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Menard JV, Schroeder MM, Buote NJ, Tinga S, Krotscheck U, Morello SL, Lopez DJ. Evaluating gender discrepancies in the time to successful match into a small animal surgery residency program. Vet Surg 2023; 52:942-951. [PMID: 37395293 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine any association between gender and likelihood of first attempt match and overall time to match into an American College of Veterinary Surgery (ACVS)-registered small animal surgical residency program (SASRP). STUDY DESIGN Online survey. SAMPLE POPULATION A total of 100 (77 female, 23 male) ACVS small animal surgery residents or diplomates participating in a SASRP during the past 5 years. METHODS An online survey was sent to eligible individuals. Respondents anonymously provided information related to demographics, postgraduate internships, and qualifications at the time of each surgical residency application. First attempt and overall match success were evaluated by gender through univariable analysis and then via a multivariable model. RESULTS Men were 2.89 times more likely to match directly into a SASRP following a rotating internship than women (p = .041), and women completed more total internships than men prior to successful match into a SASRP (p = .030); however, men were found to have more publications at the time of first residency application (p < .001) or successful match (p = .018). Multivariable analysis revealed no association between gender on overall match success or first attempt match rate when considering all other qualifications. CONCLUSION No evidence for gender bias was found during the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program (VIRMP) SASRP applicant selection process; however, gender specific patterns in research qualifications were identified. IMPACT Gender-blinded assessment is not considered necessary for the VIRMP small animal surgical resident selection process. Efforts should be made to educate applicants about the impact of research on the residency selection process and encourage research engagement of female students and graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna V Menard
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mikayla M Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nicole J Buote
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Selena Tinga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ursula Krotscheck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Samantha L Morello
- Center for Veterinary Business and Entrepreneurship, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Lopez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Morello SL, Nelson L, Fubini SL. Gender differences in research collaborations and academic advancement among veterinary medical college faculty. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1-9. [PMID: 37015327 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.02.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine patterns of collaborative research behavior by gender among veterinary academic faculty to determine whether differences exist in how men and women access resources as a contributing factor to the advancement gap. SAMPLE 710 faculty from 23 veterinary medical colleges. PROCEDURES An online questionnaire was sent through listservs at participating institutions and data were collected anonymously. Responses related to professional demographics, resources, collaboration, and elements of environmental culture were analyzed to identify associations among variables. Proportional odds logistic regression was utilized to examine the effect of gender on academic rank. RESULTS Male and female faculty reported participating in collaborations at equal rates. Men were more likely to engage in research collaborations with other men. These collaborations were more common than collaborations between women or between women and men. Men had 47% higher odds of more advanced academic rank compared with women and controlling for relevant factors. While there was no difference in the value of startup packages listed by men and women, women were more likely to report gender as a disadvantage in accessing resources and opportunities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Research productivity is a main factor driving academic promotion. To improve gender equity in career advancement and to support scholarship among all faculty, the creation of institutional development programs focused on facilitating collaborations and resource sharing may be a strategic area for veterinary academic leaders to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Business and Entrepreneurship, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY
| | - Laura Nelson
- 2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Susan L Fubini
- 3Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Morello SL, Maxwell EA, Ness K, Minsel T, Shiu KB. Client perceptions improve with collaborative care when managing dogs with cancer: a Collaborative Care Coalition study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1037-1044. [PMID: 37040896 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.01.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collaboration between primary care veterinarians (pcVets) and veterinary oncologists is common for dogs diagnosed with cancer, but no data exist that explore dog owner utilization and perceptions of collaborative care. The objectives were to describe dog owner perceptions of the value of collaborative veterinary cancer care and identify drivers of a positive collaborative care experience between the pcVet and oncologic specialists. SAMPLE 890 US dog owners who had pets diagnosed with cancer in the past 3 years. PROCEDURES Online contextual survey. Data were analyzed using group comparisons and multiple regression analysis. Significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS 76% of clients sought specialty care following cancer diagnosis in their dog. Seventy percent of owners across all income brackets indicated that referral to a specialist was a very good value based on money spent and outcomes. Delayed referral resulted in lower client satisfaction scores for pcVets. Top predictors of client satisfaction with pcVets were as follows: responsiveness to questions, staying involved with their dog's care, and willingness to work with other veterinarians and specialists. For specialists, top predictors were as follows: providing accurate cost estimates, cancer knowledge, and effectiveness of care. Client perceptions of pcVets were 6 times more likely to improve following referral to a specialist. All were significant predictors of owner advocacy (P < .0001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dog owners perceived early collaboration between pcVets and specialists favorably, fostering client satisfaction and positive perceptions of the value for service provided for dogs diagnosed with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- 1Center for Veterinary Business and Entrepreneurship, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | | | - Tom Minsel
