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Alt NP, Wong Chavez J, Dickter CL, Shih MJ. Power and the confrontation of sexism: the impact of measured and manipulated power on confronting behavior. J Soc Psychol 2024; 164:27-42. [PMID: 36117440 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2122767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The confrontation of prejudicial acts and comments promotes multiple benefits, most notably the prevention of future prejudicial remarks and the reduction of stereotype use. Research, however, consistently shows low rates of confronting prejudice, particularly regarding sexism. Here, we examine whether personal sense of power, known to increase action and activate the behavioral approach system, increases the likelihood of confronting a sexist remark. In Study 1, we demonstrate that for both women and men, self-reported power is associated with a higher frequency of confronting sexism. In Study 2, we manipulate women's sense of power (i.e., high power, low power, or control) and subsequently present an opportunity to confront a sexist remark. Results show that women primed to feel powerful were more likely to confront the sexist remark and expressed greater disagreement with the comment, compared to women primed to feel powerless. Implications for the confronting literature and behavior are discussed.
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Abstract
Groups, teams, and collectives-people-are incredibly important to human behavior. People live in families, work in teams, and celebrate and mourn together in groups. Despite the huge variety of human group activity and its fundamental importance to human life, social-psychological research on person perception has overwhelmingly focused on its namesake, the person, rather than expanding to consider people perception. By looking to two unexpected partners, the vision sciences and organization behavior, we find emerging work that presents a path forward, building a foundation for understanding how people perceive other people. And yet this nascent field is missing critical insights that scholars of social vision might offer: specifically, for example, the chance to connect perception to behavior through the mediators of cognition and motivational processes. Here, we review emerging work across the vision and social sciences to extract core principles of people perception: efficiency, capacity, and complexity. We then consider complexity in more detail, focusing on how people perception modifies person-perception processes and enables the perception of group emergent properties as well as group dynamics. Finally, we use these principles to discuss findings and outline areas fruitful for future work. We hope that fellow scholars take up this people-perception call.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Alt
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach
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Alt NP, Parkinson C, Kleinbaum AM, Johnson KL. The Face of Social Networks: Naive Observers’ Accurate Assessment of Others’ Social Network Positions From Faces. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether, even at zero acquaintance, observers accurately infer others’ social network positions—specifically, the number and patterning of social ties (e.g., brokerage—the extent to which a person bridges disconnected people) and the trait impressions that support this accuracy. We paired social network data ( n = 272 professional school students), with naive observers’ ( n = 301 undergraduates) judgments of facial images of each person within the network. Results revealed that observers’ judgments of targets’ number of friends were predicted by the actual number of people who considered the target a friend (in-degree centrality) and that perceived brokerage was significantly predicted by targets’ actual brokerage. Lens models revealed that targets’ perceived attractiveness, dominance, warmth, competence, and trustworthiness supported this accuracy, with attractiveness and warmth most associated with perceptions of popularity and brokerage. Overall, we demonstrate accuracy in naive observers’ judgments of social network position and the trait impressions supporting these inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Alt
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn Parkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kerri L. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Johnson SP, Alt NP, Biosah C, Dong M, Goodale BM, Senturk D, Johnson KL. Development of infants' representation of female and male faces. Vision Res 2021; 184:1-7. [PMID: 33765637 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined development of 5- and 10.5-month-old infants' face representations, focusing on infants' discrimination and categorization of female and male faces. We tested for gender-based preferences and categorization of female and male faces by presenting infants with pairs of faces and then habituating them to a series of majority female or male face ensembles. We then tested for gender preferences with new face pairs (one female and one male; Study 1) or new face ensembles (majority female and majority male; Study 2). We found that both 5- and 10.5-month-old infants discriminated female from male faces in face pairs, and both age groups looked more at female faces during habituation. Neither age group, however, provided evidence of gender-based categorization. We interpret these findings within a theoretical framework that stresses environmental exposure to different social categories, and infants' ability to detect commonalities of features within categories. We conclude that infants' gender-based categorization of faces is constrained by the set of features available in the input.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas P Alt
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, United States
| | - Chibuzor Biosah
- Program on Ethics, Politics, and Economics, Yale University, United States
| | - Mingfei Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA, United States
| | | | | | - Kerri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, United States; Department of Communication, UCLA, United States
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Abstract
Past research on prejudice confrontations as a prejudice reduction tool has only examined bias that was implicated in the confrontation, such as the use of negative Black stereotypes after being confronted for using negative Black stereotypes. Examining the breadth of prejudice confrontations, we hypothesize that confronted individuals should subsequently use fewer negative and positive stereotypes about other racial minority groups, and fewer stereotypes about groups stigmatized along other identity dimensions (e.g., gender). In two studies, White participants confronted for the use of negative Black stereotypes used fewer negative Latino stereotypes (Study 1), positive Black, but not Asian, stereotypes and fewer gender role stereotypes (Study 2). Additionally, participants confronted for female gender role stereotypes subsequently used fewer negative Black and Latino stereotypes 24–72 hr later due to greater racial egalitarian motivation (Study 3). Thus, prejudice confrontations have a broad effect on reducing bias toward multiple stigmatized groups across identity dimensions.
