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Shang H, Xue ZQ, Liang ZL, Kessler M, Pollawatn R, Lu NT, Gu YF, Fan XP, Tan YH, Zhang L, Zhou XM, Wan X, Zhang LB. Splitting one species into 22: an unusual tripling of molecular, morphological, and geographical differentiation in the fern family Didymochlaenaceae (Polypodiales). Cladistics 2023. [PMID: 37084123 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pantropical fern genus Didymochlaena (Didymochlaenaceae) has long been considered to contain one species only. Recent studies have resolved this genus/family as either sister to the rest of eupolypods I or as the second branching lineage of eupolypods I, and have shown that this genus is not monospecific, but the exact species diversity is unknown. In this study, a new phylogeny is reconstructed based on an expanded taxon sampling and six molecular markers. Our major results include: (i) Didymochlaena is moderately or weakly supported as sister to the rest of eupolypods I, highlighting the difficulty in resolving the relationships of this important fern lineage in the polypods; (ii) species in Didymochlaena are resolved into a New World clade and an Old World clade, and the latter further into an African clade and an Asian-Pacific clade; (iii) an unusual tripling of molecular, morphological and geographical differentiation in Didymochlaena is detected, suggesting single vicariance or dispersal events in individual regions and no evidence for reversals at all, followed by allopatric speciation at more or less homogeneous rates; (iv) evolution of 18 morphological characters is inferred and two morphological synapomorphies defining the family are recognized-the elliptical sori and fewer than 10 sori per pinnule, the latter never having been suggested before; (v) based on morphological and molecular variation, 22 species in the genus are recognized contrasting with earlier estimates of between one and a few; and (vi) our biogeographical analysis suggests an origin for Didymochlaena in the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous and the initial diversification of the extant lineages in the Miocene-all but one species diverged from their sisters within the last 27 Myr, in most cases associated with allopatric speciation owing to geologic and climatic events, or dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing Xue
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhen-Long Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Michael Kessler
- Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rossarin Pollawatn
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Yu-Feng Gu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518114, China
| | - Xue-Ping Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yun-Hong Tan
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xin-Mao Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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Nie LY, Zhang L, Liang ZL, Pollawatn R, Yan YH, Thi Lu N, Knapp R, Wan X, Cicuzza D, Cheng XX, Chen HF, Wang AH, Liao YJ, Wang FG, Zhang LB. Phylogeny, character evolution, and biogeography of the fern genus Bolbitis (Dryopteridaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107633. [PMID: 36182051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bolbitis is a pantropical fern genus of Dryopteridaceae with ca. 80 species mainly in tropical Asia. Earlier studies confirmed the monophyly of Bolbitis when Mickelia is excluded and identified three major clades in Bolbitis. However, earlier studies are based on relatively small sampling and the majority of Asian species are not sampled. In this study, DNA sequences of three plastid markers of 169 accessions representing ca. 68 (85 % of total) species of Bolbitis in nine out of the 10 series recognized by Hennipman (1977), and 54 accessions representing the five remaining bolbitidoid genera are used to infer a global phylogeny with a focus on Asian species. The major results include: (1) Bolbitis is strongly supported as monophyletic; (2) species of Bolbitis are resolved into four major clades and their relationships are: the Malagasy/Mascarene clade is sister to the rest, followed by the African clade which is sister to the American clade + the Asian clade; (3) six well-supported subclades are identified in the most speciose Asian clade; (4) the free-veined Egenolfia is embedded in Bolbitis and is paraphyletic in relation to species with anastomosing venation; (5) three series sensu Hennipman (1977), B. ser. Alienae, B. ser. Egenolfianae, and B. ser. Heteroclitae, are paraphyletic or polyphyletic; (6) evolution of six morphological characters is analyzed and free venation is found to have evolved from anastomosing venation and reversed to free venation in Bolbitis; and (7) biogeographical implications are drawn and it is shown that a single recent dispersal from Asia resulted in continental disjunction of closely related ferns of Bolbitis between Africa and America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Nie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zhen-Long Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rossarin Pollawatn
- Plant of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yue-Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518114, China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Correspondent of the Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Daniele Cicuzza
- Universiti Brunei Darussalam Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Universiti Brunei Darussalam Botanical Research Centre, Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Jalan Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Xin-Xin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Hong-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Ai-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Yu-Jie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Fa-Guo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China.
