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Altintas-Mese C, Cakan M. How to improve gender equality in rheumatology: boards, mentors, and teamwork. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:973-974. [PMID: 37714976 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Altintas-Mese
- Department of Pediatrics, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Selimiye, Tibbiye Cd No: 23, Uskudar, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Cakan
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Zeynep Kamil Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Grande-Ratti MF, Llamedo MC, Pires AB, Giuffre MV, Garrido BN, Saldarini A, Touzas P, Martínez B, Bluro IM. [Gender perspective in the care experience and in the results of patients who consult for chest pain in an emergency department]. Arch Cardiol Mex 2024. [PMID: 38653253 DOI: 10.24875/acm.23000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Clinical practice guidelines suggest performing an electrocardiogram (EKG) in patients with chest pain within the first 10 minutes in the emergency department, warning about subdiagnosis in women. Possible differences based on sex were analyzed. Method An observational and retrospective study in an Emergency Department, with adult patients admitted to the Chest Pain Unit in 2021. Results There were 1,469 patients, of whom 774 were men (52.7%). The men were younger (60 vs. 65 years), were less overweight (17.18 vs. 22.16%), and had more previous admissions to the Coronary Unit (12 vs. 7%), compared to women. No gender differences were observed in EKG performance (91 vs. 90%), EKG time (median 4.1 vs. 4.5 minutes), or delay in care attention (median 25 vs. 26 minutes). In terms of healthcare resources, men underwent more biomarkers: troponins (63 vs. 55%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.35; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.10-1.67) and creatine phosphokinase (24.8 vs. 19.1%), received more aspirin (6.7 vs. 3.1%), nitrates/nitrites (6 vs. 3%), and hospitalization (17.18 vs. 10.50%; OR: 1.76; 95%CI; 1.30-2.40). Of 206 hospitalized, 112 had a final diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (54%), more men than women (81 vs. 31). There were no significant differences in revascularization time, medication schedule at discharge, hospital stay, or mortality. Conclusions Gender did not affect precordial pain care, diagnosis, and treatment times, highlighting the quality of hospital care.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Grande-Ratti
- Central de Emergencias de Adultos, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Área de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas)
- Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
| | - María C Llamedo
- Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
| | - Agustina B Pires
- Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
| | - María V Giuffre
- Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
| | - Brenda N Garrido
- Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Saldarini
- Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
| | - Pedro Touzas
- Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
| | - Bernardo Martínez
- Central de Emergencias de Adultos, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
| | - Ignacio M Bluro
- Central de Emergencias de Adultos, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
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3
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Dry S, Collins LC. Gender distribution in pathology journal editorial boards: a call to action. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:217-218. [PMID: 38124017 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-209293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cayón Somacarrera S, Alonso Rodríguez C, Del Campo Del Val L, Oleaga Zufiría L, Rodríguez Carnero P. Women in Radiology: A perspective from Spain. Radiologia (Engl Ed) 2024; 66:121-131. [PMID: 38614529 DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are gender inequalities in all fields, including radiology. Although the situation is improving, the presence of radiologists in leadership positions continues to be a minority. The objective of this article is to analyse the situation of women in the spanish radiology, comparing it with Europe and the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected the years 2000-2022 as reference period to make a comparison with feminization data throughout history. In addition, relevant specific data from the just begun 2023 were also included. The variables in which we investigated feminization were the following: medical students, medical graduates, radiology residents and specialists, section chiefs, department chairs, radiology residency programme directors, radiology university professors, presidents of the main radiological entities and societies in Spain, Europe and the United States, recipients of the main awards given by these radiological societies and chief editors of their journals. In order to perform this analysis we conducted an in-depth bibliographic research, we contacted the radiological societies of Spain, Europe and the USA and we carried out a survey in the main Spanish radiology departments. RESULTS The female presence in radiology decreases as we rise to leadership positions, a situation that is patent in Spain, Europe and the US, comparison that will be analysed in depth throughout the article. In Spanish hospitals in 2021 there were 58.1% female radiology residents, 55% female radiologists, 42.9% female section chiefs and 24.4% female department chairs. In SERAM's history there have been 10% female presidents, 22% female gold medallists and 5% female editors-in-chief. If we analyse data from 2000 to 2023, female presidents reach 32% and female gold medallists 31%. CONCLUSIONS Although gender inequality is declining, in radiology women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions. Work must be done in order to build a diverse and inclusive profession that reflects demographic reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cayón Somacarrera
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
| | - C Alonso Rodríguez
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Del Campo Del Val
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Oleaga Zufiría
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Rodríguez Carnero
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Balistreri KS. Structural Sexism and Breastfeeding in the United States, 2016-2021. Matern Child Health J 2024; 28:431-437. [PMID: 38379060 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-023-03895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies demonstrate that structural sexism erodes women's health and impedes access to healthcare. This study extends this research to examine the relationship between structural sexism and breastfeeding initiation and duration in the United States. METHOD A multifaceted state-level structural sexism index was constructed and merged with responses from the 2016-2021 National Survey of Children's Health by state and child's birth year. For children ages six months to 5 years, the prevalence of being ever breastfed and breastfed for at least six months was measured across levels of structural sexism. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed the association of structural sexism with breastfeeding outcomes, net of individual and family characteristics. RESULTS Higher levels of structural sexism were associated with lower odds of breastfeeding initiation and lower odds of breastfeeding for at least six months net of family and child characteristics. In addition, sensitivity analyses show that variations in state breastfeeding laws did not explain these differences. DISCUSSION This study highlights structural sexism's role in limiting breastfeeding initiation and duration. Breastfeeding promotions and guidelines should consider the broader context of structural sexism.
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Ayalon L, Okun S. The "Mother of All Protests" Meets Israeli Older Persons: When Age and Gender Intersect in Political Protests. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbad172. [PMID: 38071550 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Israeli government's announcement of a judicial overhaul has resulted in ongoing protests and strikes starting in early 2023. The present study examines the intersection between age and gender in political protests. METHODS The present qualitative study is based on interviews with 13 men and 17 women over the age of 65 who participated in the protests. We conducted qualitative thematic analysis comparing and contrasting categories within and between interviews, while taking the gender perspective into account. RESULTS The study highlights patterns of gendered but also older-age protesting practices. Whereas men fought for the sake of past generations, women protested mainly for the sake of their children and grandchildren. In addition, men tended to capitalize on their past achievements as fighters, whereas women emphasized their current achievements as grandmothers. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that under some circumstances, even stereotypical devalued attributes (e.g., being a grandmother) can be used as powerful tools to attract supporters and fight for a cause. Older men, on the other hand, tend to hold on to their past achievements as fighters, at the top of the hegemonic hierarchy to ensure their power and status in current protests. To ensure the appeal of political protests, heterogeneity in motives and protesting styles should be acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Ayalon
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sarit Okun
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Berger-Estilita J, Fritsche L, El-Boghdadly K, Dias CC, Zdravkovic M. European anesthesiologists' experiences with gender-based mistreatment in the workplace: a secondary multilevel regression analysis. Korean J Anesthesiol 2024; 77:46-57. [PMID: 38087649 PMCID: PMC10834715 DOI: 10.4097/kja.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace gender-based mistreatment (GBM) refers to negative or harmful behaviors directed towards employees. In healthcare settings, this can lead to job dissatisfaction and underperformance and potentially compromise patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine workplace GBM among European anesthesiologists and produce the first European Gender-based Mistreatment Rank in Anesthesiology. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis from a worldwide cross-sectional survey database consisting of a 46-item questionnaire exploring, among other outcomes, gender bias attributable to workplace attitudes. The survey completion rate was 80.8%. All respondents were selected from European countries. Associations between mistreatment and the remaining variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A generalized linear mixed model was then used to quantify the impact of mistreatment in each European country. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS This study included 5,795 respondents from 43 European countries. The independent predictors of GBM were as follows: female gender, younger age, perceiving gender as a disadvantage for leadership, and perceiving gender as a disadvantage for research. The full model was statistically significant, indicating an ability to distinguish between those who experienced GBM and those who did not (P < 0.001). Thus, 26 European countries were ranked based on the prevalence of mistreatment, with Italy showing the best performance (lowest prevalence). CONCLUSIONS The aim of our study was to provide preliminary insight into GBM in anesthesiology in Europe, function as a key benchmark for gender equity, and chart the evolution of disparities over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Berger-Estilita
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Salemspital, Hirslanden Medical Group, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- CINTESIS@RISE, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Kariem El-Boghdadly
- Department of Anesthesia, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Claudia Camila Dias
- CINTESIS@RISE, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Knowledge Management Unit and Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marko Zdravkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Stewart-Williams S, Leong CXR, Seto SA, Thomas AG, Wong XL. The harm hypothesis: How perceived harm to women shapes reactions to research on sex differences. Int J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38168745 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Past research suggests that reactions to research on sex differences are often less positive when the findings put men in a better light than women, especially when the lead researcher is a man. The factors underlying this effect, however, are not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to provide the first experimental test of the hypothesis that the key variable is perceived harm to women. Participants (214 men and 219 women) evaluated a bogus popular-science article reporting fictional research finding either a female- or a male-favouring sex difference in intelligence, attributed to either a female or a male lead researcher. To examine the effects of perceived harm, the introduction to the task highlighted either the potential benefits or potential drawbacks of sex-differences research in general. Consistent with past research, participants reacted less positively to the male-favouring difference, especially for male-led research. Consistent with the harm hypothesis, the effect was stronger after highlighting the potential drawbacks of sex-differences research than after highlighting the potential benefits. Our findings suggest that perceptions of harm to women underpin the aversion to male-favouring findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shania A Seto
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | | | - Xiu Ling Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Alt NP, Wong Chavez J, Dickter CL, Shih MJ. Power and the confrontation of sexism: the impact of measured and manipulated power on confronting behavior. J Soc Psychol 2024; 164:27-42. [PMID: 36117440 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2122767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The confrontation of prejudicial acts and comments promotes multiple benefits, most notably the prevention of future prejudicial remarks and the reduction of stereotype use. Research, however, consistently shows low rates of confronting prejudice, particularly regarding sexism. Here, we examine whether personal sense of power, known to increase action and activate the behavioral approach system, increases the likelihood of confronting a sexist remark. In Study 1, we demonstrate that for both women and men, self-reported power is associated with a higher frequency of confronting sexism. In Study 2, we manipulate women's sense of power (i.e., high power, low power, or control) and subsequently present an opportunity to confront a sexist remark. Results show that women primed to feel powerful were more likely to confront the sexist remark and expressed greater disagreement with the comment, compared to women primed to feel powerless. Implications for the confronting literature and behavior are discussed.
