1
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Rodgers LVH, Nguyen ST, Cox JH, Zervas K, Yuan Z, Sangtawesin S, Stacey A, Jaye C, Weiland C, Pershin A, Gali A, Thomsen L, Meynell SA, Hughes LB, Jayich ACB, Gui X, Cava RJ, Knowles RR, de Leon NP. Diamond surface functionalization via visible light-driven C-H activation for nanoscale quantum sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316032121. [PMID: 38451945 PMCID: PMC10945787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316032121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for nanoscale NMR sensing. Despite significant progress toward using NV centers to detect and localize nuclear spins down to the single spin level, NV-based spectroscopy of individual, intact, arbitrary target molecules remains elusive. Such sensing requires that target molecules are immobilized within nanometers of NV centers with long spin coherence. The inert nature of diamond typically requires harsh functionalization techniques such as thermal annealing or plasma processing, limiting the scope of functional groups that can be attached to the surface. Solution-phase chemical methods can be readily generalized to install diverse functional groups, but they have not been widely explored for single-crystal diamond surfaces. Moreover, realizing shallow NV centers with long spin coherence times requires highly ordered single-crystal surfaces, and solution-phase functionalization has not yet been shown with such demanding conditions. In this work, we report a versatile strategy to directly functionalize C-H bonds on single-crystal diamond surfaces under ambient conditions using visible light, forming C-F, C-Cl, C-S, and C-N bonds at the surface. This method is compatible with NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with spin coherence times comparable to the state of the art. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we use shallow ensembles of NV centers to detect nuclear spins from surface-bound functional groups. Our approach to surface functionalization opens the door to deploying NV centers as a tool for chemical sensing and single-molecule spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila V. H. Rodgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Kalliope Zervas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Zhiyang Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- School of Physics, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima30000, Thailand
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Cherno Jaye
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Conan Weiland
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Anton Pershin
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- MTA-WFK Lendület “Momentum” Semiconductor Nanostructures Research Group, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
| | - Adam Gali
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- MTA-WFK Lendület “Momentum” Semiconductor Nanostructures Research Group, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, BudapestH-1111, Hungary
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Clayton, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Simon A. Meynell
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - Lillian B. Hughes
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | | | - Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Robert J. Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | | | - Nathalie P. de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
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2
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Ourari S, Dusanowski Ł, Horvath SP, Uysal MT, Phenicie CM, Stevenson P, Raha M, Chen S, Cava RJ, de Leon NP, Thompson JD. Indistinguishable telecom band photons from a single Er ion in the solid state. Nature 2023; 620:977-981. [PMID: 37648759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomic defects in the solid state are a key component of quantum repeater networks for long-distance quantum communication1. Recently, there has been significant interest in rare earth ions2-4, in particular Er3+ for its telecom band optical transition5-7 that allows long-distance transmission in optical fibres. However, the development of repeater nodes based on rare earth ions has been hampered by optical spectral diffusion, precluding indistinguishable single-photon generation. Here, we implant Er3+ into CaWO4, a material that combines a non-polar site symmetry, low decoherence from nuclear spins8 and is free of background rare earth ions, to realize significantly reduced optical spectral diffusion. For shallow implanted ions coupled to nanophotonic cavities with large Purcell factor, we observe single-scan optical linewidths of 150 kHz and long-term spectral diffusion of 63 kHz, both close to the Purcell-enhanced radiative linewidth of 21 kHz. This enables the observation of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference9 between successively emitted photons with a visibility of V = 80(4)%, measured after a 36 km delay line. We also observe spin relaxation times T1,s = 3.7 s and T2,s > 200 μs, with the latter limited by paramagnetic impurities in the crystal instead of nuclear spins. This represents a notable step towards the construction of telecom band quantum repeater networks with single Er3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ourari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Łukasz Dusanowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sebastian P Horvath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mehmet T Uysal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher M Phenicie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mouktik Raha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Songtao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jeff D Thompson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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3