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wu YH, Sun CY, Ebihara A, Lu NT, Rouhan G, Kuo LY. Two new species in the fern genus Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae) from East Asia. PhytoKeys 2021; 187:161-176. [PMID: 35068973 PMCID: PMC8712500 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.187.77035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two East Asian Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae, Polypodiales) species, Lomariopsismoorei and Lomariopsislongini, which were previously misidentified as L.spectabilis, are here described as new species based on evidence from morphological characters and a molecular phylogeny. The two species differ from the three other described species in East Asia by their venation, pinna shapes, and perine morphology. A phylogeny based on a combined dataset of three chloroplast regions (rbcL+ rps4-trnS + trnL-L-F) showed that L.moorei and L.longini each formed a well-supported monophyletic group which was distantly related to both L.spectabilis and the other morphologically similar East Asian species, L.boninensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Sec. 2, Guangfu Rd., Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yun Sun
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Sec. 2, Guangfu Rd., Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Ebihara
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Germinal Rouhan
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles; CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France
| | - Li-Yaung Kuo
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Sec. 2, Guangfu Rd., Hsinchu City, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No.101, Sec. 2, Guangfu Rd., Hsinchu City, Taiwan
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Fan XP, Thi Lu N, Li CX, Knapp R, He H, Zhou XM, Wan X, Zhang L, Gao XF, Zhang LB. Phylogeny, biogeography, and character evolution in the fern family Hypodematiaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 166:107340. [PMID: 34737000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Old World fern genera Hypodematium and Leucostegia had long been placed in the families Dryopteridaceae and Davalliaceae, respectively, before the advent of molecular phylogenetics. Recent molecular studies confirmed the recognition of the family Hypodematiaceae composed of these two genera, but the relationships within each of these two genera have been unclear. In the present study we performed phylogenetic analyses (MP, ML, BI) based on DNA data from six plastid markers (atpB, atpB-rbcL, matK, rbcL, rps4 & rps4-trnS, and trnL & trnL-F) of 165 accessions representing 31 species in two genera of Hypodematiaceae as the ingroup and 26 accessions representing Cystopteridaceae, Didymochlaenaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Davalliaceae, Oleandraceae, and Woodsiaceae as the outgroups. Our analyses supported the monophyly of the currently defined Hypodematiaceae only including Hypodematium and Leucostegia and found that the family to be sister to the remaining eupolypods I. Our data resolved three taxa of Leucostegia into two clades. In Hypodematium, 28 taxa are resolved into seven strongly supported clades or single-accession clades. The evolution of important morphological characters are inferred in the phylogenetic context. Our dated phylogeny suggested a latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous origin of the family and Upper Cretaceous origin of two genera, with Hypodematiaceae originated from East Asia; extant lineages of Hypodematium originated from East Asia and subsequently into Africa, the Indian region, the Madagascar region, and Southeast Asia; and Leucostegia originated from East Asia and/or Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Chun-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Correspondent of the Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - Hai He
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xin-Mao Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Xia Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Zhang L, Fan XP, Petchsri S, Zhou L, Pollawatn R, Zhang X, Zhou XM, Thi Lu N, Knapp R, Chantanaorrapint S, Limpanasittichai P, Sun H, Gao XF, Zhang LB. Evolutionary relationships of the ancient fern lineage the adder's tongues (Ophioglossaceae) with description of Sahashia gen. nov. Cladistics 2020; 36:380-393. [PMID: 34618972 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As an ancient lineage of ferns, Ophioglossaceae are evolutionarily among the most fascinating because they have the highest chromosome count of any known organism as well as the presence of sporophores, subterranean gametophytes, eusporangiate sporangia without annuli, and endophytic fungi. Previous studies have produced conflicting results, identifyingsome lineages with unresolved relationships, and have paid much attention to the subfamily Botrychioideae. But the other species-rich subfamily, Ophioglossoideae, has remained largely understudied and only up to 12 accessions of Ophioglossoideae have been sampled. In this study, DNA sequences of seven plastid markers of 149 accessions (75 in Ophioglossoideae) representing approximately 82 species (approximately 74% of estimated species diversity sensu J. Syst. Evol., 2016, 54, 563) in the family, and two Marattiaceae and two