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Biurrun-Garrido A, Llena-Riu A, Feijoo-Cid M, Torrente-Jimenez RS, Cámara-Liebana D, Gasch-Gallén Á. Everyday sexism in nursing degrees: A cross-sectional, multicenter study. Nurse Educ Today 2024; 132:106009. [PMID: 37926005 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender stereotypes are reproduced in healthcare settings, leading to unequal relationships, discrimination, and sexism. University students express insecurity about their ability to identify and handle these situations. There are gaps in our knowledge about everyday sexism in academic and clinical nursing settings. AIM To describe how nursing students perceive sexist behavior in their daily life at university and during university teaching. DESIGN Cross-sectional, multicenter study using an online questionnaire. SETTING Eight universities that offer nursing degrees in Catalonia. PARTICIPANTS In total, 317 valid responses were collected. The inclusion criteria were to be a third- or fourth-year undergraduate or a first- or second-year postgraduate nursing student in Catalonia. There were no exclusion criteria. Snowball sampling. METHOD Online questionnaire designed ad hoc with sociodemographic variables, academic characteristics, and perception of sexism and discrimination in students' daily life collected between November 2020 and March 2021. The Microsexism Against Women Scale was used as a frame of reference to formulate questions on sexism and discrimination at the nursing school and during practicums. A descriptive, bivariate analysis of the data was performed. RESULTS Students do not place importance on differences between genders in involvement, task distribution, and oral presentation of group work. In this setting, there seems to be no perception of situations of power or inequality. Female students reported a higher frequency of unwanted physical contact than male students; however, the percentage was similar for both in practicums. Everyday sexism and discrimination were perceived at the nursing school but not in practicums. CONCLUSIONS Everyday sexism is perceived in nursing degrees in the context of relationships within the school but not during classroom teaching or in care settings. Various mechanisms make it difficult for students to consciously detect such behaviors. Addressing sexism in nursing training is necessary to ensure a safe learning environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoa Biurrun-Garrido
- Campus Docent Sant Joan de Déu-Fundació Privada, Spain. School of Nursing. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. Grupo de Investigación en Enfermería, Educación y Sociedad, Spain; Research Group DAFNIs, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Spain.
| | - Andres Llena-Riu
- Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Maria Feijoo-Cid
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de REcerca Multidisciplinar en SAlut i Societat (GREMSAS), (2021SGR1484), IDIAP-UAB, Mataró, Spain.
| | | | - David Cámara-Liebana
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona; Emili Grahit, 77, 17003 Girona, Spain; Quality of Life Research Institute, Spain.
| | - Ángel Gasch-Gallén
- Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; GIIS094-Research Group Nursing Research in Primary Care in Aragón (GENIAPA), Spain; GIIS011-Aragonese Research Group in Primary Care Institute of Research of Aragón, Spain.
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Del Toro-Rodríguez A, Prados G, Cambil Martín J, Mendoza-Vinces Á, Fernández-Puerta L. [Association between ageism and sexism in university students]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2024; 59:101432. [PMID: 37925782 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2023.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ageism is the negative perception towards others based on age. The aim of this research was to analyze the levels of ageism and its association with sexism and other factors in university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study among the students of the University of Granada. The data was collected through an online survey. Information on sociodemographic and academic variables was collected together with the Negative Stereotypes Questionnaire towards Old Age (CENVE), the Ambivalent Sexism Scale (ASI), the Brief Version of the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPTSQ), the Anxiety Scale for Aging (AE) and the Contact with the Elderly Scale (CPM). Ageism levels were determined and associations with other variables were analyzed. A logistic regression model explored ageism' associated factors. RESULTS Two hundred and sixty-three students participated. Most had low or very low levels of ageism (83.3%). The most ageist students showed higher hostile sexism (OR=1.07; p<.01) and higher aging anxiety (OR=1.10; p<.05) than students with high scores in ageism. Graduate students showed protector OR for ageism when compared to postgraduate students (OR=.31; p<.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher hostile sexism and aging anxiety are associated with higher ageism in students from the University of Granada. Universities must include in their study plans knowledge about this problem and develop programs aimed at avoiding discrimination in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Del Toro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
| | - Germán Prados
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España.
| | - Jacobo Cambil Martín
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
| | - Ángela Mendoza-Vinces
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Carrera de Enfermería, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Laura Fernández-Puerta
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
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Evéquoz Y, Pichonnaz L, Dubois J. Influence of a sexism and sexual harassment prevention course on medical students' perceptions of and responses to problematic situations. BMC Med Educ 2023; 23:939. [PMID: 38066505 PMCID: PMC10709927 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Issues of sexism and sexual harassment within the medical field are widespread. The aim of his study was to describe the influence of a training course on the prevention of sexism and sexual harassment on medical students' perceptions and responses to problematic situations in the workplace. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of the transcripts of 16 medical students' interviews. The data were initially gathered as part of an external evaluation of the course. We decided to further explore these with a focus on potential changes about sexism and sexual harassment awareness induced by the course. Data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS Most medical students were aware of the existence of sexism and sexual harassment in the medical environment before the course but were not always able to delineate what could be considered as such or not. The course allowed them to broaden their ability to identify problematic situations, that were somewhat "trivialized" before, and to set a lower cut-off when judging what constitutes sexism or sexual harassment. It also provided them with tools on how to react when confronted to these situations, as well as resources to seek help. However, students stressed the importance of such courses also being offered to medical staff higher up in the hierarchy, as they are the ones in a position of power. CONCLUSIONS The course helped students to better identify and react to sexism and sexual harassment. However, given students' lack of power within the hierarchy, efforts to prevent sexism and sexual harassment must be undertaken at an institutional level to allow for change in the system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Evéquoz
- Institute of Family Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lauriane Pichonnaz
- Gender and Health Unit, Department of ambulatory care, University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Dubois
- Institute of Family Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Evans JB. Gender and humor. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 54:101719. [PMID: 37972525 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on gender and humor, including differences in humor production and outcomes. Differences in the quantity and type of humor generally correspond with gender stereotypes, and these stereotypes significantly moderate the outcomes of humor use. Regarding humor production, consistent with cultural expectations, men tend to use all types of humor styles more than women, with a greater tendency towards aggressive humor. Regarding humor outcomes, rewards and punishments are not universally given to one gender. Rewards are more likely to be given to those who adhere to stereotypes or subvert expectations in a positive manner, whereas humor that violates expectations in a negative manner is punished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Evans
- University of British Columbia, 665 - 2053 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada.
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von Andrian-Werburg MTP, Siegers P, Breuer J. A Re-evaluation of Online Pornography Use in Germany: A Combination of Web Tracking and Survey Data Analysis. Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:3491-3503. [PMID: 37644357 PMCID: PMC10703962 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Several researchers have questioned the reliability of pornography research's findings. Following a recent call to use more reliable data sources, we conducted two analyses to investigate patterns and predictors of online pornography use (OPU). Our analyses were based on data from a large-scale German online web tracking panel (N = 3018) gathered from June 2018 to June 2019. The study we present here has two parts: In the first part, we looked at group differences (gender and age) in tracked OPU. Overall, this part's results confirm questionnaire-based research findings regarding sex and age differences. In the second part of our study, we combined the web tracking data with data from an online survey which was answered by a subset of the tracking participants (n = 1315) to assess the relevance of various predictors of OPU that have been identified in previous research. Again, our results mostly echoed previous findings based on self-reports. Online pornography was used more by males and younger individuals, while relationship status, sexist attitudes, and social dominance orientation were not associated with OPU. However, we did find differences in OPU between members of different religious communities. Our study confirms some critical findings on OPU from previous questionnaire-based research while extending existing research by providing a more fine-grained analysis of usage patterns based on web tracking data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Siegers
- GESIS-Leibnitz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Breuer
- GESIS-Leibnitz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Advanced Internet Studies, Bochum, Germany
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15
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Neyha Cherin D. Cracking the Deep Freeze. Patient Educ Couns 2023; 115:107880. [PMID: 37451056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Do Neyha Cherin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, USA.