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McLellan RA, Dutta A, Zhou C, Jia Y, Weiland C, Gui X, Place APM, Crowley KD, Le XH, Madhavan T, Gang Y, Baker L, Head AR, Waluyo I, Li R, Kisslinger K, Hunt A, Jarrige I, Lyon SA, Barbour AM, Cava RJ, Houck AA, Hulbert SL, Liu M, Walter AL, de Leon NP. Chemical Profiles of the Oxides on Tantalum in State of the Art Superconducting Circuits. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2300921. [PMID: 37166044 PMCID: PMC10375100 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, superconducting qubits have emerged as one of the leading hardware platforms for realizing a quantum processor. Consequently, researchers have made significant effort to understand the loss channels that limit the coherence times of superconducting qubits. A major source of loss has been attributed to two level systems that are present at the material interfaces. It is recently shown that replacing the metal in the capacitor of a transmon with tantalum yields record relaxation and coherence times for superconducting qubits, motivating a detailed study of the tantalum surface. In this work, the chemical profile of the surface of tantalum films grown on c-plane sapphire using variable energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VEXPS) is studied. The different oxidation states of tantalum that are present in the native oxide resulting from exposure to air are identified, and their distribution through the depth of the film is measured. Furthermore, it is shown how the volume and depth distribution of these tantalum oxidation states can be altered by various chemical treatments. Correlating these measurements with detailed measurements of quantum devices may elucidate the underlying microscopic sources of loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A McLellan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Aveek Dutta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 735, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Yichen Jia
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 735, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Conan Weiland
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Alexander P M Place
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kevin D Crowley
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Xuan Hoang Le
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Trisha Madhavan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Youqi Gang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Lukas Baker
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 735, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 735, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 740, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Ruoshui Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 735, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 735, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 740, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Ignace Jarrige
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 740, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Stephen A Lyon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Andi M Barbour
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 740, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Robert J Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Andrew A Houck
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Steven L Hulbert
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 740, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Mingzhao Liu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 735, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Andrew L Walter
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 740, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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4
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Chakravarthi S, Yama NS, Abulnaga A, Huang D, Pederson C, Hestroffer K, Hatami F, de Leon NP, Fu KMC. Hybrid Integration of GaP Photonic Crystal Cavities with Silicon-Vacancy Centers in Diamond by Stamp-Transfer. Nano Lett 2023; 23:3708-3715. [PMID: 37096913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optically addressable solid-state defects are emerging as some of the most promising qubit platforms for quantum networks. Maximizing photon-defect interaction by nanophotonic cavity coupling is key to network efficiency. We demonstrate fabrication of gallium phosphide 1-D photonic crystal waveguide cavities on a silicon oxide carrier and subsequent integration with implanted silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers in diamond using a stamp-transfer technique. The stamping process avoids diamond etching and allows fine-tuning of the cavities prior to integration. After transfer to diamond, we measure cavity quality factors (Q) of up to 8900 and perform resonant excitation of single SiV centers coupled to these cavities. For a cavity with a Q of 4100, we observe a 3-fold lifetime reduction on-resonance, corresponding to a maximum potential cooperativity of C = 2. These results indicate promise for high photon-defect interaction in a platform which avoids fabrication of the quantum defect host crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsa Chakravarthi
- University of Washington, Physics Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Nicholas S Yama
- University of Washington, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Alex Abulnaga
- Princeton University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ding Huang
- Princeton University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Christian Pederson
- University of Washington, Physics Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Karine Hestroffer
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Fariba Hatami
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Princeton University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kai-Mei C Fu
- University of Washington, Physics Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
- University of Washington, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Zhang ZH, Zuber JA, Rodgers LVH, Gui X, Stevenson P, Li M, Batzer M, Grimau Puigibert ML, Shields BJ, Edmonds AM, Palmer N, Markham ML, Cava RJ, Maletinsky P, de Leon NP. Neutral Silicon Vacancy Centers in Undoped Diamond via Surface Control. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:166902. [PMID: 37154648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.166902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutral silicon vacancy centers (SiV^{0}) in diamond are promising candidates for quantum applications; however, stabilizing SiV^{0} requires high-purity, boron-doped diamond, which is not a readily available material. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach via chemical control of the diamond surface. We use low-damage chemical processing and annealing in a hydrogen environment to realize reversible and highly stable charge state tuning in undoped diamond. The resulting SiV^{0} centers display optically detected magnetic resonance and bulklike optical properties. Controlling the charge state tuning via surface termination offers a route for scalable technologies based on SiV^{0} centers, as well as charge state engineering of other defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Josh A Zuber
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lila V H Rodgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marietta Batzer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Li Grimau Puigibert