Psilotaceae, are used to infer a phylogeny. Our major results include: (1) Ophioglossaceae are resolved as monophyletic with strong support, and so are all four subfamilies and genera sensu PPG I except Botrypus and Ophioglossum; (2) a new genus Sahashia is segregated from Botrypus so that the monophyly of Botrypus can be retained; (3) the monophyly of Ophioglossum in its current circumscription is uncertain in spite of our large character sampling; (4) there is substantial cryptic speciation in Ophioderma detected by our molecular and morphological study; (5) the recognition of Holubiella is advocated based on its morphology and its sister relationship with Sceptridium; and (6) a novel sister relationship between Botrychium and the JHS clade (Japanobotrychium + (Holubiella + Sceptridium)) is discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.,Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Xue-Ping Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Sahanat Petchsri
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Rossarin Pollawatn
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xin-Mao Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, Eberbach, 69412, Germany
| | - Sahut Chantanaorrapint
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Ponpipat Limpanasittichai
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Zhang L, Zhou XM, Liang ZL, Fan XP, Thi Lu N, Song MS, Knapp R, Gao XF, Sun H, Zhang LB. Phylogeny and classification of the tribe Lepisoreae (Polypodiaceae; pteridophyta) with the description of a new genus, Ellipinema gen. nov., segregated from Lepisorus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106803. [PMID: 32217168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lepisoroid ferns (tribe Lepisoreae, Polypodiaceae) are arguably one of the most confusing fern groups in Polypodiaceae in terms of delimitation of genera largely because of their simple morphology. Previous molecular studies either had very small taxon sampling of the non-Lepisorus genera and did not well resolve the relationships among these genera, or had a relatively large sampling at species level but the critical species were missing or their relationships were not well resolved. A recent study resolved the newly sampled Lepisorus jakonensis as sister to the remaining genera in Lepisoreae excluding Paragramma, and the authors lumped all the six well recognized genera into Lepisorus. In the present study, to infer a phylogeny we used DNA sequences of five plastid markers (matK, rbcL, rbcL-atpB, rps4 &rps4-trnS, trnL &trnL-F) of 172 accessions representing ca. 44 species of non-Lepisorus genera and 54 accessions representing ca. 50 species of Lepisorus as ingroup, and 10 non-Lepisoreae accessions from the most closely related four genera (Leptochilus, Microsorum, Phymatosorus, and Goniophlebium) in Microsoroideae and one genus (Pyrrosia) in Platycerioideae. Our major results include: (1) All seven currently defined genera except Lepisorus in Lepisoreae are confirmed to be monophyletic; (2) The Lepisorus jakonensis clade is confirmed to be the second earliest diverged lineage in Lepisoreae; (3) Neolepisorus is resolved as sister to the rest in a clade containing all non-Lepisorus genera except Paragramma; (4) Lemmaphyllum is sister to a clade containing Lepidomicrosorium, Neocheiropteris, and Tricholepidium; and (5) Ellipinema gen. nov. is segregated from Lepisorus based on the phylogeny and morphology in order to stabilize the current usage of the existing six non-Lepisorus genera and species names in these genera. A key to all eight genera of Lepisoreae is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar
| | - Xin-Mao Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Zhen-Long Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xue-Ping Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Min-Shu Song
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Xu K, Zhang L, Rothfels CJ, Smith AR, Viane R, Lorence D, Wood KR, Chen C, Knapp R, Zhou L, Lu NT, Zhou X, Wei H, Fan Q, Chen S, Cicuzza D, Gao X, Liao W, Zhang L. A global plastid phylogeny of the fern genusAsplenium(Aspleniaceae). Cladistics 2019; 36:22-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ke‐Wang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
- Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd St. Louis MO 63110
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
| | - Carl J. Rothfels
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Alan R. Smith
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Ronald Viane
- Department of Biology Ghent University 9000 Gent
| | - David Lorence
- National Tropical Botanical Garden 3530 Papalina Road Kalāheo HI 96741
| | - Kenneth R. Wood
- National Tropical Botanical Garden 3530 Papalina Road Kalāheo HI 96741
| | - Cheng‐Wei Chen
- Division of Silviculture Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Taipei
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France) Steigestrasse 78 69412 Eberbach
| | - Lin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing
- Department of Biology Vietnam National Museum of Nature Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road Ha Noi
| | - Xin‐Mao Zhou
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan Yunnan University Kunming
| | - Hong‐Jin Wei
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden Shanghai 201602
| | - Qiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
| | - Su‐Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
| | - Daniele Cicuzza
- Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam Bandar Seri Begawan
| | - Xin‐Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
| | - Wen‐Bo Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
| | - Li‐Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
- Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd St. Louis MO 63110
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Zhang L, Lu NT, Zhou XM, Chen DK, Knapp R, Zhou L, Guo L, Luong TT, Sun H, Gao XF, Zhang LB. A plastid phylogeny of the Old World fern genus Leptochilus (Polypodiaceae): Implications for cryptic speciation and progressive colonization from lower to higher latitudes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:311-322. [PMID: 30685418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The newly defined fern genus Leptochilus contains about 50 species occurring in subtropical to tropical Asia and adjacent Pacific islands. The circumscription and phylogeny of the genus have been ambiguous and its species had been included in various genera such as Colysis, Dendroglossa, Kontumia, Microsorum, and Paraleptochilus. Previous molecular studies sampled only 2-4 molecular markers and 2-16 accessions of Leptochilus. In the present study, DNA sequences of six plastid markers of 105 accessions representing ca. 40 species of Leptochilus, including types of Colysis, Kontumia, Leptochilus, and Paraleptochilus, 39 species of six non-Leptochilus genera of Microsoroideae, and one species of Pyrrosia, are used to infer a phylogeny. Our major results include: (1) Leptochilus is monophyletic and resolved as nested within the microsoroid ferns, but its relationships with other members of Microsoroideae are not well resolved; (2) Six well-supported major clades in Leptochilus are recognized, differing from one another in molecular, morphological, and geographical features; (3) Species related to L. macrophyllus representing earliest split in Leptochilus are identified; (4) The inclusion of Microsorum pteropus in Leptochilus is confirmed, whereas M. insigne is closely related to Leptochilus but not resolved as a member of the genus; (5) The species number of the genus is likely to double the most recent estimate following our study, and quite a few cryptic species should be recognized; and (6) A basal grade formed by three major clades is recovered and they are composed of species almost exclusively distributed at lower latitudes (the Malay Archipelago), whereas the shallow-level clades contain species distributed at mainly higher latitudes, suggesting that Leptochilus might have evolved at lower latitudes and progressively dispersed to and colonized higher latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Xin-Mao Zhou
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - De-Kui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Correspondent of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - Lin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Thien Tam Luong
- Department of Ecology - Evolutionary Biology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM), University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Lu NT, Ebihara A, He H, Zhang L, Zhou XM, Knapp R, Kamau P, Lorence D, Gao XF, Zhang LB. A plastid phylogeny of the fern genus Arachniodes (Dryopteridaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 133:214-235. [PMID: 30550964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Arachniodes (Dryopteridaceae) is one of the most confusing and controversial fern genera in terms of its circumscription, nomenclature, and taxonomy. Estimates of species number range from 40 to 200. Previous molecular works included only 2-17 accessions representing 2-12 species of Arachniodes and allied genera, leaving most of the Asian species remain unsampled and the infragneric relationships unclear. In this study DNA sequences of seven plastid markers of 343 accessions representing ca. 68 species of Arachniodes (275 accessions), and 64 outgroup accessions from subfam. Dryopteridoideae and subfam. Polybotryoideae were used to infer a phylogeny with maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and maximum parsimony approaches. Our major results include: (1) Two species currently assigned in Arachniodes (A. macrostegia and A. ochropteroides are resolved outside of the core Arachniodes making the currently defined Arachniodes polyphyletic, confirming earlier findings; (2) Lithostegia, Leptorumohra, and Phanerophlebiopsis are indeed synonyms of Arachniodes; (3) Leptorumohra is confirmed to be monophyletic, but Phanerophlebiopsis is polyphyletic; (4) The New World species of Arachniodes are confirmed to be not monophyletic with A. denticulata being nested within the Old World species, suggesting that this species is dispersed from the Old World; (5) Arachniodes s.s is resolved into 12 major clades, some of which are further divisable into recognizable subclades and groups, with A. mutica from Japan being resolved as the sister to the rest of the genus; (6) A number of systematic implications of the phylogeny have been suggested; and (7) the genus is estimated to contain ca. 83 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Atsushi Ebihara
