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Gülck T, Booth JK, Carvalho Â, Khakimov B, Crocoll C, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Bohlmann J, Gallage NJ. Synthetic Biology of Cannabinoids and Cannabinoid Glucosides in Nicotiana benthamiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:2877-2893. [PMID: 33000946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are a group of plant-derived metabolites that display a wide range of psychoactive as well as health-promoting effects. The production of pharmaceutically relevant cannabinoids relies on extraction and purification from cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plants yielding the major constituents, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids in Nicotiana benthamiana or Saccharomyces cerevisiae may provide cost-efficient and rapid future production platforms to acquire pure and high quantities of both the major and the rare cannabinoids as well as novel derivatives. Here, we used a meta-transcriptomic analysis of cannabis to identify genes for aromatic prenyltransferases of the UbiA superfamily and chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) proteins. Among the aromatic prenyltransferases, CsaPT4 showed CBGAS activity in both N. benthamiana and S. cerevisiae. Coexpression of selected CsaPT pairs and of CHIL proteins encoding genes with CsaPT4 did not affect CBGAS catalytic efficiency. In a screen of different plant UDP-glycosyltransferases, Stevia rebaudiana SrUGT71E1 and Oryza sativa OsUGT5 were found to glucosylate olivetolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. Metabolic engineering of N. benthamiana for production of cannabinoids revealed intrinsic glucosylation of olivetolic acid and cannabigerolic acid. S. cerevisiae was engineered to produce olivetolic acid glucoside and cannabigerolic acid glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Gülck
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J K Booth
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Â Carvalho
- River Stone Biotech ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - B Khakimov
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Crocoll
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M S Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - B L Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - N J Gallage
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Octarine Bio, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Gallage NJ, JØrgensen K, Janfelt C, Nielsen AJZ, Naake T, Duński E, Dalsten L, Grisoni M, MØller BL. The Intracellular Localization of the Vanillin Biosynthetic Machinery in Pods of Vanilla planifolia. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:304-318. [PMID: 29186560 PMCID: PMC5921504 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin is the most important flavor compound in the vanilla pod. Vanilla planifolia vanillin synthase (VpVAN) catalyzes the conversion of ferulic acid and ferulic acid glucoside into vanillin and vanillin glucoside, respectively. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) of vanilla pod sections demonstrates that vanillin glucoside is preferentially localized within the mesocarp and placental laminae whereas vanillin is preferentially localized within the mesocarp. VpVAN is present as the mature form (25 kDa) but, depending on the tissue and isolation procedure, small amounts of the immature unprocessed form (40 kDa) and putative oligomers (50, 75 and 100 kDa) may be observed by immunoblotting using an antibody specific to the C-terminal sequence of VpVAN. The VpVAN protein is localized within chloroplasts and re-differentiated chloroplasts termed phenyloplasts, as monitored during the process of pod development. Isolated chloroplasts were shown to convert [14C]phenylalanine and [14C]cinnamic acid into [14C]vanillin glucoside, indicating that the entire vanillin de novo biosynthetic machinery converting phenylalanine to vanillin glucoside is present in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten JØrgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Section for Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka J Z Nielsen
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Naake
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eryk Duński
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Dalsten
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Grisoni
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dévelopement, UMR PVBMT, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Birger Lindberg MØller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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Gallage NJ, Møller BL. Vanillin-bioconversion and bioengineering of the most popular plant flavor and its de novo biosynthesis in the vanilla orchid. Mol Plant 2015; 8:40-57. [PMID: 25578271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biotechnology-derived production of flavors and fragrances has expanded rapidly. The world's most popular flavor, vanillin, is no exception. This review outlines the current state of biotechnology-based vanillin synthesis with the use of ferulic acid, eugenol, and glucose as substrates and bacteria, fungi, and yeasts as microbial production hosts. The de novo biosynthetic pathway of vanillin in the vanilla orchid and the possible applied uses of this new knowledge in the biotechnology-derived and pod-based vanillin industries are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Carlsberg Laboratory, 10 Gamle Carlsberg Vej, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Gallage NJ, Moeller BL. Vanillin - Bioconversion and Bioengineering of the most popular plant flavour and its de novo biosynthesis in the vanilla orchid. Mol Plant 2014:ssu105. [PMID: 25270669 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, biotechnology derived production of flavours and fragrances have expanded rapidly. The world's most popular flavour vanillin is no exception. This review outlines the current state of biotechnology-based vanillin synthesis with the use of ferulic acid, eugenol and glucose as substrates and bacteria, fungi and yeasts as microbial production hosts. The elucidated de novo biosynthetic pathway of vanillin in the vanilla orchid and the possible applied uses of this new knowledge in the biotechnology derived and pod-based vanillin industries are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Moeller
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Carlsberg Laboratory, 10 Gamle Carlsberg Vej, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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Gallage NJ, Hansen EH, Kannangara R, Olsen CE, Motawia MS, Jørgensen K, Holme I, Hebelstrup K, Grisoni M, Møller BL. Vanillin formation from ferulic acid in Vanilla planifolia is catalysed by a single enzyme. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4037. [PMID: 24941968 PMCID: PMC4083428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanillin is a popular and valuable flavour compound. It is the key constituent of the natural vanilla flavour obtained from cured vanilla pods. Here we show that a single hydratase/lyase type enzyme designated vanillin synthase (VpVAN) catalyses direct conversion of ferulic acid and its glucoside into vanillin and its glucoside, respectively. The enzyme shows high sequence similarity to cysteine proteinases and is specific to the substitution pattern at the aromatic ring and does not metabolize caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid as demonstrated by coupled transcription/translation assays. VpVAN localizes to the inner part of the vanilla pod and high transcript levels are found in single cells located a few cell layers from the inner epidermis. Transient expression of VpVAN in tobacco and stable expression in barley in combination with the action of endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases and UDP-glucosyltransferases result in vanillyl alcohol glucoside formation from endogenous ferulic acid. A gene encoding an enzyme showing 71% sequence identity to VpVAN was identified in another vanillin-producing plant species Glechoma hederacea and was also shown to be a vanillin synthase as demonstrated by transient expression in tobacco. Vanilla is derived from vanillin isolated from a vanillin-producing orchid, but the process is laborious, costly and results in a small yield. Here, the authors identified an enzyme from the orchid, Vanilla planifolia, that is able to catalyse the formation of vanillin and vanillin glucoside from ferulic acid and its glucoside in vitro, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben H Hansen
- Evolva A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 5th floor, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rubini Kannangara
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Holme
- AU Flakkebjerg, Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kim Hebelstrup
- AU Flakkebjerg, Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Michel Grisoni
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dévelopement, UMR PVBMT, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [4] Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Valby DK-2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
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