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Santegoeds E, van der Schoot E, Roording‐Ragetlie S, Klip H, Rommelse N. Neurocognitive functioning of children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and psychiatric disorders: profile characteristics and predictors of behavioural problems. J Intellect Disabil Res 2022; 66:162-177. [PMID: 34378826 PMCID: PMC9290047 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was twofold: first, to uncover a neurocognitive profile of normative and relative strengths and weaknesses that characterises an extremely vulnerable group of children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID) and co-morbid psychiatric disorders, and second, to investigate the relevance of these neurocognitive functions explaining internalising and externalising symptoms. METHOD We recruited 45 children (Mage = 9.5, SDage = 1.7; range 6-13 years) with MBID (Full-Scale IQ 50-85) and at least one psychiatric disorder. Neurocognitive functioning was examined utilising the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth Edition (WISC-V) indices and the Cognitive Task Application (COTAPP), a comprehensive computerised self-paced task designed in such a manner that 'g' (an overall tendency of children with MBID to execute tasks with a slower reaction time and a higher error rate) has been corrected for in the administration of the task (i.e. completely self-paced) and in the operationalisation of outcome measures. Behavioural problems were measured using the CBCL and TRF. One-sample t-tests and binomial tests were carried out to compare performance with normative data. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between neurocognitive parameters and mental health. RESULTS Compared with normative data, very small to very large effect sizes were found, indicating clear heterogeneity amongst neurocognitive domains relevant for children with MBID. Two prominent neurocognitive weaknesses emerged: processing speed - characterised by slowness and unstableness combined with a high drift rate and delayed processing of the previous trial, particularly under higher cognitive demands - and working memory - in terms of a weaker central executive and 'slave' systems to temporarily store information. Both domains were not clearly predictive of internalising or externalising problems. CONCLUSION Children with MBID and psychiatric disorders are hampered by a strongly diminished processing speed and working memory capacity, together resulting in an overall limited processing capacity that may underlie the general developmental delays on domains that depend on fast and parallel processing of information (i.e. language, reading, mathematics and more complex forms of social cognition). Neurocognitive vulnerabilities are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain internalising and externalising problems; rather, a mismatch between the support needs and adaptations these children need, arising from their diminished processing capacity, and the inadequacy of the environment to compensate for this vulnerability may be of relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Santegoeds
- Department of Mild Intellectual DisabilitiesKarakter Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEdeThe Netherlands
| | - E. van der Schoot
- Department of Mild Intellectual DisabilitiesKarakter Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEdeThe Netherlands
| | - S. Roording‐Ragetlie
- Department of Mild Intellectual DisabilitiesKarakter Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEdeThe Netherlands
| | - H. Klip
- Karakter Child and Adolescent PsychiatryNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - N. Rommelse
- Department of Mild Intellectual DisabilitiesKarakter Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEdeThe Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent PsychiatryNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Bakker-Huvenaars MJ, Greven CU, Herpers P, Wiegers E, Jansen A, van der Steen R, van Herwaarden AE, Baanders AN, Nijhof KS, Scheepers F, Rommelse N, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK. Saliva oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone levels in adolescent boys with autism spectrum disorder, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder and typically developing individuals. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:87-101. [PMID: 30201120 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to compare levels of oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in adolescents with either autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD), and in typically developing individuals (TDI), and relate hormone levels to severity and subtype of aggression and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Saliva concentrations of oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone were assessed in 114 male participants (N = 49 ASD, N = 37 ODD/CD, N = 28 TDI,) aged 12-19 years (M = 15.4 years, SD = 1.9). The ASD and the ODD/CD groups had significantly lower levels of oxytocin than the TDI group, and the ODD/CD group had significantly higher levels of testosterone than the ASD group. There were no group effects on cortisol levels. Group differences remained for oxytocin after correcting for the influence of CU traits, but were not significant after controlling for aggression. Results for testosterone became non-significant after correction for either CU traits or aggression. Across groups, higher levels of CU traits were related to higher levels of cortisol and testosterone, however, proactive and reactive aggression were unrelated to all three hormonal levels. The current findings show that, regardless of cognitive ability or comorbid disorders, the diagnostic groups (ASD, ODD/CD) differ from each other by their hormonal levels, with the ASD group characterized by relative low level of oxytocin, and the ODD/CD group by a relative low level of oxytocin and high level of testosterone. These group effects were partly driven by differences in CU traits between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bakker-Huvenaars
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C U Greven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, UK
| | - P Herpers
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E Wiegers
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Jansen
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R van der Steen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A E van Herwaarden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A N Baanders