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brendan J Shields
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robert J Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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6
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Mukherjee S, Zhang ZH, Oblinsky DG, de Vries MO, Johnson BC, Gibson BC, Mayes ELH, Edmonds AM, Palmer N, Markham ML, Gali Á, Thiering G, Dalis A, Dumm T, Scholes GD, Stacey A, Reineck P, de Leon NP. A Telecom O-Band Emitter in Diamond. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2557-2562. [PMID: 36988192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Color centers in diamond are promising platforms for quantum technologies. Most color centers in diamond discovered thus far emit in the visible or near-infrared wavelength range, which are incompatible with long-distance fiber communication and unfavorable for imaging in biological tissues. Here, we report the experimental observation of a new color center that emits in the telecom O-band, which we observe in silicon-doped bulk single crystal diamonds and microdiamonds. Combining absorption and photoluminescence measurements, we identify a zero-phonon line at 1221 nm and phonon replicas separated by 42 meV. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we measure an excited state lifetime of around 270 ps and observe a long-lived baseline that may arise from intersystem crossing to another spin manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Mukherjee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Brett C Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Edwin L H Mayes
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ádám Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Dalis
- Hyperion Materials & Technologies, 6325 Huntley Road, Columbus, Ohio 43229, United States
| | - Timothy Dumm
- Hyperion Materials & Technologies, 6325 Huntley Road, Columbus, Ohio 43229, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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7
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Wood A, Lozovoi A, Zhang ZH, Sharma S, López-Morales GI, Jayakumar H, de Leon NP, Meriles CA. Room-Temperature Photochromism of Silicon Vacancy Centers in CVD Diamond. Nano Lett 2023; 23:1017-1022. [PMID: 36668997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The silicon vacancy (SiV) center in diamond is typically found in three stable charge states, SiV0, SiV-, and SiV2-, but studying the processes leading to their formation is challenging, especially at room temperature, due to their starkly different photoluminescence rates. Here, we use confocal fluorescence microscopy to activate and probe charge interconversion between all three charge states under ambient conditions. In particular, we witness the formation of SiV0 via the two-step capture of diffusing, photogenerated holes, a process we expose both through direct SiV0 fluorescence measurements at low temperatures and confocal microscopy observations in the presence of externally applied electric fields. In addition, we show that continuous red illumination induces the converse process, first transforming SiV0 into SiV- and then into SiV2-. Our results shed light on the charge dynamics of SiV and promise opportunities for nanoscale sensing and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wood
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Artur Lozovoi
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Gabriel I López-Morales
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Harishankar Jayakumar
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
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8
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Rovny J, Yuan Z, Fitzpatrick M, Abdalla AI, Futamura L, Fox C, Cambria MC, Kolkowitz S, de Leon NP. Nanoscale covariance magnetometry with diamond quantum sensors. Science 2022; 378:1301-1305. [PMID: 36548408 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are atom-scale defects that can be used to sense magnetic fields with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Typically, the magnetic field is measured by averaging sequential measurements of single NV centers, or by spatial averaging over ensembles of many NV centers, which provides mean values that contain no nonlocal information about the relationship between two points separated in space or time. Here, we propose and implement a sensing modality whereby two or more NV centers are measured simultaneously, and we extract temporal and spatial correlations in their signals that would otherwise be inaccessible. We demonstrate measurements of correlated applied noise using spin-to-charge readout of two NV centers and implement a spectral reconstruction protocol for disentangling local and nonlocal noise sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Rovny
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zhiyang Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mattias Fitzpatrick
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ahmed I Abdalla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Laura Futamura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Carter Fox
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Shimon Kolkowitz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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9
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de Leon NP, Itoh KM, Kim D, Mehta KK, Northup TE, Paik H, Palmer BS, Samarth N, Sangtawesin S, Steuerman DW. Materials challenges and opportunities for quantum computing hardware. Science 2021; 372:372/6539/eabb2823. [PMID: 33859004 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantum computing hardware technologies have advanced during the past two decades, with the goal of building systems that can solve problems that are intractable on classical computers. The ability to realize large-scale systems depends on major advances in materials science, materials engineering, and new fabrication techniques. We identify key materials challenges that currently limit progress in five quantum computing hardware platforms, propose how to tackle these problems, and discuss some new areas for exploration. Addressing these materials challenges will require scientists and engineers to work together to create new, interdisciplinary approaches beyond the current boundaries of the quantum computing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Dohun Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Karan K Mehta
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tracy E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanhee Paik
- IBM Quantum, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.