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16
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Houlihan AE, Zaikman Y, Alford AM. The influence of bystander presence on evaluations of public breastfeeding among adults in the United States. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1753. [PMID: 37684595 PMCID: PMC10492271 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, people tend to support private breastfeeding more than public breastfeeding, and discomfort surrounding public breastfeeding may contribute to sub-optimal rates of breastfeeding in the United States. Few studies have systematically examined situational factors that contribute to (negative) reactions to public breastfeeding. It is unclear whether the physical location or the presence of others is more influential in shaping people's evaluations of public breastfeeding. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the influence of location, bystander presence, bystander gender, and the breastfeeding woman's use of a cover on people's evaluations of breastfeeding images. METHOD A sample of adults residing in the United States was randomly assigned to view an image of a breastfeeding woman in an experimental study that examined four independent variables: breastfeeding location (public vs. private), bystander presence (present vs. not present), gender of bystander (male vs. female), and use of a cover (cover vs. no cover). Participants then reported their emotional reactions to, perceptions of, and behavioral intentions toward the breastfeeding woman. In addition, participants completed measures of sexism, traditional gender role endorsement, sexual comfort, body gaze, and breastfeeding knowledge and experience. RESULTS Hierarchical regressions revealed no differences between private and public breastfeeding images. Perceptions of the breastfeeding woman were more favorable when she was alone than with others, and when she was covered than when she was not covered. Evaluations tended to be more favorable among participants who scored lower on hostile sexism, higher on benevolent sexism, higher on sexual comfort, and higher on breastfeeding knowledge. CONCLUSION The presence of bystanders may be more consequential than the physical location in shaping reactions to public breastfeeding. These findings can be applied to improve support for public breastfeeding, which may contribute to higher breastfeeding rates and the associated public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Houlihan
- Department of Psychology & Sociology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., unit 5827, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA.
| | - Yuliana Zaikman
- Department of Psychology & Sociology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., unit 5827, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Allison M Alford
- Department of Psychology & Sociology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., unit 5827, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
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17
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Bañuelos Marco B, 't Hoen L, O'Kelly F, Dönmez MI, Haid B, Baydilli N, Sforza S, Bindi E, Lammers RJ. Primum Non Discernere: Glass Ceilings and Female Representation at the European Association of Urology and European Society for Paediatric Urology Annual Meetings, 2012-2022. EUR UROL SUPPL 2023; 52:60-65. [PMID: 37284042 PMCID: PMC10240511 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The term glass ceiling coined by Loden in 1978 is commonly used to describe difficulties faced by minorities and women when trying to move into senior roles. Objective To analyse trends and patterns for female representation at the European Association of Urology (EAU) and European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) annual general meetings over the past decade. Design setting and participants We used objective data on female representation in the roles of chairs, moderators, and lecture speakers at the EAU and ESPU meetings from 2012 to 2022. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We evaluated gender based representation in paediatric urology sessions at the EAU and ESPU meetings, collecting data on the overall number of sessions, lectures, symposiums, abstract/poster sessions, and courses, and analysed the male/female ratio. Data were derived from printed and digital programmes for the relevant meetings. Results and limitations During the period from 2012 to 2022, the percentage female representation varied from 0% (2012) to a maximum of 35% (2022) at EUA paediatric urology sessions, and from 13.5% (2014) to a maximum of 32% (2022) at ESPU meetings. Both associations show clear progression towards equality. Conclusions Female representation at EAU and ESPU meetings has risen over the years, reaching 35% and 32%, respectively, in 2022, which is in line with the number of female members. We hope that this motivates a move towards the equality objectives for 2030. A clear and fundamental societal change is needed, with fair and more consistent institutional policies and framework commitments in the areas of science, medicine, and global health. Gender equality and diversity taskforces are essential to achieve these goals. Patient summary We analysed the male/female ratio for participants in annual meetings held by the European Association of Urology and the European Society for Paediatric Urology. From a low level in 2012, the ratio increased to over 30% in 2022, in line with the female membership of the societies. Focus on fair and consistent policies is needed to ensure that women are well represented in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bañuelos Marco
- Department of Urology, Renal Transplant Division, University Hospital El Clinico, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fardod O'Kelly
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Bernhard Haid
- Ordensklinikum Linz, Barmherzige Schwestern Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Rianne J.M. Lammers
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Lobo-Moreira AB, Dos Santos DGT, Caramori SS. Gender representation on environmental sciences editorial boards. Sci Total Environ 2023; 887:163940. [PMID: 37187385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gender representation in science has been extensively investigated by scientists from different disciplines and locations. Men continue to publish, collaborate, and obtain more citations than women. We investigated the relationship between Editor-in-Chief (EiC) and Editorial Boards' (EB) gender representation and the impact factor (IF) of environmental science journals (ESJ). We analyzed EiC/EB members of the top ESJ in the Web of Science databases that published at least 10,000 articles from their first publication until 2021. Binary gender information was assigned to 9153 members from 39 journals. IF ranged from 0.854 to 11.236 (x̅=5.05). Women represented 20 % of EiC positions and 23 % of EB members. Although, the majority of female EiC/EBs were represented in journals with an IF lower than the mean. No correlation was found between EiC's gender representation and the IF (p > 0.05). Regarding the hypothesis that female EiC was associated with EB gender equity, the link was not significant (p = 0.3). Our hypothesis of no association between gender proportion and IF was accepted for journals with IF>5 (p = 0.2) but rejected for IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Lobo-Moreira
- Post-Graduate Program on Natural Resources of Cerrado, State University of Goiás, BR 153, N° 3105, Campus Henrique Santillo-Anápolis, Mailbox 459, Anápolis, Goiás 75132400, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Gonçalves T Dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program on Natural Resources of Cerrado, State University of Goiás, BR 153, N° 3105, Campus Henrique Santillo-Anápolis, Mailbox 459, Anápolis, Goiás 75132400, Brazil
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19
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Eyring JB, Crandall A, Magnusson BM. A Modified Menstrual Attitudes Scale: Heteronormative Attitudes, Sexism, and Attitudes Toward Menstruation in Male and Female Adults. Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:1535-1547. [PMID: 36856958 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Social shame and stigma surround menstruation, which may compromise women's health and rights in various contexts. Men's attitudes are particularly important because men often hold positions of power that influence women's experience. This study examined factors associated with menstrual attitudes, including heteronormative attitudes, sexism, and family influences. A cross-sectional Qualtrics panel survey (n = 802; aged 18-44; 50.8% female) was performed. We tested a revised menstrual attitudes scale based on items drawn from previously validated measures. Data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling framework. Factor analysis identified and confirmed a 5-factor model for menstrual attitudes. Men endorsed more negative attitudes toward menstruation than women; however, this difference was largely explained by factors other than gender in the structural equation model. After controlling for family and demographic characteristics, attitudes toward openness and secrecy surrounding menstruation were most strongly associated with gender role expectations and hostile sexism. Benevolent sexism was associated with finding menstruation debilitating, denying menstrual symptoms, and endorsing avoidance of activities during menstruation. Heteronormative and sexist attitudes were associated with more negative menstrual attitudes, while increased menstrual knowledge was associated with more positive menstrual attitudes. The difference in menstrual attitudes between males and females was explained largely by heteronormative attitudes and sexism. This suggests that attitudes toward menstruation are closely linked to social ideals about men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Eyring
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84003, USA.