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Hai He
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xin-Mao Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Correspondent of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - Peris Kamau
- Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Lorence
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, HI 96741-9599, USA
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Zhou XM, Zhang L, Chen CW, Li CX, Huang YM, Chen DK, Lu NT, Cicuzza D, Knapp R, Luong TT, Nitta JH, Gao XF, Zhang LB. A plastid phylogeny and character evolution of the Old World fern genus Pyrrosia (Polypodiaceae) with the description of a new genus: Hovenkampia (Polypodiaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 114:271-294. [PMID: 28676427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Old World fern genus Pyrrosia (Polypodiaceae) offers a rare system in ferns to study morphological evolution because almost all species of this genus are well studied for their morphology, anatomy, and spore features, and various hypotheses have been proposed in terms of the phylogeny and evolution in this genus. However, the molecular phylogeny of the genus lags behind. The monophyly of the genus has been uncertain and a modern phylogenetic study of the genus based on molecular data has been lacking. In the present study, DNA sequences of five plastid markers of 220 accessions of Polypodiaceae representing two species of Drymoglossum, 14 species of Platycerium, 50 species of Pyrrosia, and the only species of Saxiglossum (subfamily Platycerioideae), and 12 species of other Polypodiaceae representing the remaining four subfamilies are used to infer a phylogeny of the genus. Major results and conclusions of this study include: (1) Pyrrosia as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic in relation to Platycerium and can be divided into two genera: Pyrrosia s.s. and Hovenkampia (gen. nov.), with Hovenkampia and Platycerium forming a strongly supported clade sister to Pyrrosia s.s.; (2) Subfamily Platycerioideae should contain three genera only, Hovenkampia, Platycerium, and Pyrrosia s.s.; (3) Based on the molecular phylogeny, macromorphology, anatomical features, and spore morphology, four major clades in the genus are identified and three of the four are further resolved into four, four, and six subclades, respectively; (4) Three species, P. angustissima, P. foveolata, and P. mannii, not assigned to any groups by Hovenkamp (1986) because of their unusual morphology, each form monospecific clades; (5) Drymoglossum is not monophyletic and those species previously assigned to this genus are resolved in two different subclades; (6) Saxiglossum is resolved as the first lineage in the Niphopsis clade; and (7) The evolution of ten major morphological characters in the subfamily is inferred based on the phylogeny and various morphological synapomorphies for various clades and subclades are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Chen
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yao-Moan Huang
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - De-Kui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Daniele Cicuzza
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Correspondent of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - Thien Tam Luong
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM), University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Joel H Nitta
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA.
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Zhang L, Zhou XM, Lu NT, Zhang LB. Phylogeny of the fern subfamily Pteridoideae (Pteridaceae; Pteridophyta), with the description of a new genus: Gastoniella. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 109:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhou XM, Rothfels CJ, Zhang L, He ZR, Le Péchon T, He H, Lu NT, Knapp R, Lorence D, He XJ, Gao XF, Zhang LB. A large-scale phylogeny of the lycophyte genusSelaginella(Selaginellaceae: Lycopodiopsida) based on plastid and nuclear loci. Cladistics 2015; 32:360-389. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mao Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; PO Box 416 Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
- School of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Carl J. Rothfels
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; #4200-6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-2465 USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; PO Box 416 Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Zhao-Rong He
- School of Life Science; Yunnan University; Kunming Yunnan 650091 China
| | - Timothée Le Péchon
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; PO Box 416 Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Private Bag X01 Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
| | - Hai He
- Department of Biology; Chongqing Normal University; Shapingba, Chongqing 400047 China
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- Department of Botany, Vietnam National Museum of Nature; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road Cau Giay, Ha Noi Viet Nam
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Correspondent of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France); Steigestrasse 78 69412 Eberbach Germany
| | - David Lorence