- Stichting Otto Gerhard Heldring, Zetten, The Netherlands
| | - K S Nijhof
- Pluryn, Hoenderloo, The Netherlands; Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Scheepers
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J C Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Schoenmacker GH, Groenman AP, Sokolova E, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse N, Roeyers H, Oades RD, Faraone SV, Franke B, Heskes T, Arias Vasquez A, Claassen T, Buitelaar JK. Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:102-113. [PMID: 30292416 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Known comorbidities for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include conduct problems, substance use disorder and gaming. Comorbidity with conduct problems may increase the risk for substance use disorder and gaming in individuals with ADHD. The aim of the study was to build a causal model of the relationships between ADHD and comorbid conduct problems, and alcohol, nicotine, and other substance use, and gaming habits, while accounting for age and sex. We used a state-of-the-art causal discovery algorithm to analyze a case-only sample of 362 ADHD-diagnosed individuals in the ages 12-24 years. We found that conduct problem severity mediates between ADHD severity and nicotine use, but not with more severe alcohol or substance use. More severe ADHD-inattentive symptoms lead to more severe gaming habits. Furthermore, our model suggests that ADHD severity has no influence on severity of alcohol or other drug use. Our findings suggest that ADHD severity is a risk factor for nicotine use, and that this effect is fully mediated by conduct problem severity. Finally, ADHD-inattentive severity was a risk factor for gaming, suggesting that gaming dependence has a different causal pathway than substance dependence and should be treated differently. By identifying these intervention points, our model can aid both researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Schoenmacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A P Groenman
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Sokolova
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Rommelse
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Roeyers
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - B Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Heskes
- Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Arias Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Claassen
- Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tillmann J, Ashwood K, Absoud M, Bölte S, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Buitelaar JK, Calderoni S, Calvo R, Canal-Bedia R, Canitano R, De Bildt A, Gomot M, Hoekstra PJ, Kaale A, McConachie H, Murphy DG, Narzisi A, Oosterling I, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Persico AM, Puig O, Roeyers H, Rommelse N, Sacco R, Scandurra V, Stanfield AC, Zander E, Charman T. Evaluating Sex and Age Differences in ADI-R and ADOS Scores in a Large European Multi-site Sample of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:2490-2505. [PMID: 29468576 PMCID: PMC5996001 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on sex-related differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been impeded by small samples. We pooled 28 datasets from 18 sites across nine European countries to examine sex differences in the ASD phenotype on the ADI-R (376 females, 1763 males) and ADOS (233 females, 1187 males). On the ADI-R, early childhood restricted and repetitive behaviours were lower in females than males, alongside comparable levels of social interaction and communication difficulties in females and males. Current ADI-R and ADOS scores showed no sex differences for ASD severity. There were lower socio-communicative symptoms in older compared to younger individuals. This large European ASD sample adds to the literature on sex and age variations of ASD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tillmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - K Ashwood
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - M Absoud
- Newcomen Children's Neurosciences Centre, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Bölte
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - J K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Calderoni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation and University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Calvo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, CIBERSAM, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Canal-Bedia
- Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R Canitano
- University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - A De Bildt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Gomot
- UMR930, INSERM, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - P J Hoekstra
- Accare, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Kaale
- Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H McConachie
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - A Narzisi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation and University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Oosterling
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pejovic-Milovancevic
- School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A M Persico
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
| | - O Puig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, CIBERSAM, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Roeyers
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Sacco
- Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - E Zander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Helsingborg, Psychiatry Skåne, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - T Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by substantial clinical, etiological and neurobiological heterogeneity. Despite this heterogeneity, previous imaging studies have highlighted the role of specific cortical and subcortical structures in ASD and have forwarded the notion of an ASD specific neuroanatomy in which abnormalities in brain structures are present that can be used for diagnostic classification approaches. METHOD A large (N = 859, 6-27 years, IQ 70-130) multi-center structural magnetic resonance imaging dataset was examined to specifically test ASD diagnostic effects regarding (sub)cortical volumes. RESULTS Despite the large sample size, we found virtually no main effects of ASD diagnosis. Yet, several significant two- and three-way interaction effects of diagnosis by age by gender were found. CONCLUSION The neuroanatomy of ASD does not exist, but is highly age and gender dependent. Implications for approaches of stratification of ASD into more homogeneous subtypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - W Groen