| | - AliceAnn Crandall
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Brianna M Magnusson
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84003, USA
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20
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Burns RN, Southworth E, Santiago S, Stephenson-Famy A, Fay E, Wang EY, Cai F. Volume, Distribution, and Inequities by Race and Gender of Clinical Experiences Reported by Medical Students Entering Obstetrics and Gynecology Residencies. J Surg Educ 2023; 80:657-665. [PMID: 36801203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess for inequities by race and gender of fourth year medical students' (MS4s) self-reported clinical experience in obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn). DESIGN This was a voluntary, cross-sectional survey. Participants provided demographic data, information regarding their preparation for residency, and self-reported numbers of hands-on clinical experiences. Responses were compared across demographic categories to assess for disparity in pre-residency experiences. SETTING The survey was open to all MS4s matched to Ob/Gyn internships in the United States in 2021. PARTICIPANTS The survey was distributed primarily via social media. Eligibility was verified by participants supplying the names of their medical school of origin and their matched residency program prior to completing the survey. 1057/1469 (71.9%) MS4s entering Ob/Gyn residencies participated. Respondent characteristics were not different from nationally available data. RESULTS Median clinical experience numbers were calculated for hysterectomies (10; IQR 5-20), suturing opportunities (15; IQR 8-30), and vaginal deliveries (5.5; IQR 2-12). Non-White students had fewer hands-on experiences with hysterectomy, suturing, and cumulative clinical experiences when compared to White MS4s (p values <0.001). Female students had fewer hands-on experiences with hysterectomies (p < 0.04), vaginal delivery (p < 0.03), and cumulative experiences (p < 0.002) than male students. When assessed by quartiles, non-White students and female students were less likely to be in the top quartile for experience and more likely to be in the bottom quartile for experience than their White and male counterparts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A significant number of medical students entering Ob/Gyn residency have minimal hands-on clinical experience with foundational procedures. Additionally, there are racial and gender disparities in clinical experiences of MS4s matching to Ob/Gyn internships. Future work should identify how biases in medical education may affect the access to clinical experience in medical school, and potential interventions to mitigate inequities in procedures and confidence prior to residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicholas Burns
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Elizabeth Southworth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah Santiago
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alyssa Stephenson-Famy
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Emily Fay
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eileen Y Wang
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fei Cai
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Spatoula V, Panagopoulou E. Biases towards different patients groups. How do they differ during medical education? Patient Educ Couns 2023; 112:107747. [PMID: 37084669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study was a first to attempt to assess how biases towards age, gender and sexual orientation differ during the years of undergraduate medical education. METHODS 600 medical students from the first, third and sixth year of study participated in the study. Three questionnaires were used: The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory scale (ASI), the Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA) and the Homophobia scale (HSc). RESULTS Results showed statistical significant differences between the three groups in the total scores of ageism and homophobia. Students in the last year of studies reported more ageist and more homophobic biases than students in the first year of their studies. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a need for education to reduce/address/mitigate bias in medical students. Τhe finding that biases increase in students who are farther along in their education needs further investigation. This warrants particular attention to determine if this is a change due to the medical education process itself. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Medical education should teach students about diversity and acceptability with updated curriculums and designed interventions.
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Argüello-Gutiérrez C, Cubero A, Fumero F, Montealegre D, Sandoval P, Smith-Castro V. I'm just joking! Perceptions of sexist humour and sexist beliefs in a Latin American context. Int J Psychol 2023; 58:91-102. [PMID: 36271322 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has stated a relationship between sexist ideologies and humour appreciation. However, most research has been done in North America and Europe. In the present study, we aimed to approach in an exploratory way to the social perceptions of sexist humour in Costa Rica. Data was gathered through an online survey, participants (N = 323; 220 females) completed measures to characterise expressions of sexist humour. The main measures included perceived funniness, frequency and means of exposure, and perceived offensiveness, as well as completing the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). Overall, previous exposure to this kind of humour was remarkably high. No significant differences were observed between women's and men's perceptions of the frequency, means and places of exposure, but emotional and behavioural reactions to sexist humour were gender-based. Women reported higher displeasure, more confrontation and felt angrier and more offended than men when exposed to this type of humour. Data support existing evidence of the relationship with sexist ideology. Specifically, hostile sexism was found to be a significant predictor of perceived funniness and offensiveness of the sexist jokes. An interaction effect between hostile sexism and the sex of participants was found, showing that as hostile sexism increased, perceived offensiveness decreased, but more rapidly for men. Results are discussed considering the practical implications and limitations, as well as the need for more research in the Latin American context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Cubero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabiola Fumero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Diana Montealegre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Pía Sandoval
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Vanessa Smith-Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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23
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Saka N, Chiang CM, Ogawa T, Pendleton AA, Tsuihiji K, Nomura K, Watanabe Y, Bhandari M. Trend of female first authorship in Journal of Orthopaedic Science, the official journal of the Japanese orthopaedic association from 2001 to 2021: An observational study. J Orthop Sci 2023:S0949-2658(23)00077-5. [PMID: 36964116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are underrepresented in orthopaedic surgery, especially in Japan. Authorship is associated with representation and career advancement, but the academic representation of women in Japanese orthopaedic surgery has not been elucidated. This study aimed to elucidate the proportion of female first authorship and its associating factors, as well as trends in the Journal of Orthopaedic Science (JOS), the official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. METHODS The study reviewed original articles published in JOS from 2002 to 2021 using data from PubMed on March 16, 2022. The gender of the first and last authors was determined using genderize. io, an online gender detection tool and manual search. The study used multivariable logistic regression to identify the factors associated with female first authorship and visualized the trend of predicted probability using restricted cubic spline curve. RESULTS Among 2272 original articles, 148 (6.5%) and 79 (3.5%) had female first and last authors, respectively. Compared with 2002-2006, female first authorship significantly increased in 2012-2016 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-4.05; p = 0.03) and 2017-2021 (aOR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.46-5.276; p = 0.002). Affiliation with an institution in Japan (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35-0.74; p < 0.001) and affiliation in orthopaedics (aOR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.11-0.23; p < 0.001) were negatively associated with female first authorship. Around 2020, the trend showed a gradual then rapid increase in women with non-orthopaedic affiliations. Only a very small increase was observed in women with an orthopaedic affiliation. CONCLUSIONS Female first authorship in JOS has been increasing. However, the proportion of female authors remains low. Authors outside of Japan and not affiliated with orthopaedics largely affect female authorship statistics. The results indicate the persistent gender gap in the academic representation of women in Japanese orthopaedic publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Saka
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Scientific Research WorkS Peer Support Group (SRWS-PSG), Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chi-Ming Chiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Scientific Research WorkS Peer Support Group (SRWS-PSG), Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Alaska Pendleton
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Kanako Tsuihiji
- Trauma and Reconstruction Center, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nomura
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohit Bhandari
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.
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Madrona-Bonastre R, Sanz-Barbero B, Pérez-Martínez V, Abiétar DG, Sánchez-Martínez F, Forcadell-Díez L, Pérez G, Vives-Cases C. [ Sexism and intimate partner violence in adolescents]. Gac Sanit 2022; 37:102221. [PMID: 36113323 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the efforts to reduce gender inequality, sexism persists. There are still few studies on this matter that consider variables such as sexual desire or migration background. The aim of this study is to analyse the social circumstances (individual and from the immediate context) associated with sexism as well as its relationship with intimate partner violence perpetration amongst adolescents. METHOD Cross-sectional study with 1421 students aged 13-17 from Alicante and Terrassa (2019-2021). Sexism was measured with the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, which assesses ambivalent, hostile and benevolent sexism. Generalized linear models were carried out and stratified by sex to identify variables associated with sexism. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between sexism and intimate partner violence. RESULTS The likelihood of a high score in ambivalent sexism was higher in migrants (girls and boys: p<0.01) and adolescents with migrant parents (girls: p<0.01; boys: p<0.05). Non-heterosexual desire was negatively associated with sexism in girls (benevolent: p<0.01) and boys (ambivalent and hostile: p<0.01; benevolent: p<0.05). Hostile sexism showed association with intimate partner violence perpetration, independently of the rest of the adjustment variables included in the model, for both girls (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.00-1.14) and boys (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20). CONCLUSIONS Sexism is present amongst teenagers and its relationship with intimate partner violence is confirmed. Sexual desire and migration background should be taken into account for intimate partner violence prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Madrona-Bonastre
- Departamento de Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Belén Sanz-Barbero
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Vanesa Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Daniel G Abiétar
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España
| | - Francesca Sánchez-Martínez
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, España
| | - Lluís Forcadell-Díez
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España
| | - Glòria Pérez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, España
| | - Carmen Vives-Cases
- Departamento de Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.