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Abstract
For 70 years, the field of social perception has concluded that perceivers can determine others' social category memberships with remarkable accuracy. However, it has become increasingly clear that accuracy is only part of the story, as social category judgments are often systematically biased toward one category over another. For example, when categorizing sexual orientation, perceivers label others as straight more often than gay. This straight categorization bias is reliable, has an effect size larger than that for accuracy, and is not exclusively driven by the low base rate of sexual minorities in the population, yet we know little about its proximal causes. Here, we argue that one facet of this bias is a motivated reasoning process that avoids applying stigmatizing labels to unknown others. Specifically, we propose that perceivers ascribe heavy consequences to incorrect gay categorizations, compelling them to gather and integrate available information in a manner that favors straight categorizations. Studies 1 and 2 tested the dynamic nature of the bias, exploring decision ambivalence and the real-time accrual of visible evidence about a target throughout the perceptual process using mouse-tracking and diffusion modeling. Studies 3-5 tested motivational determinants for the bias, revealing that perceivers associate high costs with incorrect gay categorizations because those errors put other people in harm's way. Studies 6-9 tested the cognitive mechanisms perceivers engage as they search for information that allows them to avoid costly decision errors. Collectively, these studies provide a new framework for understanding a well-documented but poorly understood response bias in social categorization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Alt
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach
| | | | - Kerri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
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Nezlek JB, Newman DB, Schütz A, Baumeister RF, Schug J, Joshanloo M, Lopes PN, Alt NP, Cypryańska M, Depietri M, Gorbaniuk O, Huguet P, Kafetsios K, Koydemir S, Kuppens P, Park S, Martin AS, Schaafsma J, Simunovic D, Yokota K. An international survey of perceptions of the 2014 FIFA World Cup: National levels of corruption as a context for perceptions of institutional corruption. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222492. [PMID: 31560694 PMCID: PMC6764672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a survey about the 2014 FIFA World Cup that measured attitudes about FIFA, players, and officials in 18 languages with 4600 respondents from 29 countries. Sixty percent of respondents perceived FIFA officials as being dishonest, and people from countries with less institutional corruption and stronger rule of law perceived FIFA officials as being more corrupt and less competent running the tournament than people from countries with more corruption and weaker rule of law. In contrast, respondents evaluated players as skilled and honest and match officials as competent and honest. We discuss the implications of our findings for perceptions of corruption in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. Nezlek
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David B. Newman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Astrid Schütz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanna Schug
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohsen Joshanloo
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Paulo N. Lopes
- Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Catholic University of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nicholas P. Alt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marzena Cypryańska
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marco Depietri
- Language Centre, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Oleg Gorbaniuk
- Institute of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Pascal Huguet
- National Centre for Scientific Research, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Selda Koydemir
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Research unit for Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Psychology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Alvaro San Martin
- Department of Managing People in Organizations, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juliette Schaafsma
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Dora Simunovic
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kunihiro Yokota
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Miura, Japan
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Goodale BM, Alt NP, Lick DJ, Johnson KL. Groups at a glance: Perceivers infer social belonging in a group based on perceptual summaries of sex ratio. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 147:1660-1676. [PMID: 30372114 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human observers extract perceptual summaries for sets of items after brief visual exposure, accurately judging the average size of geometric shapes (Ariely, 2001), walking direction of a crowd (Sweeny, Haroz, & Whitney, 2013), and the eye gaze of groups of faces (Sweeny & Whitney, 2014). In addition to such actuarial summaries, we hypothesize that observers also extract social information about groups that may influence downstream judgments and behavior. In four studies, we first show that humans quickly and accurately perceive the sex ratio of a group after only 500 ms of visual exposure. We then test whether these percepts bias judgments about the group's social attitudes and affect the perceiver's sense of belonging. As the ratio of men to women increased, both male and female perceivers judged the group to harbor more sexist norms, and judgments of belonging changed concomitantly, albeit in opposite directions for men and women. Thus, observers judge a group's sex ratio from a mere glimpse and use it to infer social attitudes and interpersonal affordances. We discuss the implication of these findings for a heretofore overlooked hurtle facing women in male-dominated fields (e.g., science, technology, engineering, or mathematics): how the ratio of men to women provides an early visible cue that signals an individual's potential fit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Alt NP, Park SH, Schug J. The ironic impact of intergroup apologies on intergroup attitudes: Understanding the role of perceived power for post‐apology outgroup attitudes. Asian J Soc Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Alt
- Department of Psychology The College of William & Mary Williamsburg Virginia USA
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Psychology Chungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
| | - Joanna Schug
- Department of Psychology The College of William & Mary Williamsburg Virginia USA
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Alt NP, Goodale B, Lick DJ, Johnson KL. Threat in the Company of Men: Ensemble Perception and Threat Evaluations of Groups Varying in Sex Ratio. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617731498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Everyday, we visually perceive people not only in isolation but also in groups. Yet, visual person perception research typically focuses on inferences made about isolated individuals. By integrating social vision and visual ensemble coding, we present novel evidence that (a) perceivers rapidly (500 ms) extract a group’s ratio of men to women and (b) both explicit judgments of threat and indirect evaluative priming of threat increase as the ratio of men to women in a group increases. Furthermore, participants’ estimates of the number of men, and not perceived men’s coalition, mediate the relationship between the ratio of men to women and threat judgments. These findings demonstrate the remarkable efficiency of perceiving a group’s sex ratio and downstream evaluative inferences made from these percepts. Overall, this work advances person perception research into the novel domain of people perception, revealing how the visually perceived sex ratio of groups impacts social judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Alt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Goodale
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David J. Lick
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kerri L. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Schug J, Alt NP, Lu PS, Gosin M, Fay JL. Gendered race in mass media: Invisibility of Asian men and Black women in popular magazines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schug J, Alt NP, Klauer KC. Gendered race prototypes: Evidence for the non-prototypicality of Asian men and Black women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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