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Soto-Navarro C, Ravilious C, Arnell A, de Lamo X, Harfoot M, Hill SLL, Wearn OR, Santoro M, Bouvet A, Mermoz S, Le Toan T, Xia J, Liu S, Yuan W, Spawn SA, Gibbs HK, Ferrier S, Harwood T, Alkemade R, Schipper AM, Schmidt-Traub G, Strassburg B, Miles L, Burgess ND, Kapos V. Mapping co-benefits for carbon storage and biodiversity to inform conservation policy and action. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190128. [PMID: 31983334 PMCID: PMC7017768 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated high-resolution maps of carbon stocks and biodiversity that identify areas of potential co-benefits for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation can help facilitate the implementation of global climate and biodiversity commitments at local levels. However, the multi-dimensional nature of biodiversity presents a major challenge for understanding, mapping and communicating where and how biodiversity benefits coincide with climate benefits. A new integrated approach to biodiversity is therefore needed. Here, we (a) present a new high-resolution map of global above- and below-ground carbon stored in biomass and soil, (b) quantify biodiversity values using two complementary indices (BIp and BIr) representing proactive and reactive approaches to conservation, and (c) examine patterns of carbon-biodiversity overlap by identifying 'hotspots' (20% highest values for both aspects). Our indices integrate local diversity and ecosystem intactness, as well as regional ecosystem intactness across the broader area supporting a similar natural assemblage of species to the location of interest. The western Amazon Basin, Central Africa and Southeast Asia capture the last strongholds of highest local biodiversity and ecosystem intactness worldwide, while the last refuges for unique biological communities whose habitats have been greatly reduced are mostly found in the tropical Andes and central Sundaland. There is 38 and 5% overlap in carbon and biodiversity hotspots, for proactive and reactive conservation, respectively. Alarmingly, only around 12 and 21% of these proactive and reactive hotspot areas, respectively, are formally protected. This highlights that a coupled approach is urgently needed to help achieve both climate and biodiversity global targets. This would involve (1) restoring and conserving unprotected, degraded ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics and Indomalaya, and (2) retaining the remaining strongholds of intactness. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Soto-Navarro
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- Luc Hoffmann Institute, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - C. Ravilious
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - A. Arnell
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - X. de Lamo
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - M. Harfoot
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - S. L. L. Hill
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - O. R. Wearn
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - M. Santoro
- Gamma Remote Sensing, Worbstrasse 225, 3073 Gümligen, Switzerland
| | - A. Bouvet
- CESBIO, Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse, France
| | - S. Mermoz
- GlobEO, Avenue Saint-Exupery, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - T. Le Toan
- CESBIO, Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse, France
| | - J. Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - S. Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in Southern China, College of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University of Forest and Technology, Changsha 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - W. Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - S. A. Spawn
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Centre for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - H. K. Gibbs
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Centre for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S. Ferrier
- CSIRO, GPO BOX 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - T. Harwood
- CSIRO, GPO BOX 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - R. Alkemade
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500 GH The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - A. M. Schipper
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500 GH The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G. Schmidt-Traub
- UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 75009 Paris, France
| | - B. Strassburg
- International Institute for Sustainability (IIS), CEP: 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L. Miles
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - N. D. Burgess
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - V. Kapos
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
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Dinerstein E, Vynne C, Sala E, Joshi AR, Fernando S, Lovejoy TE, Mayorga J, Olson D, Asner GP, Baillie JEM, Burgess ND, Burkart K, Noss RF, Zhang YP, Baccini A, Birch T, Hahn N, Joppa LN, Wikramanayake E. A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw2869. [PMID: 31016243 PMCID: PMC6474764 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Global Deal for Nature (GDN) is a time-bound, science-driven plan to save the diversity and abundance of life on Earth. Pairing the GDN and the Paris Climate Agreement would avoid catastrophic climate change, conserve species, and secure essential ecosystem services. New findings give urgency to this union: Less than half of the terrestrial realm is intact, yet conserving all native ecosystems-coupled with energy transition measures-will be required to remain below a 1.5°C rise in average global temperature. The GDN targets 30% of Earth to be formally protected and an additional 20% designated as climate stabilization areas, by 2030, to stay below 1.5°C. We highlight the 67% of terrestrial ecoregions that can meet 30% protection, thereby reducing extinction threats and carbon emissions from natural reservoirs. Freshwater and marine targets included here extend the GDN to all realms and provide a pathway to ensuring a more livable biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Sala