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25
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Willie TC, Knight D, Baral SD, Chan PA, Kershaw T, Mayer KH, Stockman JK, Adimora AA, Monger M, Mena LA, Philllips KA, Nunn A. Where's the "Everyday Black Woman"? An intersectional qualitative analysis of Black Women's decision-making regarding HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Mississippi. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1604. [PMID: 35999528 PMCID: PMC9396836 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black cisgender women in the U.S. South bear a disproportionate burden of HIV compared to cisgender women in other racial and ethnic groups and in any other part of the US. Critical to decreasing new HIV infections is the improved delivery of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for Black cisgender women as it remains underutilized in 2021. Informed by intersectionality, the study sought to characterize the sociostructural influences on Black cisgender women's deliberations about PrEP within the context of interlocking systems of oppression including racism, sexism, and classism. METHODS Six focus groups were conducted with 37 Black women residing in Jackson, Mississippi. This sample was purposively recruited to include Black cisgender women who were eligible for PrEP but had never received a PrEP prescription. RESULTS Six themes were identified as concerns during PrEP deliberation among Black women: 1) limited PrEP awareness, 2) low perceived HIV risk, 3) concerns about side effects, 4) concerns about costs, 5) limited marketing, and 6) distrust in the healthcare system. Three themes were identified as facilitators during PrEP deliberations: 1) women's empowerment and advocacy, 2) need for increased PrEP-specific education, and 3) the positive influence of PrEP-engaged women's testimonials. Black women shared a limited awareness of PrEP exacerbated by the lack of Black women-specific marketing. Opportunities to support Black women-specific social marketing could increase awareness and knowledge regarding PrEP's benefits and costs. Black women also shared their concerns about discrimination in healthcare and distrust, but they felt that these barriers may be addressed by patient testimonials from PrEP-engaged Black women, empowerment strategies, and directly addressing provider biases. CONCLUSIONS An effective response to PrEP implementation among Black women in the South requires developing programs to center the needs of Black women and carry out active strategies that prioritize peer advocacy while reinforcing positive and mitigating negative influences from broader social and historical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Deja Knight
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stefan D Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Philip A Chan
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Trace Kershaw
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jamila K Stockman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB#7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7400, USA
| | - Mauda Monger
- MLM Center for Health Education and Equity Consulting Services, 123-A Hwy 80 East #258, Clinton, MS, 39056, USA
| | - Leandro A Mena
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Karlye A Philllips
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amy Nunn
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, 121 S Main St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Bonell S, Lee H, Pearson S, Harris E, Barlow FK. Benevolent Sexism and the Traditional Sexual Script as Predictors of Sexual Dissatisfaction in Heterosexual Women from the U.S. Arch Sex Behav 2022; 51:3063-3070. [PMID: 35790615 PMCID: PMC9363330 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Women report lower sexual satisfaction than men. Given that sexual dissatisfaction adversely impacts health and well-being, it is imperative that we investigate why women are sexually dissatisfied. In the present study, we explored whether women's benevolently sexist attitudes might predict their sexual dissatisfaction. In a sample of 308 (Mage = 38.09) heterosexual American women who had previously had sex with a man, we hypothesized that women's benevolent sexism would be associated with an increased adoption of the traditional sexual script (i.e., an increased propensity for submissiveness and passivity during sex) and that this, in turn, would be associated with increased sexual dissatisfaction. We also hypothesized that the relationship between the adoption of the traditional sexual script and sexual dissatisfaction would be moderated by the degree to which participants enjoy submissiveness. Overall, we did not find support for our model: benevolent sexism did not predict sexual dissatisfaction. However, we did find that adopting the traditional sexual script was predictive of sexual dissatisfaction for women who do not enjoy submissiveness. These findings contribute to an emerging literature pertaining to women's sexual health. Specifically, results suggest that benevolent sexism does not contribute to women's experiences of sexual dissatisfaction. Instead, they suggest that sexual dissatisfaction in women may (in part) be driven by their engagement in sexual roles that do not align with their sexual preferences. Theoretical and clinical implications for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonell
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Harrison Lee
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Samuel Pearson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily Harris
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Parikh AK, Leschied JR. Microaggressions in our daily workplace encounters: a barrier to achieving diversity and inclusion. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:1719-1723. [PMID: 35229186 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-022-05307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Originally coined in 1970 by Dr. Chester Pierce, the term "microaggression" encompasses any subtle insult or informal degradation of a member of any socially marginalized group. While incidents of blatant racism and sexism might be deterred by zero-tolerance policies in the workforce, microaggressions still plague our daily interactions with colleagues and patients alike. In this paper we define and categorize microaggressions using real-world examples, describe their repercussions and provide ways to appropriately respond to microaggressions on a personal and institutional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashishkumar K Parikh
- Department of Radiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, 1405 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jessica R Leschied
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
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Fanniff AM, Alexander AA. Improving Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Research on Sexual Abuse Perpetration. Sex Abuse 2022; 34:10790632221091193. [PMID: 35548859 DOI: 10.1177/10790632221091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Fanniff
- Psychology Department, 31845Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Apryl A Alexander
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, 2927University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Prosen M. Nursing students' perception of gender-defined roles in nursing: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC Nurs 2022; 21:104. [PMID: 35509039 PMCID: PMC9069743 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-022-00876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender stereotypes influence both women and men who work as nurses as well as individuals considering nursing as a profession. The aim of this study was to explore male and female nursing students' experiences and perspectives regarding gender-defined roles as well as how they view their future professional roles. METHODS The study used a descriptive qualitative design. A convenience sample included 72 full-time second- and third-year undergraduate nursing students. Data were collected in 2017 using a self-administered qualitative questionnaire consisting of 11 essay-type questions. As an additional data collection method, a drawing method was applied. The data were analysed by content analysis separately for the male and female perspectives. RESULTS Altogether, eight themes emerged, with half explaining the male and the other half the female students' perspectives. Students choose nursing for altruistic, opportunistic and organisational reasons. Among the female students, another reason "family and social incentives" was also identified. Female students' vision of their future professional role included altruism and positive representations of 'being a nurse', whereas the male students' vision included management and leadership, and technical aspects of nursing. CONCLUSIONS Both male and female nursing students face the limits of their own gender roles, yet they are prepared to challenge these gender-based perceptions. Tackling stereotypes and raising public awareness, using gender-inclusive language and strategies for recruitment, ensuring gender diversity in nursing teams and revising the nursing curriculum where appropriate, are just some of the implications that arise to help overcome gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Prosen
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
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Wong B, Brennan A, James S, Brandon L, Ranganathan D, Dalton B, McDonald K, Ward D. A report from the Irish women in cardiology survey, exploring Europe's largest gender gap in cardiology. Eur Heart J Open 2022; 2:oeac033. [PMID: 35919349 PMCID: PMC9242053 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In Ireland, 8% of public cardiology consultants are female; this is the lowest proportion in Europe. We sought to understand perceptions amongst Irish trainees and consultants regarding aspects of working in cardiology in order to identify areas that can be targeted to improve gender equality. METHODS AND RESULTS In September 2021, the Irish Cardiac Society distributed a questionnaire to trainees and consultants in the Republic and Northern Ireland. Ethical approval was obtained from the University College Dublin, Ireland. There were 94 respondents (50% male, 50% consultants) which equates to ∼30% of all trainees and consultants in all Ireland. Although females were more likely to be single, overall, they had additional child-care responsibilities compared with male counterparts. Despite 53% of the respondents preferring to work less than full time, 64% reported a perceived lack of support from their departments. Males were significantly more likely to go into procedural/high radiation sub-specialities. Bullying was reported by 53% of females. Almost 80% of females experienced sexism and 30% reported being overlooked for professional advancement based on their sex. Females also rated their career prospects lower than males. Key challenges for women were: sexism, maternity leave/child-care responsibilities, cardiology as a 'boys club' and lack of flexible training. There was interest from both males and females in a mentorship programme and support for women in leadership positions. CONCLUSION Discrimination including sexism, bullying, and equal opportunity for professional advancement are key aspects that need to be addressed to improve gender balance in cardiology within Ireland and Northern Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Brennan
- Department of Cardiology, Golden Jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephanie James
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Brandon
- Department of Cardiology, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Barbra Dalton
- Irish Cardiac Society, 17-19 Lower Rathmines Road, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ken McDonald
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Ward
- Department of Cardiology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Rogers AA, Cook RE, Guerrero K. Is My Femininity a Liability? Longitudinal Associations between Girls' Experiences of Gender Discrimination, Internalizing Symptoms, and Gender Identity. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:335-347. [PMID: 35041144 PMCID: PMC8764881 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gender discrimination is a common experience for adolescent girls and has implications for their mental health and identity development. Guided by Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST; Spencer et al. 1997), this study examined the longitudinal and bidirectional associations between adolescent girls’ experiences of gender discrimination, their internalizing symptoms, and gender identity. The sample was 161 adolescent girls (ages 14–17; Mage = 15.90) from across the United States (51% White; 17% African American, 11% Hispanic/Latina) who participated in a short-term longitudinal study of adolescent development. The results showed a reciprocal, longitudinal association between discrimination and internalizing symptoms. Discrimination also predicted longitudinal declines in gender identity, which was explained indirectly through internalizing symptoms. The findings implicate gender discrimination as a distinct risk factor during girls’ developmental years, and underscore the importance of helping girls learn adaptive responses to sexism, while also reducing actual occurrence and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Rogers
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Rachel E Cook
- Institute for Child Development and Family Relations, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Guerrero