| | - B S Palmer
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA.,Quantum Materials Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - N Samarth
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- School of Physics and Center of Excellence in Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - D W Steuerman
- Kavli Foundation, 5715 Mesmer Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90230, USA
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10
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Huang D, Abulnaga A, Welinski S, Raha M, Thompson JD, de Leon NP. Hybrid III-V diamond photonic platform for quantum nodes based on neutral silicon vacancy centers in diamond. Opt Express 2021; 29:9174-9189. [PMID: 33820350 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrating atomic quantum memories based on color centers in diamond with on-chip photonic devices would enable entanglement distribution over long distances. However, efforts towards integration have been challenging because color centers can be highly sensitive to their environment, and their properties degrade in nanofabricated structures. Here, we describe a heterogeneously integrated, on-chip, III-V diamond platform designed for neutral silicon vacancy (SiV0) centers in diamond that circumvents the need for etching the diamond substrate. Through evanescent coupling to SiV0 centers near the surface of diamond, the platform will enable Purcell enhancement of SiV0 emission and efficient frequency conversion to the telecommunication C-band. The proposed structures can be realized with readily available fabrication techniques.
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11
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Zhang ZH, Stevenson P, Thiering G, Rose BC, Huang D, Edmonds AM, Markham ML, Lyon SA, Gali A, de Leon NP. Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance in Neutral Silicon Vacancy Centers in Diamond via Bound Exciton States. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:237402. [PMID: 33337180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.237402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutral silicon vacancy (SiV^{0}) centers in diamond are promising candidates for quantum networks because of their excellent optical properties and long spin coherence times. However, spin-dependent fluorescence in such defects has been elusive due to poor understanding of the excited state fine structure and limited off-resonant spin polarization. Here we report the realization of optically detected magnetic resonance and coherent control of SiV^{0} centers at cryogenic temperatures, enabled by efficient optical spin polarization via previously unreported higher-lying excited states. We assign these states as bound exciton states using group theory and density functional theory. These bound exciton states enable new control schemes for SiV^{0} as well as other emerging defect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brendon C Rose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Ding Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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12
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Phenicie CM, Stevenson P, Welinski S, Rose BC, Asfaw AT, Cava RJ, Lyon SA, de Leon NP, Thompson JD. Narrow Optical Line Widths in Erbium Implanted in TiO 2. Nano Lett 2019; 19:8928-8933. [PMID: 31765161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atomic and atomlike defects in the solid state are widely explored for quantum computers, networks, and sensors. Rare earth ions are an attractive class of atomic defects that feature narrow spin and optical transitions that are isolated from the host crystal, allowing incorporation into a wide range of materials. However, the realization of long electronic spin coherence times is hampered by magnetic noise from abundant nuclear spins in the most widely studied host crystals. Here, we demonstrate that Er3+ ions can be introduced via ion implantation into TiO2, a host crystal that has not been studied extensively for rare earth ions and has a low natural abundance of nuclear spins. We observe efficient incorporation of the implanted Er3+ into the Ti4+ site (>50% yield) and measure narrow inhomogeneous spin and optical line widths (20 and 460 MHz, respectively) that are comparable to bulk-doped crystalline hosts for Er3+. This work demonstrates that ion implantation is a viable path to studying rare earth ions in new hosts and is a significant step toward realizing individually addressed rare earth ions with long spin coherence times for quantum technologies.