- National Tropical Botanical Garden; 3530 Papalina Road Kalaheo HI 96741 USA
| | - Xing-Jin He
- School of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; PO Box 416 Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Missouri Botanical Garden; PO Box 299 St Louis MO 63166-0299 USA
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Abstract
Despite the many problems associated with crack use, little validated empirical evidence about the prevalence of crack cocaine exists. Researchers that track crack cocaine use have relied on self-reports to differentiate crack and powder cocaine. Prior research suggests that the accuracy of self-reports for the use of a variety of illicit substances is relatively low. To examine the validity of self-reports of crack use, this article employs a newly developed technology to detect specifically the presence of markers of crack cocaine in urine specimens. With a sample of 2327 arrestees from six cities that participate in the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program, both face-to-face interview and urinalysis data were examined. Using a positive urinalysis result as the validity standard, we assessed the extent to which arrestees underreport crack cocaine use as compared to the use of marijuana, opiates,and methamphetamine. Logistic regression models were also de veloped to predict the factors that relate to underreporting. The results showed a considerable amount of underreporting for all the drug measures. In most cases, only about half the people who had a positive urinalysis test for drugs admitted using drugs. Overall, the least amount of underreporting occurred for the use of marijuana (63.6% told the "truth"), followed by methamphetamine (56.1% told the truth), crack (48.2% told the truth), and opiate (45.9% told the truth). Female crack users, as compared to male crack users, were more likely to admit using crack. Black arrestees were more likely to admit using crack than white or Hispanic arrestees. Arrestees with a history of prior drug treatment or a prior arrest, as compared to those without such histories, were more likely to admit using crack. The older the arrestee was, the more likely the arrestee would admit using crack. The more money an arrestee spent on drugs, the more likely the arrestee would admit using crack. Differences in underreporting were also observed across the six cities in this study. The implications of these findings for the monitoring of crack use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Lu
- National Institute of Justice, Department of Justice, Washington, DC 20531, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Millimolar-range concentrations of some adrenergic antagonists have been shown to have local anesthetic-like properties, and to stimulate GTPase activity in vitro. In this report, we investigate whether these agents can potentiate the effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and bupivacaine, a conventional local anesthetic, and whether GTPase activation plays a role. METHODS Rats received sciatic nerve blockade with tetrodotoxin or bupivacaine co-injected with adrenergic antagonists and/or agonists, or pertussis toxin. Thermal nociceptive blockade was quantified with modified hotplate testing. RESULTS Nerve block from TTX alone lasted 153 (99-223) min (median and 25th and 75th percentiles). Co-injection with 20 mM phentolamine, propranolol, and yohimbine prolonged TTX block to 856 (765-862), 486 (444-510), and 465 (413-495) min respectively (P<0.005 in all cases, compared to TTX alone). Micromolar concentrations of adrenergic antagonists (which inhibited the prolongation of TTX block by epinephrine) did not prolong TTX block. Injection of adrenergic antagonists alone did not produce specific nerve block. They did not prolong TTX block when injected at a remote subcutaneous site. Prolongation of TTX block by phentolamine was not inhibited by co-injection with pertussis toxin. Adrenergic antagonists did not prolong bupivacaine block. CONCLUSIONS High concentrations of adrenergic antagonists markedly prolonged TTX block, but not bupivacaine block. This locally mediated action does not appear to be adrenergic-receptor-specific, or mediated by GTPase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kohane
- Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The relative contributions of alpha(1)-, alpha(2)-, and beta-adrenergic receptors to adrenergic agonists' prolongation of nerve block by tetrodotoxin (TTX) are unknown. We investigated which receptor agonists prolong TTX block, and whether delayed injection of antagonists can interrupt prolonged blocks after coinjection of TTX and agonists. METHODS Rats received percutaneous sciatic nerve block with 120 micromol/L TTX with and without adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Block duration was assessed by a modified hot-plate test. Functional deficits in the uninjected leg were used to assess systemic distribution of TTX. Data were expressed as medians with 25th and 75th percentiles. RESULTS Coinjection of 5.5 micromol/L phenylephrine (alpha(1)-specific), 10 micromol/L clonidine (alpha(2)-specific), and 1.1 micromol/L epinephrine (mixed alpha- and beta-agonist) prolonged TTX nerve block, but 5.5 micromol/L isoproterenol (mixed beta-agonist) did not. Yohimbine inhibited TTX block prolongation by clonidine (median inhibitory concentrations, IC(50) = 130 nmol/L); phentolamine similarly inhibited epinephrine (IC(50) = 45 nmol/L). Adrenergic antagonists did not inhibit the prolongation of TTX block by agonists when injected 3 or 6 hours after the initial block. Subcutaneous injection of adrenergic agonists at a remote site did not prolong TTX block, except for a modest prolongation by clonidine. CONCLUSION TTX block can be prolonged by alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-, but not beta-adrenergic agonists via locally mediated events of relatively brief duration. Delayed injection of adrenergic antagonists does not interrupt the prolonged blocks produced by coinjection of TTX and adrenergic agonists unless administered soon after block is established. