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Manoharan Valerio M, Arana K, Guan J, Chan SW, Yang X, Kurd N, Lee A, Shastri N, Coscoy L, Robey EA. The promiscuous development of an unconventional Qa1b-restricted T cell population. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250316. [PMID: 38022509 PMCID: PMC10644506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC-E restricted CD8 T cells show promise in vaccine settings, but their development and specificity remain poorly understood. Here we focus on a CD8 T cell population reactive to a self-peptide (FL9) bound to mouse MHC-E (Qa-1b) that is presented in response to loss of the MHC I processing enzyme ERAAP, termed QFL T cells. We find that mature QFL thymocytes are predominantly CD8αβ+CD4-, show signs of agonist selection, and give rise to both CD8αα and CD8αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), as well as memory phenotype CD8αβ T cells. QFL T cells require the MHC I subunit β-2 microglobulin (β2m), but do not require Qa1b or classical MHC I for positive selection. However, QFL thymocytes do require Qa1b for agonist selection and full functionality. Our data highlight the relaxed requirements for positive selection of an MHC-E restricted T cell population and suggest a CD8αβ+CD4- pathway for development of CD8αα IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Manoharan Valerio
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kathya Arana
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shiao Wei Chan
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Xiaokun Yang
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nadia Kurd
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Angus Lee
- Gene Targeting Facility Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nilabh Shastri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ellen A. Robey
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Chen SH, Dominik P, Stanfield J, Ding S, Yang W, Kurd N, Llewellyn R, Heyen J, Wang C, Melton Z, Lindquist K, Blarcom TV, Chaparro-riggers J, Salek-Ardakani S. 267 Dual checkpoint blockade of CD47 and PD-L1 using an affinity-tuned bispecific antibody maximizes anti-tumor immunity and improves therapeutic window. J Immunother Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundT cell checkpoint immunotherapies have shown promising results in the clinic, but most patients remain non-responsive. CD47-SIRPα myeloid checkpoint blockade has shown early clinical activity in hematologic malignancies. However, CD47 expression on peripheral blood limits αCD47 antibody selectivity and thus efficacy in solid tumors.MethodsTo improve the antibody selectivity and therapeutic window, we developed a novel affinity-tuned bispecific antibody targeting CD47 and PD-L1 to antagonize both innate and adaptive immune checkpoint pathways. This PD-L1-targeted CD47 bispecific antibody was designed with potent affinity for PD-L1 and moderate affinity for CD47 to achieve preferential binding on tumor and myeloid cells expressing PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment (TME).ResultsThe antibody design reduced binding on red blood cells and enhanced selectivity to the TME, improving the therapeutic window compared to αCD47 and its combination with αPD-L1 in syngeneic tumor models. Mechanistically, both myeloid and T cells were activated and contributed to anti-tumor activity of αCD47/PD-L1 bispecific antibody. Distinct from αCD47 and αPD-L1 mono- or combination therapies, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and gene expression analysis revealed that the bispecific treatment resulted in unique innate activation, including Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR)-mediated induction of type I IFN pathways and antigen presentation in DCs and macrophage populations. Furthermore, treatment increased the Tcf7+ stem-like CD8 T cell population in the TME and promoted its differentiation to an effector-like state. Consistent with mouse data, the compounds were well tolerated and demonstrated robust myeloid and T cell activation in non-human primates (NHPs). Notably, RNAseq analysis in NHPs provided evidence that the innate immune activation was mainly contributed by CD47-SIRPα but not PD-L1-PD-1 blockade from the bispecific antibody.ConclusionsThese findings provide novel mechanistic insights into how myeloid and T cells can be uniquely modulated by the dual innate and adaptive checkpoint antibody and demonstrate its potential in clinical development (NCT04881045) to improve patient outcomes over current PD-(L)1 and CD47-targeted therapies.