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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Rufino AC, Filho CEWBDC, Madeiro A. Experiences of Violence Against Lesbian and Bisexual Women in Brazil. Sex Med 2022; 10:100479. [PMID: 35038624 PMCID: PMC9023238 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesbophobia and biphobia are manifestations of homophobic violence directed at lesbian and bisexual women that results in daily violation of rights and social exclusion. AIM To describe experiences of the violence against lesbian and bisexual women in Brazil. METHODS Sequential mixed methods study was carried out in 2 stages. In the first one, quantitative, an electronic questionnaire was applied to women from all regions, with questions about sociodemographic characteristics, self-identification and lesbophobic and biphobic events. In the second one, qualitative, lesbian, and bisexual women were interviewed face to face about the violence suffered. OUTCOMES The chi-square test was applied to compare violence against lesbian and bisexual women (type of violence, place of aggression, gender and age range of the aggressor, bond with the aggressor, repetition of violence, and denunciation of violence) and the content analysis for qualitative data (main categories of analysis were events of violence, denunciation, and consequences of violence). RESULTS The report of violence was present in 65% of the answers. There was a predominance of psychological violence (39.8%), in the public environment (63%), practiced by men (73.2%), by strangers (66.2%) and repeatedly (82%). Lesbian women, compared to bisexuals, were more prone to violence in the public environment (59.5% vs 39.5%) and with repetition (84.3% vs 60.6%). The narratives explained intimidating experiences in the family environment (insults, threat of suicide or homicide and false imprisonment) and public (harassment, beatings, and rape). Discriminatory attitudes, insults, and refusal of service in restaurants and bars were recurrent. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The data provide information that can serve to improve policy initiatives to reduce these episodes. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This is the first study of mixed methods, with national coverage, on lesbophobia and biphobia events in Brazil. Future studies should include women underrepresented in this research as trans women, non-white, less educated, and from the most distant regions of the country. CONCLUSION Lesbophobic or biphobic event has harmful repercussions for multiple aspects of these women's lives, including mental health. Rufino AC, Filho CEWBdeC, Madeiro A. Experiences of Violence Against Lesbian and Bisexual Women in Brazil. Sex Med 2021;XX:XXXXXX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Madeiro
- Research and Extension Center for Women's Health/ State University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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de la Torre-Pérez L, Oliver-Parra A, Torres X, Bertran MJ. How do we measure gender discrimination? Proposing a construct of gender discrimination through a systematic scoping review. Int J Equity Health 2022; 21:1. [PMID: 34980116 PMCID: PMC8722302 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender discrimination (GD) has been frequently linked to mental health. The heterogeneity of how GD is defined has led to variation around the analysis of GD. This might affect the study of the association between GD and health outcomes. The main goal of this systematic scoping review is to operationalize the definition of the GD construct. METHODS Three search strategies were set in Pubmed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. The first strategy obtained results mainly about women, while the second focused on men. The third strategy focused on the identification of GD questionnaires. The prevalence of GD, factors and consequences associated with GD perception, and forms of discrimination were the principal variables collected. Risk of bias was assessed (PROSPERO:CRD42019120719). RESULTS Of the 925 studies obtained, 84 were finally included. 60 GD questionnaires were identified. GD prevalence varied between 3.4 and 67 %. Female gender and a younger age were the factors most frequently related to GD. Poorer mental health was the most frequent consequence. Two components of the GD construct were identified: undervaluation (different recognition, opportunities in access, evaluation standards and expectations) and different treatment (verbal abuse and behaviour). CONCLUSIONS Two-component GD definition can add order and precision to the measurement, increase response rates and reported GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de la Torre-Pérez
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/ Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Oliver-Parra
- Consorci Sanitari de Barcelona, Carrer d’Esteve Terradas, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Torres
- Clinical Health Psychology Section of the Institute Clinic of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/ Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Bertran
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/ Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Falavigna A, Ramos MB, de Farias FAC, Britz JPE, Dagostini CM, Orlandin BC, Corso LL, Morello SL, Kapatkin AS, Topalovic T, Allen M. Perception of gender discrimination among spine surgeons across Latin America: a web-based survey. Spine J 2022; 22:49-57. [PMID: 33852964 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Female physicians rarely choose spine surgery as their specialty. Although the specialty's nature and its associated lifestyle are potential barriers, gender-related issues may play an important part. PURPOSE To evaluate the gender discrimination among spine surgeons across Latin America. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. PATIENT SAMPLE The participants in this study were 223 AO Spine Latin America (AOSLA) registered members who answered the web-based survey. OUTCOME MEASURES Personal and professional demographics; gender-related objective and subjective experiences regarding career and personal life. METHODS A survey link containing a 24-item questionnaire was sent to the members' e-mails in September 2019. The survey was designed to evaluate the perception of gender discrimination by spine surgeons during their academic and professional lives. RESULTS Out of 223 members who answered the survey, 196 (87.96%) were male and 27 (12.11%) female. Most were orthopedic surgeons (64.13%), ≥40 years of age (55.16%), and had <20 years of experience (69.95%). Gender discrimination was more frequent among women than among men (66.67% vs. 1.02%), as did discouragement from becoming a spine surgeon, orthopedic surgeon, or neurosurgeon (81.48% vs. 0.51%). Females reported higher rates of sexual harassment (44.44% vs. 7.65%) and more often felt disadvantaged because of gender (55.56% vs. 2.55%). Working harder than men to achieve the same prestige and lack of female mentorship were the most common obstacles reported by women (55.56%). Residency/fellowship influenced the decision to postpone/avoid having children for 66.67% of women but only 37.75% of men. Creation of a Women's Committee in AO Spine was supported by 74.07% of women and 38.78% of men. CONCLUSIONS Gender-based discrimination affects women more frequently than men in spine surgery. These experiences likely contribute to the low prevalence of female spine surgeons. Efforts to mitigate bias and support the professional development of women in neurosurgery, orthopedics and spine communities are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asdrubal Falavigna
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil.
| | - Miguel Bertelli Ramos
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Pedro Einsfeld Britz
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Matté Dagostini
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caroline Orlandin
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Luis Corso
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Samantha L Morello
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgical Sciences, 2015 Linden Dr.Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amy S Kapatkin
- University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Matthew Allen
- University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
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Chilet-Rosell E, Hernández-Aguado I. Solving gender gaps in health, what else is missing? Gac Sanit 2021; 36:45-47. [PMID: 34763942 PMCID: PMC8754416 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to gender inequities in health. However, while we have a good body of evidence on the impact of gender on the health and vulnerability of women and men, we have not yet been able to generate sufficient evidence on effective interventions that can transform this situation or can influence public health policy making. Only a limited number of educational interventions on gender-sensitivity, gender bias in clinical practice and policies to tackle gender inequalities in health have been formulated, implemented and evaluated. Even in the current pandemic situation caused by SARS-CoV2, we have seen the lack of gender mainstreaming reflected in the global response. This happens even when we have tools that facilitate the formulation and implementation of actions to reduce gender inequities in health. We consider that the current initiatives organized to carry out advocacy activities on gender inequity in health to be very positive. In the same line of these initiatives, we propose that while academic and institutional research on gender and health remains essential, we need to shift the focus towards action. In order to move forward, we need public health researchers questioning what public health practice need to do to address gender inequities and shake structural and social power inequities in order to increase the gender equity in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Chilet-Rosell
- Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alacant, Spain.
| | - Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado
- Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alacant, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Abstract
The United States (U.S.) has one of the highest cesarean rates in the world yet little research considers structural factors, like racism and sexism, associated with the higher than recommended cesarean rate. New research operationalizes and quantifies structural sexism across U.S. states, which allows for consideration of how social norms and values around women and their bodies relate to the overmedicalization of birth through cesarean sections. We obtained restricted natality data for 2018 from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. In 2018, among people 15-49 years, 987,187 births fit the criteria for low-risk of cesarean section. Structural sexism scores were derived from 6 elements covering economic, political, cultural, and physical arenas that were totaled and standardized to create an aggregate index for each state and DC (scores range from -1.06 to 1.4). Using multivariable logistic and multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models, we examined the associations between structural sexism and low-risk cesarean section for all fifty states and the District of Columbia, controlling for relevant confounders. We found that structural sexism in 2018 was highest in historically religious mountain states and the South. Nationally, the low-risk cesarean rate was 25.1%. Multilevel models show that people living in states with higher structural sexism scores were more likely to have a cesarean section (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07-1.39). Structural sexism is related to low-risk cesarean rates in U.S., providing evidence that social ideas and norms about women and their bodies are related to overmedicalization of birth. Health policymakers, providers and scholars should pay attention to structural drivers, including structural sexism, as a factor that affects overmedicalization of birth and subsequent health outcomes for pregnant people and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Nagle
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Goleen Samari
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Le TP, Iwamoto DK, Samee AA. Examining the association between sexism, self-objectification, empowerment, and alcohol-related problems: Pathways through drinking to cope. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106964. [PMID: 33940338 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While research suggests that sexism is associated with college women's hazardous alcohol use, few studies have investigated the psychological factors that underlie the association between sexism and alcohol-related problems. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effect of gender-relevant sociocultural factors, including sexism, self-objectification, and empowerment, on college women's alcohol-related problems through drinking to cope. 450 women attending a large public university completed a cross-sectional survey that assessed these gender-relevant sociocultural factors and alcohol-related outcomes. Controlling for Greek membership, perceived drinking norms, and alcohol use, sexism and empowerment were both directly associated with alcohol-related problems, while sexism, self-objectification, and empowerment were indirectly associated with alcohol-related problems through the mechanism of drinking to cope. The results of this study highlight the importance of taking into account gender-relevant risk factors for women's alcohol-related problems, as well as the role of psychological processes such as drinking to cope. Pathways for intervention on both individual and systemic levels are discussed.
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Wallace L, Barker CJ, Naik A, Koshy K. A commentary on 'Bullying and undermining behaviours in surgery: A qualitative study of surgical trainee experiences in the United Kingdom (UK) & Republic of Ireland (ROI)' [Int. J. Surg. 84 (2020) 219-225]. Int J Surg 2021; 90:105973. [PMID: 33989827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anish Naik
- Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK
| | - Kiron Koshy
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK.