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13
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Rose BC, Huang D, Zhang ZH, Stevenson P, Tyryshkin AM, Sangtawesin S, Srinivasan S, Loudin L, Markham ML, Edmonds AM, Twitchen DJ, Lyon SA, de Leon NP. Observation of an environmentally insensitive solid-state spin defect in diamond. Science 2018; 361:60-63. [PMID: 29976820 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Engineering coherent systems is a central goal of quantum science. Color centers in diamond are a promising approach, with the potential to combine the coherence of atoms with the scalability of a solid-state platform. We report a color center that shows insensitivity to environmental decoherence caused by phonons and electric field noise: the neutral charge state of silicon vacancy (SiV0). Through careful materials engineering, we achieved >80% conversion of implanted silicon to SiV0 SiV0 exhibits spin-lattice relaxation times approaching 1 minute and coherence times approaching 1 second. Its optical properties are very favorable, with ~90% of its emission into the zero-phonon line and near-transform-limited optical linewidths. These combined properties make SiV0 a promising defect for quantum network applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon C Rose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ding Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexei M Tyryshkin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Srikanth Srinivasan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lorne Loudin
- Gemological Institute of America, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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14
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Polking MJ, Dibos AM, de Leon NP, Park H. Improving Defect-Based Quantum Emitters in Silicon Carbide via Inorganic Passivation. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1704543. [PMID: 29205949 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Defect-based color centers in wide-bandgap crystalline solids are actively being explored for quantum information science, sensing, and imaging. Unfortunately, the luminescent properties of these emitters are frequently degraded by blinking and photobleaching that arise from poorly passivated host crystal surfaces. Here, a new method for stabilizing the photoluminescence and charge state of color centers based on epitaxial growth of an inorganic passivation layer is presented. Specifically, carbon antisite-vacancy pairs (CAV centers) in 4H-SiC, which serve as single-photon emitters at visible wavelengths, are used as a model system to demonstrate the power of this inorganic passivation scheme. Analysis of CAV centers with scanning confocal microscopy indicates a dramatic improvement in photostability and an enhancement in emission after growth of an epitaxial AlN passivation layer. Permanent, spatially selective control of the defect charge state can also be achieved by exploiting the mismatch in spontaneous polarization at the AlN/SiC interface. These results demonstrate that epitaxial inorganic passivation of defect-based quantum emitters provides a new method for enhancing photostability, emission, and charge state stability of these color centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Polking
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Alan M Dibos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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15
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High AA, Devlin RC, Dibos A, Polking M, Wild DS, Perczel J, de Leon NP, Lukin MD, Park H. Visible-frequency hyperbolic metasurface. Nature 2015; 522:192-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Burek MJ, de Leon NP, Shields BJ, Hausmann BJM, Chu Y, Quan Q, Zibrov AS, Park H, Lukin MD, Lončar M. Free-standing mechanical and photonic nanostructures in single-crystal diamond. Nano Lett 2012; 12:6084-6089. [PMID: 23163557 DOI: 10.1021/nl302541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A variety of nanoscale photonic, mechanical, electronic, and optoelectronic devices require scalable thin film fabrication. Typically, the device layer is defined by thin film deposition on a substrate of a different material, and optical or electrical isolation is provided by the material properties of the substrate or by removal of the substrate. For a number of materials this planar approach is not feasible, and new fabrication techniques are required to realize complex nanoscale devices. Here, we report a three-dimensional fabrication technique based on anisotropic plasma etching at an oblique angle to the sample surface. As a proof of concept, this angled-etching methodology is used to fabricate free-standing nanoscale components in bulk single-crystal diamond, including nanobeam mechanical resonators, optical waveguides, and photonic crystal and microdisk cavities. Potential applications of the fabricated prototypes range from classical and quantum photonic devices to nanomechanical-based sensors and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burek