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - M Mennes
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - C Greven
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - J Buitelaar
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - N Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
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van Rooij D, Hoekstra PJ, Bralten J, Hakobjan M, Oosterlaan J, Franke B, Rommelse N, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. Influence of DAT1 and COMT variants on neural activation during response inhibition in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3159-3170. [PMID: 26073896 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of response inhibition has been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine neurotransmission has been linked to the behavioural and neural correlates of response inhibition. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship of polymorphisms in two dopamine-related genes, the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT) and the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3 or DAT1), with the neural and behavioural correlates of response inhibition. METHOD Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition were obtained in 185 adolescents with ADHD, 111 of their unaffected siblings and 124 healthy controls (mean age 16.9 years). We investigated the association of DAT1 and COMT variants on task performance and whole-brain neural activation during response inhibition in a hypothesis-free manner. Additionally, we attempted to explain variance in previously found ADHD effects on neural activation during response inhibition using these DAT1 and COMT polymorphisms. RESULTS The whole-brain analyses demonstrated large-scale neural activation changes in the medial and lateral prefrontal, subcortical and parietal regions of the response inhibition network in relation to DAT1 and COMT polymorphisms. Although these neural activation changes were associated with different task performance measures, no relationship was found between DAT1 or COMT variants and ADHD, nor did variants in these genes explain variance in the effects of ADHD on neural activation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dopamine-related genes play a role in the neurobiology of response inhibition. The limited associations between gene polymorphisms and task performance further indicate the added value of neural measures in linking genetic factors and behavioural measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - P J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - J Bralten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - M Hakobjan
- Department of Human Genetics,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Department of Neuropsychology,VU University Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - B Franke
- Department of Human Genetics,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - N Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
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Xu X, Duman EA, Anney R, Brookes K, Franke B, Zhou K, Buschgens C, Chen W, Christiansen H, Eisenberg J, Gabriëls I, Manor I, Marco R, Müller U, Mulligan A, Rommelse N, Thompson M, Uebel H, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades R, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Faraone S, Asherson P. No association between two polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene and combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Xu X, Duman E, Anney R, Brookes K, Franke B, Zhou K, Buschgens C, Chen W, Christiansen H, Eisenberg J, Gabriëls I, Manor I, Marco R, Müller U, Mulligan A, Rommelse N, Thompson M, Uebel H, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades R, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Faraone S, Asherson P. No association between two polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene and combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Xu X, Duman EA, Anney R, Brookes K, Franke B, Zhou K, Buschgens C, Chen W, Christiansen H, Eisenberg J, Gabriëls I, Manor I, Marco R, Müller UC, Mulligan A, Rommelse N, Thompson M, Uebel H, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Faraone SV, Asherson P, Asherson P. No association between two polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene and combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1306-9. [PMID: 18452186 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several independent studies have reported association between serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Five studies found evidence for association between the long-allele of a 44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and ADHD. Another two studies corroborated this finding while a further six studies did not find such an association. For a second polymorphism within the gene, a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) within intron 2, one study demonstrated that the 12/12 genotype was significantly less frequent in ADHD cases compared to controls, while a second study found that the 12-allele was preferentially transmitted to offspring affected with ADHD. To provide further clarification of the reported associations, we investigated the association of these two markers with ADHD in a sample of 1,020 families with 1,166 combined type ADHD cases for the International Multi-Centre ADHD Genetics project, using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test. Given the large body of work supporting the association of the promoter polymorphism and mood disorders, we further analyzed the group of subjects with ADHD plus mood disorder separately. No association was found between either of the two markers and ADHD in our large multisite study or with depression within the sample of ADHD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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10