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Agadullina E. When sexism is not a problem: The role of perceived intelligence in willingness to interact with someone who is sexist. J Soc Psychol 2021; 161:287-303. [PMID: 32959723 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1819187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two studies examined factors that would influence people's preferences for interaction with a perpetrator of sexism. In Study 1 (n = 348), participants preferred to interact (being friends or developing a relationship) with an intelligent person regardless of whether or not that person was sexist. Study 2 (n = 614) replicated this finding and confirmed that where a perpetrator had a high level of intelligence, people were more willing to interact with them, regardless of the perpetrator's sex and the perceived commission or non-commission of sexist behavior. Moreover, Study 2 provides evidence that participants' hostile sexism beliefs are a significant covariate of a willingness to interact with unintelligent women. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the understanding of person perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Agadullina
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics
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Cabral M, Paixão M, Leite A. [Gender Distribution in Medical Leadership Roles in Portugal: The Example of Candidacy to Bodies of the Portuguese Medical Association 2017-2019]. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2021; 34:342-346. [PMID: 33296621 DOI: 10.20344/amp.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender equality is one of the sustainable development goals. Low participation of women in leadership roles is an example of gender inequality. In Portugal, there are few studies regarding gender inequality in medical leadership roles. Therefore, we aimed to analyse gender distribution of candidates to regional bodies of the Portuguese Medical Association. MATERIAL AND METHODS We extracted data from the candidates to the regional bodies of the Portuguese Medical Association (2017 - 2019 mandate) from the Association's magazine (issue number 175). We calculated the percentage of women candidates, overall and stratified by list, region and roles. We obtained observed-vs-expected ratios overall and by region, and respective 95% confidence intervals, assuming a Poisson distribution. Finally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis, excluding substitute candidates. RESULTS Women accounted for 37% of the candidates (regional variation: 29% - 51%). The national observed-vs-expected ratio was 0.74 (95% confidence interval: 0.58; 0.92), mainly driven by the ratio from the South Region: 0.58 (95% confidence interval: 0.41; 0.80). Women ran mainly for alternate candidates and secretary positions (56% and 54% respectively). DISCUSSION Gender differences were identified, particularly in the South, regarding the frequency and type of candidacy. Previous works have identified maternity, the social role of women and perceptions regarding the leadership roles as possible reasons to explain such differences. Our analysis is limited to specific leadership roles and an election moment; further studies should be pursued. CONCLUSION We identified a lower than expected participation of women in the elections for the Portuguese Medical Association. When they run, women are found mainly in less relevant positions or with less potential to be elected (secretary or alternate candidate). A deeper understanding and measures to fight gender inequality in leadership roles are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cabral
- Unidade de Saúde Pública António Luz. Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde da Amadora. Damaia; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Health Policy, Governance and Leadership in Europe. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Rome. Italy
| | - Margarida Paixão
- Unidade de Saúde Pública António Luz. Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde da Amadora. Damaia. Portugal
| | - Andreia Leite
- Unidade de Saúde Pública António Luz. Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde da Amadora. Damaia. Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal
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Lim H, Jung E, Jodoin K, Du X, Airton L, Lee EY. Operationalization of intersectionality in physical activity and sport research: A systematic scoping review. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100808. [PMID: 34136631 PMCID: PMC8182115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in and opportunities for physical activity (PA) and sports (PA inclusively hereafter) are known to vary across individuals with different social positions. Intersectionality theory may help us to better understand the complex processes of multiple interlocking systems of oppression and privilege shaped by intersections of individuals’ social categories. The objectives of this systematic scoping review were (1) to summarize the findings of articles examining PA claimed operationalization of intersectionality and (2) to identify the scope and gaps pertaining to the operationalization of intersectionality in PA research. A search was conducted in September 2019 in seven electronic databases (e.g., SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science) for relevant research articles written in English. Key search terms included “intersectionality” AND “physical activity” OR “sport”. Database searches, data screening and extraction, and narrative synthesis were conducted between September 2019 and May 2020. Of 16564 articles identified, 45 articles were included in this review. The majority of included articles used qualitative methods (n = 41), with two quantitative and two mixed-methods articles. The most frequently observed intersectional social position was sex/gender + race/ethnicity (n = 11), followed by sex/gender + race/ethnicity + sexuality (n = 6) and sex/gender + race/ethnicity + religion (n = 6). Most qualitative studies (n = 38) explicitly claimed operationalization of intersectionality as a key theoretical framework, and over half of these studies (n = 27) implicitly used intra-categorical intersectionality. Two quantitative studies were identified which examined a number of intersections simultaneously using inter-categorical intersectionality. Complex processes of individual and social-structural level factors that drive inequalities in PA opportunities and participation could be better elucidated with the operationalization of intersectionality theory. Intersectionality theory may serve as a useful framework in both qualitative and quantitative investigations. Advancement in quantitative intersectionality is critical in order to produce knowledge that could inform more inclusive PA promotion efforts. Intra-categorical intersectionality is commonly used in most qualitative investigations. Inter-categorical intersectionality is used in quantitative research. Utilizing multiplicative statistical models may advance quantitative intersectionality. Investigating varying axes of marginalization beyond sex/gender + race/ethnicity is important. Intersectionality is useful in better understanding disparities in physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Lim
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, SKHS Building 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eun Jung
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, SKHS Building 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kaila Jodoin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, SKHS Building 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - XiaoWei Du
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, SKHS Building 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lee Airton
- Faculty of Education, Duncan MacArthur Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7M 5R7, Canada.,Department of Gender Studies, D508 Mackintosh-Corry Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, SKHS Building 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,Department of Gender Studies, D508 Mackintosh-Corry Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Gomes A, Gonçalves G, Sousa C, Santos J, Giger JC. Are We Getting Less Sexist? A Ten-Year Gap Comparison Analysis of Sexism in a Portuguese Sample. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:2160-2177. [PMID: 33878957 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211011073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Widely and slowly, discrimination against women based upon gender has become socially unacceptable. However, less is known about how sexist beliefs have progressed in the last years and if we are responding to this social antagonizing of a sexist discourse. Our goal was to verify the existence of differences in ambivalent sexism and neosexism over a ten-year gap in a Portuguese adult sample and to assess possible modifications in the relationship between the variables. A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted using two independent groups, with measures taken in 2009 and then in 2019. Both groups were invariant in terms of average age and proportion of sexes. Our results show a decrease in hostile and benevolent forms of sexism, while neosexism remains constant. The relationships between variables suggest that sexist beliefs are changing to accommodate subtler and modernized forms of sexism, like neosexism, that deny the existence of discrimination against women, resent discrimination complaints, and maintain a paternalistic view of women. Neosexism also seems to have a stronger correlation with hostile sexism than with benevolent forms of sexism in the male subsample. This relationship is stronger for the 2019 sample. These relationships suggest that sexism is more deeply rooted than we would like to admit and adapts to social discourse. Despite our best efforts, it is yet to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cátia Sousa
- CIP, Centre for Research in Psychology (CIP/UAL), Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,CIP, Centre for Research in Psychology (CIP/UAL), Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Giger
- CIP, Centre for Research in Psychology (CIP/UAL), Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,CIP, Centre for Research in Psychology (CIP/UAL), Lisboa, Portugal; School of Management, Hospitality and Tourism, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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43
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Rubio-Laborda JF, Almansa-Martínez P, Pastor-Bravo MDM. [Sexist relationships in Generation X and Millennials]. Aten Primaria 2021; 53:101992. [PMID: 33735624 PMCID: PMC7985699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2021.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify sexist violence features on different technological generations (Millennials and Generation X). DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional study. SITE: Region of Murcia, Spain. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1269 users of social networks belonging to the Millennials generation (19-38 years) and Generation X (39-54 years) who are in a romantic relationship. MAIN MEASUREMENTS The instrument "Questionnaire about new technologies to transmit gender violence", analyzes the use of social networks, suffered and exercised violence on couples. The study variables have been the generational group, age, sex, alcohol and drug consumption, the level of formal education, origin and residence country and sexual orientation. RESULTS Millennials show a statistically significant association with the items on risk patterns in networks related to phising, sexting, flaming, false offers, cyberstalking, and webcam hijacking (p<0.05), while regarding violence suffered only has been observed association in items related to flaming (OR: 0.405) (95% CI: 0.226-0.726) and sexual coercion (OR: 0.420) (95% CI: 0.200-0.882). Drugs increase risky activities, as well as violence suffered and practiced (p<0.05). The women sample reports more pressure in sexual activities (OR: 2587) (95% CI: 1702-3931) and fears from their partners (OR: 2598) (95% CI: 1749-3857). CONCLUSIONS The study shows higher risk patterns, as well as violence suffered and practiced in the Millennial group compared to Generation X. Also, it shows an increase generated by alcohol and drugs in the violence suffered and practiced by the study subjects. On the other hand, there are differences between the behaviors and violence suffered and practiced according to the different sexes, where the violence suffered by women is related to fear and activities of a sexual nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Almansa-Martínez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España; IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, España
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Abstract