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:239-245.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kohane
- Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital, Pain Treatment Service, 333 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lu NT, Pedersen PL. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: the purified NBF1+R protein interacts with the purified NBF2 domain to form a stable NBF1+R/NBF2 complex while inducing a conformational change transmitted to the C-terminal region. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 375:7-20. [PMID: 10683244 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is known to function as a regulated chloride channel and, when genetically impaired, to cause the disease cystic fibrosis. The novel studies reported here were undertaken to gain greater molecular insight into possible interactions among CFTR's soluble domains, which include two nucleotide binding domains (NBF1 and NBF2) and a regulatory domain (R). The NBF1+R and NBF2 regions of CFTR were highly expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to near homogeneity under denaturing conditions, and refolded. Both refolded proteins bound TNP-ATP and TNP-ADP, which could be readily replaced with ATP. Four different approaches were then used to determine whether the NBF1+R and NBF2 proteins interact. First, the purified NBF2 protein was labeled near its C-terminus with a fluorescent probe, 7-diethyl amino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM). Addition of the unlabeled NBF1+R to the CPM-labeled NBF2 caused a red-shift in lambda(max) of the CPM fluorescence, consistent with a direct interaction between the two proteins. Second, when the NBF1+R protein, the NBF2 protein, and a mixture of the two proteins were folded separately and analyzed by molecular sieve chomatography, the mixture was found to elute prior to either NBF1+R or NBF2. Third, na-tive-PAGE gel studies revealed that the mixture of the NBF1+R and NBF2 domains migrated as a single band with an R(F) value between that of NBF1+R and NBF2. Fourth, trypsin digestion of a mixture of the NBF1+R and NBF2 proteins occurred at a slower rate than that for the individual proteins. Finally, studies were carried out to determine whether an NBF1+R/NBF2 interaction could be demonstrated after expressing one of the two proteins in soluble, native form, thus avoiding the inclusion body, denaturation, and renaturation approach. Specifically, the NBF1+R protein was overexpressed in E. coli in fusion with glutathione-S-transferase near a thrombin cleavage site. Following binding of the GST-(NBF1+R) fusion protein to a GST Sepharose affinity column, added NBF2 was shown to bind and then to coelute with NBF1+R upon addition of glutathione or thrombin. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate that CFTR's NBF1+R region and its NBF2 domain, after folding separately as distinct units, have a strong propensity to interact and that this interaction is stable in the absence of added nucleotides or exogenously induced phosphorylation. These findings, together with the additional observation that the NBF1+R/NBF2 interaction induces a change in the C-terminus of NBF2, which resides within the C-terminal region of CFTR, may have important implications not only for the function of CFTR per se, but its interaction with other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Lu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-2185, USA
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Kohane DS, Lu NT, Gökgöl-Kline AC, Shubina M, Kuang Y, Hall S, Strichartz GR, Berde CB. The local anesthetic properties and toxicity of saxitonin homologues for rat sciatic nerve block in vivo. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000; 25:52-9. [PMID: 10660241 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-7339(00)80011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Saxitoxin and its homologues are naturally occurring compounds that block the sodium channel with high potency. They have the potential for providing prolonged duration local anesthesia when coinjected with vasoconstrictors or conventional local anesthetics and are devoid of local neurotoxicity. Here, we compare sciatic nerve block with saxitoxin to those with neosaxitoxin, decarbamoyl saxitoxin, and tetrodotoxin (TTX), in a search for even safer compounds. METHODS Rats received percutaneous sciatic nerve block with toxins. The compounds were compared in terms of lethality, onset and duration of action for thermal analgesia (hot-plate testing), and motor block (weight-bearing). Data were expressed as medians with 25th and 75th