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Asherson P, Zhou K, Anney RJL, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Altink M, Arnold R, Boer F, Brookes K, Buschgens C, Butler L, Cambell D, Chen W, Christiansen H, Feldman L, Fleischman K, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Goldfarb A, Heise A, Gabriëls I, Johansson L, Lubetzki I, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Mulas F, Müller U, Mulligan A, Neale B, Rijsdijk F, Rabin K, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Sorohan J, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Weeks A, Barrett R, Xu X, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Manor I, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV. A high-density SNP linkage scan with 142 combined subtype ADHD sib pairs identifies linkage regions on chromosomes 9 and 16. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:514-21. [PMID: 18180756 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of the International Multi-centre ADHD Genetics project we completed an affected sibling pair study of 142 narrowly defined Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) proband-sibling pairs. No linkage was observed on the most established ADHD-linked genomic regions of 5p and 17p. We found suggestive linkage signals on chromosomes 9 and 16, respectively, with the highest multipoint nonparametric linkage signal on chromosome 16q23 at 99 cM (log of the odds, LOD=3.1) overlapping data published from the previous UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) (LOD>1, approximately 95 cM) and Dutch (LOD>1, approximately 100 cM) studies. The second highest peak in this study was on chromosome 9q22 at 90 cM (LOD=2.13); both the previous UCLA and German studies also found some evidence of linkage at almost the same location (UCLA LOD=1.45 at 93 cM; German LOD=0.68 at 100 cM). The overlap of these two main peaks with previous findings suggests that loci linked to ADHD may lie within these regions. Meta-analysis or reanalysis of the raw data of all the available ADHD linkage scan data may help to clarify whether these represent true linked loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Asherson
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Fliers E, Rommelse N, Vermeulen SHHM, Altink M, Buschgens CJM, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Franke B, Buitelaar JK. Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: effects of age and gender. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 115:211-20. [PMID: 17994185 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD is frequently accompanied by motor coordination problems. However, the co-occurrence of poor motor performance has received less attention in research than other coexisting problems in ADHD. The underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of motor coordination problems in a large sample of children with ADHD, and the relationship between motor coordination problems and inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Furthermore, we assessed whether the association between ADHD and motor coordination problems was comparable across ages and was similar for both genders. METHOD We investigated 486 children with ADHD and 269 normal controls. Motor coordination problems were rated by parents (Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire) and teachers (Groningen Motor Observation Scale). RESULTS Parents and teachers reported motor coordination problems in about one third of children with ADHD. Problems of fine and gross motor skills, coordination skills and motor control were all related to inattentive rather than hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Relative to controls, motor coordination problems in ADHD were still present in teenagers according to parents; the prevalence diminished somewhat according to teachers. Boys and girls with ADHD were comparably affected, but motor performance in controls was better in girls than in boys. CONCLUSIONS Motor coordination problems were reported in one third of children with ADHD and affected both boys and girls. These problems were also apparent in adolescents with ADHD. Clinicians treating children with ADHD should pay attention to co-occurring motor coordination problems because of the high prevalence and the negative impact of motor coordination problems on daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fliers
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W, Zhou K, Neale B, Lowe N, Anney R, Aneey R, Franke B, Gill M, Ebstein R, Buitelaar J, Sham P, Campbell D, Knight J, Andreou P, Altink M, Arnold R, Boer F, Buschgens C, Butler L, Christiansen H, Feldman L, Fleischman K, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Goldfarb A, Heise A, Gabriëls I, Korn-Lubetzki I, Johansson L, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Mulas F, Müller U, Mulligan A, Rabin K, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Sorohan J, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Weeks A, Barrett R, Craig I, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Kuntsi J, Manor I, McGuffin P, Miranda A, Oades RD, Plomin R, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV, Asherson P. The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:934-53. [PMID: 16894395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, starting in early childhood and persisting into adulthood in the majority of cases. Family and twin studies have demonstrated the importance of genetic factors and candidate gene association studies have identified several loci that exert small but significant effects on ADHD. To provide further clarification of reported associations and identify novel associated genes, we examined 1,038 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 51 candidate genes involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter pathways, particularly dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin pathways, in addition to circadian rhythm genes. Analysis used within family tests of association in a sample of 776 DSM-IV ADHD combined type cases ascertained for the International Multi-centre ADHD Gene project. We found nominal significance with one or more SNPs in 18 genes, including the two most replicated findings in the literature: DRD4 and DAT1. Gene-wide tests, adjusted for the number of SNPs analysed in each gene, identified associations with TPH2, ARRB2, SYP, DAT1, ADRB2, HES1, MAOA and PNMT. Further studies will be needed to confirm or refute the observed associations and their generalisability to other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brookes
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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