The core of systemic racism and sexism is not merely an emphasis about human differences and thinking that another group of people is inferior to one's own. Rather, the institutional nature of racism or sexism establishes a permanent group hierarchy that is believed to reflect the laws of nature or the decrees of God. It thus becomes the norm of a culture to think and behave according to these rules. Notions of hierarchy became solidified into the Great Chain of Being during the Middle Ages, as did views concerning hereditary racial and gender superiority. During the Enlightenment, such classifications became established by philosophy and science. Starting in the 1800s, embryology and anthropology were used to provide evidence for the unilinear progression of species and races. The first evolutionary schemes were not "branching trees." In these schemes, women and non-white races were seen as embryonic or juvenile forms of the adult white male, and they were often depicted as intermediaries between the fully human and the animals. Such linear schemes of evolution remain part of popular culture and even some science, promoting the racism and sexism associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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Roy S, Ayalon L. Age and Gender Stereotypes Reflected in Google's "Autocomplete" Function: The Portrayal and Possible Spread of Societal Stereotypes. Gerontologist 2020; 60:1020-1028. [PMID: 31812990 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnz172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Google's autocomplete function provides "predictors" to enable quick completion of intended search terms. The predictors reflect the search trends of a population; they capture societal beliefs and perceptions about a variety of subjects. This study explores the predictors provided by Google United States when searching for information about older men and women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Google search engine of the United States was used to record predictors in response to 720 search terms. Inductive content analysis method was used to categorize and interpret the results. RESULTS There was prevalence of age and gender stereotypes in the predictors offered by Google. Queries about older men were primarily associated with romance and sexuality whereas those for older women centered on changes in the body as well as sexual and reproductive health. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The appearance of such predictors in response to a potential search query may lead to the spread of harmful stereotypes about older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liat Ayalon
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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46
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Monge-Rojas R, Reyes Fernández B, Smith-Castro V. Gender-based food intake stereotype scale (GBFISS) for adolescents: development and psychometric evaluation. Health Psychol Behav Med 2020; 8:292-313. [PMID: 34040873 PMCID: PMC8130710 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1797507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. The study aimed to develop and test the validity and reliability of a gender-based food intake stereotype scale (GBFISS) to further the understanding of gender stereotype influences on food intake. Design. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted among adolescents. In the first one (n = 611), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on subsamples to identify and cross-validate the scale's structure. Evidence of concurrent validity (correlation with sexism) was also examined. In the second study (n = 813), confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the scale's dimensionality on a different sample. Further evidence of construct validity (correlations with food intake and social desirability) was examined. Invariance was tested for different features as well. Main outcome. The Gender-Based Food Intake Stereotype Scale. Results. Factor analyses on the first and second studies helped identify and confirm the GBFISS as a three-dimensional scale. The studies also provided evidence of construct validity. Support for invariance by gender and age was found, and reliability was acceptable. Conclusion. The evidence suggests that the GBFISS is valid and reliable. Further research is recommended. The contribution of gender stereotypes, as measured by the GBFISS, to well-established health behavior models should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Monge-Rojas
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Costa Rican Institute for Research and Education on Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA), La Union
| | | | - Vanessa Smith-Castro
- Psychological Research Institute, Universidad de Costa Rica. City of Research, Montes de Oca
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47
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Martin JF, Hewett L, Gordon LL, Lewis MC, Cluver A, Collins H. Do Gender Disparities Among Major Radiological Society Award Recipients Exist? Acad Radiol 2020; 27:987-995. [PMID: 31780394 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To investigate gender representation among recipients of physician awards presented by major radiological societies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed records of distinguished awards recipients given by four major radiological societies from 2000 to 2018. Included awards were those intended for attending physician recipients primarily involved in clinical and educational work which recognized accomplishments over the course of a career. Awards were assigned into one of two categories: awards focused on education or awards focused on leadership or overall contributions. Primary outcome measure was total numbers and proportions of award recipients by gender. RESULTS During the entire study period, the proportion of female academic radiologists increased from 23.6% in 2000 to 29.6% in 2018 (25.4%). Of the 164 awards recognizing leadership or overall contributions, 35 were awarded to females (21.3%) and 129 to males (78.7%). Of the 29 awards recognizing excellence in teaching, 13 were awarded to females (44.8%) and 16 to males (55.2%). Men were significantly more likely than women to receive leadership awards over the entire study period (p < .001). CONCLUSION Females are underrepresented among recipients of prestigious leadership awards. In contrast, females are overrepresented among recipients of major teaching awards suggesting a general perception among members of major radiological societies that females are superior teachers and inferior leaders. This finding underscores the importance of continued improvement in female representation in radiology in order to foster a high quality teaching environment as well as continued attention to the fact that females are underrepresented in leadership roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Martin
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 210 CSB, MSC 323, Charleston, SC 29425.
| | - Lara Hewett
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 210 CSB, MSC 323, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Leonie L Gordon
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 210 CSB, MSC 323, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Madelene C Lewis
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 210 CSB, MSC 323, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Abbie Cluver
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 210 CSB, MSC 323, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Heather Collins
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 210 CSB, MSC 323, Charleston, SC 29425
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Kang J, Kim S, Roh S. [A Topic Modeling Analysis for Online News Article Comments on Nurses' Workplace Bullying]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2020; 49:736-747. [PMID: 31932568 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore public opinion on workplace bullying in the nursing field, by analyzing the keywords and topics of online news comments. METHODS This was a text-mining study that collected, processed, and analyzed text data. A total of 89,951 comments on 650 online news articles, reported between January 1, 2013 and July 31, 2018, were collected via web crawling. The collected unstructured text data were preprocessed and keyword analysis and topic modeling were performed using R programming. RESULTS The 10 most important keywords were "work" (37121.7), "hospital" (25286.0), "patients" (24600.8), "woman" (24015.6), "physician" (20840.6), "trouble" (18539.4), "time" (17896.3), "money" (16379.9), "new nurses" (14056.8), and "salary" (13084.1). The 22,572 preprocessed key words were categorized into four topics: "poor working environment", "culture among women", "unfair oppression", and "society-level solutions". CONCLUSION Public interest in workplace bullying among nurses has continued to increase. The public agreed that negative work environment and nursing shortage could cause workplace bullying. They also considered nurse bullying as a problem that should be resolved at a societal level. It is necessary to conduct further research through gender discrimination perspectives on nurse workplace bullying and the social value of nursing work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kang
- College of Nursing, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Soogyeong Kim
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea.
| | - Seungkook Roh
- Nuclear Policy Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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49
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Morais R, Bernardes SF, Verdonk P. Gender awareness in medicine: adaptation and validation of the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale to the Portuguese population (N-GAMS). Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2020; 25:457-477. [PMID: 31654284 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-019-09936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Health care professionals' gender awareness has been presented as a mechanism to minimize gender biases in health. The present paper aimed to adapt and validate the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale (N-GAMS, Verdonk et al. in Sex Roles 58:222-234, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9326-x) to the Portuguese population, also addressing some limitations of its original study, namely by: (1) testing the scale's three-fold underlying structure and (2) extending the study of its criteria-related validity, by analyzing sex-related differences in medical students' gender awareness and the associations between gender awareness and empathy and sexism. One thousand and forty-eight medical students (Mage = 22.90; 67.1% women) filled out the Portuguese version of the N-GAMS (N-GAMS.pt) along with measures of Physician Empathy and Sexism. A Parallel Analysis and an Exploratory Factor Analysis suggested the presence of three factors. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a good fit of the hypothesized three-factor structure: (1) gender sensitivity (n = 6 items; α = .713), (2) gender-role ideologies towards patients (n = 7 items; α = .858) and (3) gender-role ideologies towards doctors (n = 5 items; α = .837), with a positive association between the latter two (r = .570; p < .001). The N-GAMS.pt also showed good criteria-related validity. Namely, as hypothesized: (1) more empathic students reported more gender sensitivity and lower endorsement of gender-role ideologies; (2) higher hostile and benevolent sexism were associated to higher endorsement of gender-role ideologies; and (3) higher hostile sexism was associated to lower gender sensitivity. Implications of the N-GAMS for research and interventional purposes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Morais
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sónia F Bernardes
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Petra Verdonk
- Amsterdam UMC, Department Medical Humanities, APH Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Jendretzky K, Boll L, Steffens S, Paulmann V. Medical students' experiences with sexual discrimination and perceptions of equal opportunity: a pilot study in Germany. BMC Med Educ 2020; 20:56. [PMID: 32087726 PMCID: PMC7036258 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-1952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data is available on sexual discrimination and subjective perceptions of equal opportunity in medical education for many countries. Surveys focussing on sexual harassment have not yet been conducted at German medical schools. METHODS A student initiative surveyed all medical students at the Hannover Medical School (MHH) using an anonymous online questionnaire on equal opportunity and sexual discrimination to identify potential problems in education. RESULTS A total of 343 students (15%) participated in the survey. Over 50% reported having either witnessed sexual harassment or experienced it themselves. Female students indicated having experienced sexual harassment three times more often than their male peers; verbal forms of sexual discrimination predominate. These observations and experiences of sexual harassment demonstrated significant influences on many perceptions regarding equal opportunity and equal treatment in the MHH undergraduate medical education at MHH. CONCLUSION This blind spot in medical education in the German-speaking countries should be scrutinized more closely. The experience of sexism in the context of undergraduate medical education, which has negative effects on students, should no longer be ignored in empirical education research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Boll
- Institute for Sociology – Work Group Methods of Empirical Research, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Dean’s Office – Curriculum Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Paulmann
- Dean’s Office – Evaluation Office, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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