a decrease of diversity and species richness after the 4-wk SARA feeding challenge, although without distinction between responders and nonresponders. At the level of the operational taxonomic unit, we detected diet-specific shifts in epimural community structure, but in the overall epimural bacterial community structure, we found no differences between responders and nonresponders. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between grain intake and operational taxonomic unit abundance. The study revealed major shifts in the 3 dominating phyla and, most importantly, a loss of diversity in the epimural bacterial communities during a long-term SARA diet challenge, in which 60% concentrate supply for 4 wk was instrumental rather than the magnitude of the drop of ruminal pH below 5.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster, Animal Gut Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Mann
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster, Animal Gut Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Pourazad
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Qumar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Pinior
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - B U Metzler-Zebeli
- Research Cluster, Animal Gut Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster, Animal Gut Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Schmitz-Esser
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster, Animal Gut Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster, Animal Gut Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Qumar M, Khiaosa-ard R, Pourazad P, Wetzels SU, Klevenhusen F, Kandler W, Aschenbach JR, Zebeli Q. Evidence of In Vivo Absorption of Lactate and Modulation of Short Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Reticulorumen of Non-Lactating Cattle Fed High Concentrate Diets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164192. [PMID: 27716806 PMCID: PMC5055360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate are endproducts of rumen fermentation and important energy sources for the host ruminant. Because their rapid accumulation results in ruminal acidosis, enhancement of the absorption of SCFA and lactate across reticuloruminal wall is instrumental in increasing energy supply and preventing ruminal acidosis in cattle. This study investigated whether the reticuloruminal absorption of SCFAs and lactate was altered by different strategies of high concentrate feeding. Eight rumen-cannulated, non-lactating Holstein cows were fed a forage-only diet (baseline) and then gradually adapted over 6 d to a 60% concentrate level. Thereafter, this concentrate-rich diet was fed for 4 wk either continuously (Con; n = 8) or interruptedly (Int; n = 8). Absorption of SCFAs and lactate was determined in vivo from the experimental buffer introduced into the washed reticulorumen. The buffer contained acetate, propionate, butyrate and lactate at a concentration of 60, 30, 10 and 5 mmol/L, respectively and Cr-EDTA as a marker for correcting ruminal water fluxes. The reticuloruminal absorption after 35 and 65 min of buffer incubation was measured at the baseline, after 1 wk of 60% concentrate feeding in the interrupted model (Int-1) and after 4 wk of concentrate feeding in both feeding models (Int-4 and Con-4). Data showed that the absorption rates of individual and total SCFAs during the first 35 min of incubation of Con-4 were highest (~1.7 times compared to baseline), while Int-1 and Int-4 were similar to respective baseline. Lactate was not absorbed during forage-only baseline and 1-wk concentrate feeding, but after 4-wk feeding of concentrates in both models. In conclusion, SCFAs absorption across the reticulorumen of non-lactating cattle was enhanced by the 4-wk continuous concentrate feeding, which seems to be more advantageous in terms of rumen acidosis prevention compared to the interrupted feeding model. The study provides evidence of lactate absorption across the reticulorumen of non-lactating cattle after both continuous and interrupted 4-wk concentrate feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qumar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poulad Pourazad
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie U. Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandler
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jörg R. Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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12
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Wetzels SU, Mann E, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Pourazad P, Qumar M, Klevenhusen F, Pinior B, Wagner M, Zebeli Q, Schmitz-Esser S. Epimural Indicator Phylotypes of Transiently-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:274. [PMID: 26973642 PMCID: PMC4777738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of a long-term subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) on the bovine epimural bacterial microbiome (BEBM) and its consequences for rumen health is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate shifts in the BEBM during a long-term transient SARA model consisting of two concentrate-diet-induced SARA challenges separated by a 1-week challenge break. Eight cows were fed forage and varying concentrate amounts throughout the experiment. In total, 32 rumen papilla biopsies were taken for DNA isolation (4 sampling time points per cow: at the baseline before concentrate was fed, after the first SARA challenge, after the challenge break, and after the second SARA challenge). Ruminal pH was continuously monitored. The microbiome was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V345 region). In total 1,215,618 sequences were obtained and clustered into 6833 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Campylobacter and Kingella were the most abundant OTUs (16.5 and 7.1%). According to ruminal pH dynamics, the second challenge was more severe than the first challenge. Species diversity estimates and evenness increased during the challenge break compared to all other sampling time points (P < 0.05). During both SARA challenges, Kingella- and Azoarcus-OTUs decreased (0.5 and 0.4 fold-change) and a dominant Ruminobacter-OTU increased during the challenge break (18.9 fold-change; P < 0.05). qPCR confirmed SARA-related shifts. During the challenge break noticeably more OTUs increased compared to other sampling time points. Our results show that the BEBM re-establishes the baseline conditions slower after a SARA challenge than ruminal pH. Key phylotypes that were reduced during both challenges may help to establish a bacterial fingerprint to facilitate understanding effects of SARA conditions on the BEBM and their consequences for the ruminant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie U Wetzels
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Evelyne Mann
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Poulad Pourazad
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Beate Pinior
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVienna, Austria; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
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13
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Pourazad P, Khiaosa-ard R, Qumar M, Wetzels SU, Klevenhusen F, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Transient feeding of a concentrate-rich diet increases the severity of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:726-38. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Klevenhusen F, Pourazad P, Wetzels SU, Qumar M, Khol-Parisini A, Zebeli Q. Technical note: Evaluation of a real-time wireless pH measurement system relative to intraruminal differences of digesta in dairy cattle1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5635-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Klevenhusen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - P. Pourazad
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S. U. Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Qumar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Khol-Parisini
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q. Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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