percentiles, and median effective concentrations were determined. RESULTS The median concentrations at which analgesia of 60 minutes duration was achieved were neosaxitoxin, 34+/-2 micromol/L; saxitoxin, 58+/-3 micromol/L; TTX, 92+/-5 micromol/L; and decarbamoyl saxitoxin, 268+/-8 micromol/L. Similar trends were observed for other measures of effectiveness (block duration of 90 minutes, maximal block), and for lethality so that the therapeutic indices were similar. No toxin had a marked predominance of sensory or motor block. The potency of TTX was intermediate between those of the saxitoxins, and its therapeutic index was slightly better. No difference was observed in time to onset of nerve blockade among the toxins. CONCLUSIONS Substitutions on the saxitoxin nucleus result in large differences in incidence and duration of block, and toxicity. The therapeutic indices of the saxitoxins are similar; that of TTX is slightly better.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kohane
- Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kohane DS, Kuang Y, Lu NT, Langer R, Strichartz GR, Berde CB. Vanilloid receptor agonists potentiate the in vivo local anesthetic activity of percutaneously injected site 1 sodium channel blockers. Anesthesiology 1999; 90:524-34. [PMID: 9952161 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199902000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in chili peppers, is a vanilloid with noxious and analgesic effects that inhibits tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium currents. Because tetrodotoxin-resistant currents are found primarily in small-diameter nociceptor afferents of the peripheral nerves, their inhibition may lead to selective analgesia. Therefore, the authors evaluated the interactions between tetrodotoxin, a site 1 sodium channel blocker, and capsaicin on nerve blockade in vivo. METHODS Percutaneous sciatic nerve injections with 0 to 9.9 mM capsaicin, 0 to 120 microM tetrodotoxin, or both were administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thermal nociceptive and motor blockade were measured. Data were expressed as medians with 25th and 75th percentiles. RESULTS Capsaicin produced a transient increase in thermal latency with no effect on motor strength. Tetrodotoxin reduced motor strength for a longer duration than nociception. The interaction between tetrodotoxin and capsaicin was synergistic, as evidenced by (1) supraadditive prolongation of both nociceptive and motor block, with the effect of capsaicin reversed by the vanilloid antagonist capsazepine, and (2) synergism in the frequency that rats achieved maximal block shown by isobolographic analysis. The combination of tetrodotoxin and capsaicin showed less motor predominance than tetrodotoxin did alone. Similar interactions were found between tetrodotoxin and resiniferatoxin (another vanilloid), and between capsaicin and saxitoxin (another site 1 sodium channel blocker), but much less so between bupivacaine and capsaicin. CONCLUSIONS Site 1 sodium channel blockers and vanilloids have synergistic effects on nerve blockade in vivo. These interactions may be useful in developing prolonged local anesthetics and elucidating mechanisms of functionally selective nerve blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kohane
- Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly potent toxins such as tetrodotoxin that block sodium channels with great specificity have been studied for many years and can provide prolonged blockade when coadministered with vasoconstrictors or conventional local anesthetics. Their utility has been constrained, however, by systemic toxicity. The authors examined the efficacy of tetrodotoxin with and without epinephrine or bupivacaine for producing prolonged-duration sciatic nerve blockade in the rat, and they assessed the degree of concomitant toxicity. METHODS Rats received percutaneous sciatic nerve blockade using tetrodotoxin with and without epinephrine or bupivacaine. A subset received subcutaneous injections at the nuchal midline. Nociceptive, proprioceptive, and motor blockade were quantified using contralateral leg responses as controls for systemic effects. RESULTS Tetrodotoxin without epinephrine produced sciatic nerve blockade, but with considerable toxicity at most effective doses. Epinephrine reduced the median effective concentration of tetrodotoxin for nociception from 37.6 to 11.5 microM and prolonged its duration, such that reversible blocks lasting > 13 h were achieved. Epinephrine reduced measures of systemic distribution and increased the median lethal dose of tetrodotoxin from 40 to 53.6 nmole/kg, thus more than quadrupling the therapeutic index. Bupivacaine increased the local anesthetic potency of tetrodotoxin, reduced its systemic toxicity, and, when coinjected subcutaneously, increased the median lethal dose from 43.7 to 47.7 nmole/kg. The addition of epinephrine did not further improve the effectiveness of the bupivacaine-tetrodotoxin combination. CONCLUSION Combinations of epinephrine or bupivacaine with tetrodotoxin or with other high-potency toxins active on sodium channels should be examined for the potential to provide clinically useful, prolonged nerve blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kohane
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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