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A. R. Joshi
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - J. Mayorga
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - D. Olson
- Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - N. D. Burgess
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K. Burkart
- Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. F. Noss
- Florida Institute for Conservation Science, Chuluota, FL, USA
| | - Y. P. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - A. Baccini
- Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - N. Hahn
- RESOLVE, Washington, DC, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Joppa LN, O'Connor B, Visconti P, Smith C, Geldmann J, Hoffmann M, Watson JEM, Butchart SHM, Virah-Sawmy M, Halpern BS, Ahmed SE, Balmford A, Sutherland WJ, Harfoot M, Hilton-Taylor C, Foden W, Minin ED, Pagad S, Genovesi P, Hutton J, Burgess ND. Filling in biodiversity threat gaps. Science 2016; 352:416-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Baker DJ, Hartley AJ, Burgess ND, Butchart SHM, Carr JA, Smith RJ, Belle E, Willis SG. Assessing climate change impacts for vertebrate fauna across the West African protected area network using regionally appropriate climate projections. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Baker
- School of Biological & Biomedical Sciences; Durham University; Mountjoy Site Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - A. J. Hartley
- Met Office Hadley Centre; FitzRoy Road Exeter Devon EX1 3PB UK
| | - N. D. Burgess
- UNEP-WCMC; 219 Huntington Road Cambridge UK
- Center for Macroecology; Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - J. A. Carr
- IUCN Global Species Programme; 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge UK
| | - R. J. Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology; School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NR UK
| | - E. Belle
- UNEP-WCMC; 219 Huntington Road Cambridge UK
| | - S. G. Willis
- School of Biological & Biomedical Sciences; Durham University; Mountjoy Site Durham DH1 3LE UK
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Tittensor DP, Walpole M, Hill SLL, Boyce DG, Britten GL, Burgess ND, Butchart SHM, Leadley PW, Regan EC, Alkemade R, Baumung R, Bellard C, Bouwman L, Bowles-Newark NJ, Chenery AM, Cheung WWL, Christensen V, Cooper HD, Crowther AR, Dixon MJR, Galli A, Gaveau V, Gregory RD, Gutierrez NL, Hirsch TL, Hoft R, Januchowski-Hartley SR, Karmann M, Krug CB, Leverington FJ, Loh J, Lojenga RK, Malsch K, Marques A, Morgan DHW, Mumby PJ, Newbold T, Noonan-Mooney K, Pagad SN, Parks BC, Pereira HM, Robertson T, Rondinini C, Santini L, Scharlemann JPW, Schindler S, Sumaila UR, Teh LSL, van Kolck J, Visconti P, Ye Y. A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets. Science 2014; 346:241-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1257484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 807] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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McCarthy DP, Donald PF, Scharlemann JPW, Buchanan GM, Balmford A, Green JMH, Bennun LA, Burgess ND, Fishpool LDC, Garnett ST, Leonard DL, Maloney RF, Morling P, Schaefer HM, Symes A, Wiedenfeld DA, Butchart SHM. Financial Costs of Meeting Global Biodiversity Conservation Targets: Current Spending and Unmet Needs. Science 2012; 338:946-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1229803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Swetnam RD, Fisher B, Mbilinyi BP, Munishi PKT, Willcock S, Ricketts T, Mwakalila S, Balmford A, Burgess ND, Marshall AR, Lewis SL. Mapping socio-economic scenarios of land cover change: a GIS method to enable ecosystem service modelling. J Environ Manage 2011; 92:563-74. [PMID: 20932636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a GIS method to interpret qualitatively expressed socio-economic scenarios in quantitative map-based terms. (i) We built scenarios using local stakeholders and experts to define how major land cover classes may change under different sets of drivers; (ii) we formalized these as spatially explicit rules, for example agriculture can only occur on certain soil types; (iii) we created a future land cover map which can then be used to model ecosystem services. We illustrate this for carbon storage in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania using two scenarios: the first based on sustainable development, the second based on 'business as usual' with continued forest-woodland degradation and poor protection of existing forest reserves. Between 2000 and 2025 4% of carbon stocks were lost under the first scenario compared to a loss of 41% of carbon stocks under the second scenario. Quantifying the impacts of differing future scenarios using the method we document here will be important if payments for ecosystem services are to be used to change policy in order to maintain critical ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Swetnam
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
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