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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17
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de Leon NP, Shields BJ, Yu CL, Englund DE, Akimov AV, Lukin MD, Park H. Tailoring light-matter interaction with a nanoscale plasmon resonator. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:226803. [PMID: 23003638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.226803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a new approach for achieving enhanced light-matter interactions with quantum emitters. Our approach makes use of a plasmon resonator composed of defect-free, highly crystalline silver nanowires surrounded by patterned dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors. These resonators have an effective mode volume (V(eff)) 2 orders of magnitude below the diffraction limit and a quality factor (Q) approaching 100, enabling enhancement of spontaneous emission rates by a factor exceeding 75 at the cavity resonance. We also show that these resonators can be used to convert a broadband quantum emitter to a narrow-band single-photon source with color-selective emission enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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18
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de Leon NP, Liang W, Gu Q, Park H. Vibrational excitation in single-molecule transistors: deviation from the simple franck-condon prediction. Nano Lett 2008; 8:2963-2967. [PMID: 18690752 DOI: 10.1021/nl8018824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the inner-sphere reorganization of ferrocene ((Cp) 2Fe ( n+ )) and tris(2,2'-bipyridine) iron ((bpy) 3Fe ( n+ )) in a single-molecule-transistor geometry. In (Cp) 2Fe ( n+ ) ( n = 0 and 1), almost no vibrations were excited during single-electron transport, whereas in (bpy) 3Fe ( n+ ) ( n = 1, 2, and 3), many distinct vibrations appeared, consistent with its larger reorganization energy. The observed excitation intensities varied significantly across devices, however, and could not be accounted for by "Franck-Condon" factors. This observation indicates that a quantitative account of electron-vibration coupling in single-electron tunneling requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Wu J, Gu Q, Guiton BS, de Leon NP, Ouyang L, Park H. Strain-induced self organization of metal-insulator domains in single-crystalline VO2 nanobeams. Nano Lett 2006; 6:2313-7. [PMID: 17034103 DOI: 10.1021/nl061831r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of substrate-induced strain on the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in single-crystalline VO(2) nanobeams. A simple nanobeam-substrate adhesion leads to uniaxial strain along the nanobeam length because of the nanobeam's unique morphology. The strain changes the relative stability of the metal (M) and insulator (I) phases and leads to spontaneous formation of periodic, alternating M-I domain patterns during the MIT. The spatial periodicity of the M-I domains can be modified by changing the nanobeam thickness and the Young's modulus of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Physics, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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20
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Abstract
Microprobe laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry (microL(2)MS) is a sensitive and selective technique that has proven useful in the qualitative and semiquantitative detection of trace organic compounds, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Recent efforts have focused on developing microL(2)MS as a quantitative method, often by measuring the ratio of signal strength of an analyte to an internal standard. Here, we present evidence of factors that affect these ratios and thus create uncertainty and irreproducibility in quantification. The power and wavelength of the desorption laser, the delay time between the desorption and ionization steps, the power of the ionization laser, and the ionization laser alignment are all shown to change PAH ratios, in some cases by up to a factor of 24. Although changes in the desorption laser parameters and the delay time cause the largest effects, the ionization laser power and alignment are the most difficult parameters to control and thus provide the most practical limitations for quantitative microL(2)MS. Variation in ratios is seen in both synthetic poly(vinyl chloride) membranes and in "real-life" samples of Murchison meteorite powder. Ratios between similar PAHs vary less than those between PAHs that differ greatly in mass and structure. This finding indicates that multiple internal standards may be needed for quantification of samples containing diverse PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Elsila
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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