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Chen SH, Dominik PK, Stanfield J, Ding S, Yang W, Kurd N, Llewellyn R, Heyen J, Wang C, Melton Z, Van Blarcom T, Lindquist KC, Chaparro-Riggers J, Salek-Ardakani S. Dual checkpoint blockade of CD47 and PD-L1 using an affinity-tuned bispecific antibody maximizes antitumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003464. [PMID: 34599020 PMCID: PMC8488710 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell checkpoint immunotherapies have shown promising results in the clinic, but most patients remain non-responsive. CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) myeloid checkpoint blockade has shown early clinical activity in hematologic malignancies. However, CD47 expression on peripheral blood limits αCD47 antibody selectivity and thus efficacy in solid tumors. METHODS To improve the antibody selectivity and therapeutic window, we developed a novel affinity-tuned bispecific antibody targeting CD47 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to antagonize both innate and adaptive immune checkpoint pathways. This PD-L1-targeted CD47 bispecific antibody was designed with potent affinity for PD-L1 and moderate affinity for CD47 to achieve preferential binding on tumor and myeloid cells expressing PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment (TME). RESULTS The antibody design reduced binding on red blood cells and enhanced selectivity to the TME, improving the therapeutic window compared with αCD47 and its combination with αPD-L1 in syngeneic tumor models. Mechanistically, both myeloid and T cells were activated and contributed to antitumor activity of αCD47/PD-L1 bispecific antibody. Distinct from αCD47 and αPD-L1 monotherapies or combination therapies, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and gene expression analysis revealed that the bispecific treatment resulted in unique innate activation, including pattern recognition receptor-mediated induction of type I interferon pathways and antigen presentation in dendritic cells and macrophage populations. Furthermore, treatment increased the Tcf7+ stem-like progenitor CD8 T cell population in the TME and promoted its differentiation to an effector-like state. Consistent with mouse data, the compounds were well tolerated and demonstrated robust myeloid and T cell activation in non-human primates (NHPs). Notably, RNA-seq analysis in NHPs provided evidence that the innate activation was mainly contributed by CD47-SIRPα but not PD-L1-PD-1 blockade from the bispecific antibody. CONCLUSION These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into how myeloid and T cells can be uniquely modulated by the dual innate and adaptive checkpoint antibody and demonstrate its potential in clinical development (NCT04881045) to improve patient outcomes over current PD-(L)1 and CD47-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsun Chen
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | - Sheng Ding
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Computational Biology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nadia Kurd
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ryan Llewellyn
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Carole Wang
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Zea Melton
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
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Omilusik K, Milner JJ, Kurd N, Toma C, Chang JT, Goldrath AW. Identification of TRM subsets with distinct cellular states and memory potential. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.60.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The memory CD8+ T cell population consists of distinct subsets that collaborate to provide robust immunological protection. Within the circulation, two broad classes exist – the shorter-lived effector and effector memory (TEM) cells with heightened effector function for immediate protection and the longer-lived central memory (TCM) cells with stem-like qualities and increased proliferation potential. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are the prominent cell type permanently residing in non-lymphoid tissues acting as sentinels against reinfection. Despite the critical importance of the TRM subset, the extent of their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity remains unknown. Using single-cell gene expression analyses, we assessed small intestine intraepithelial TRM cells over the course of acute infection. Distinct subsets were identified and distinguished by reciprocal expression of effector- and memory-associated transcriptional regulators, Blimp1 and Id3, respectively. While the Blimp1hi subset was prominent at early time points, the Id3hi population persisted and was more abundant over time. Importantly, examination of the subset-specific transcriptional profiles revealed considerable enrichment for the effector/effector-memory gene signature within the Blimp1hiTRM subset and the central-memory gene signature within the Id3hi TRM population. Furthermore, Id3hi TRM cells exhibited more stem-like characteristics including increased capacity to proliferate following rechallenge. Taken together, this study reveals that similar to circulating memory, the TRM population is heterogeneous, comprising cells with contrasting differentiation states and memory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Omilusik
- 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD)
| | - J Justin Milner
- 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD)
| | - Nadia Kurd
- 2Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)
| | - Clara Toma
- 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD)
| | - John T. Chang
- 2Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD)
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD)
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Abstract
The ability of T cells to respond to a wide array of foreign antigens while avoiding reactivity to self is largely determined by cellular selection of developing T cells in the thymus. While a great deal is known about the cell types and molecules involved in T-cell selection in the thymus, our understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of this process remain relatively poorly understood. Thymocytes are highly motile within the thymus and travel between specialized microenvironments at different phases of their development while interacting with distinct sets of self-peptides and peptide presenting cells. A knowledge of when, where, and how thymocytes encounter self-peptide MHC ligands at different stages of thymic development is key to understanding T-cell selection. In the past several years, our laboratory has investigated this topic using two-photon time-lapse microscopy to directly visualize thymocyte migration and signaling events, together with a living thymic slice preparation to provide a synchronized experimental model of T-cell selection in situ. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the temporal and spatial aspects of T-cell selection, highlighting our own work, and placing them in the context of work from other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kurd
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Weist BM, Kurd N, Boussier J, Chan SW, Robey EA. Thymic regulatory T cell niche size is dictated by limiting IL-2 from antigen-bearing dendritic cells and feedback competition. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:635-41. [PMID: 25939026 PMCID: PMC4439282 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thymic production of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) requires interleukin 2 (IL-2) and agonist T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligands and is controlled by competition for a limited developmental niche, but the thymic sources of IL-2 and the factors that limit access to the niche are poorly understood. Here we found that IL-2 produced by antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) had a key role in Treg cell development and that existing Treg cells limited new development of Treg cells by competing for IL-2. Our data suggest that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can provide both IL-2 and a TCR ligand constitute the thymic niche and that competition by existing Treg cells for a limited supply of IL-2 provides negative feedback for new production of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Weist
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nadia Kurd
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Shiao Wei Chan
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium harbors a large number of T cells, including TCRαβ cells that lack expression of CD4 and CD8αβ coreceptors. In this issue of Immunity, Mayans et al. (2014) and McDonald et al. (2014) shed light on the specificity and development of this enigmatic T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kurd
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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