- 3Trone Research and Consulting LLC, High Point, NC
| | - Kai-Biu Shiu
- 3Trone Research and Consulting LLC, High Point, NC
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Morello SL. Resident and intern salaries: can tracking our progress help us understand our future? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:758-765. [PMID: 36701224 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.11.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Salaries apportioned to veterinary interns and residents have been historically low. The impact of this financial strain on the lives and career choices of young veterinarians has recently been evaluated. Subsequent effects of low remuneration are not limited to simple personal finances; rather, the implications may be more far-reaching, including playing a role in mental and physical wellness, affecting diversity in various segments of the profession, influencing career paths, creating barriers to educational and professional opportunities, and shaping decisions regarding family. We evaluated progress made in salaries offered for positions listed in the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program between the previous analysis in 2021 and at present for the 2023 match. In addition to considering financial improvements, we discuss potential drivers contributing to change, including recent documentation of living wage requirements relative to salaries, labor market forces, and the increasingly competitive salaries offered through other career paths. We also consider implications for increasing intern and resident compensation; besides well-being, diversity, career path, and family factors, we discuss the potential relationship of postgraduate educational programs to hospital revenues and implications for how educational program structure may be affected. While compensation is far from the only element that drives career selection or satisfaction, understanding the effects of a fiscal overhaul to this educational experience can play a critical role in solving components of the workforce issues in our profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- Center for Veterinary Business and Entrepreneurship, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Morello SL, Rogus-Pulia N, Branchaw JL, Brauer M, Schwakopf JM, Carnes M. The Influence of Messaging on Perceptions of Careers in Veterinary Medicine: Do Gender Stereotypes Matter? J Vet Med Educ 2022; 49:382-392. [PMID: 34102091 PMCID: PMC8651859 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The veterinary medical workforce is increasingly female; occupational feminization often transfers stereotypes associated with the predominant gender onto the profession. It is unknown whether within veterinary medicine a feminized public image is a possible contributor to the reduction in male applicants to training programs. The influence of stereotypically gendered messaging on how male and female undergraduate students perceive veterinary medicine was investigated in 482 undergraduate students enrolled in five introductory or second-level biology courses. Two short videos introducing the field of veterinary medicine were developed with imagery and language selected to emphasize either stereotypic feminine (communal) or masculine (agentic) aspects of the field. Participant groups were randomly assigned one of the two videos (feminine/communal or masculine/agentic) or no video (no exposure). An outcome survey elicited impressions of the field of veterinary medicine and gathered demographic data. There was a significant linear trend of condition on perception of the profession as feminine or masculine and on perception of the activities of a veterinarian as feminine/communal or masculine/agentic. Female participants were significantly more likely to agree that someone of their gender would be valued in the profession. Male participants reported significantly higher self-efficacy scores for performing the tasks of a veterinarian when they viewed the feminine stereotype video. These results demonstrate that gendered perceptions of the field can be manipulated. Intentional gendered messaging should be further explored as one strategy to broaden the talent pool in the workforce by attracting men back to the field.
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Falavigna A, Ramos MB, de Farias FAC, Britz JPE, Dagostini CM, Orlandin BC, Corso LL, Morello SL, Kapatkin AS, Topalovic T, Allen M. Perception of gender discrimination among spine surgeons across Latin America: a web-based survey. Spine J 2022; 22:49-57. [PMID: 33852964 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Female physicians rarely choose spine surgery as their specialty. Although the specialty's nature and its associated lifestyle are potential barriers, gender-related issues may play an important part. PURPOSE To evaluate the gender discrimination among spine surgeons across Latin America. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. PATIENT SAMPLE The participants in this study were 223 AO Spine Latin America (AOSLA) registered members who answered the web-based survey. OUTCOME MEASURES Personal and professional demographics; gender-related objective and subjective experiences regarding career and personal life. METHODS A survey link containing a 24-item questionnaire was sent to the members' e-mails in September 2019. The survey was designed to evaluate the perception of gender discrimination by spine surgeons during their academic and professional lives. RESULTS Out of 223 members who answered the survey, 196 (87.96%) were male and 27 (12.11%) female. Most were orthopedic surgeons (64.13%), ≥40 years of age (55.16%), and had <20 years of experience (69.95%). Gender discrimination was more frequent among women than among men (66.67% vs. 1.02%), as did discouragement from becoming a spine surgeon, orthopedic surgeon, or neurosurgeon (81.48% vs. 0.51%). Females reported higher rates of sexual harassment (44.44% vs. 7.65%) and more often felt disadvantaged because of gender (55.56% vs. 2.55%). Working harder than men to achieve the same prestige and lack of female mentorship were the most common obstacles reported by women (55.56%). Residency/fellowship influenced the decision to postpone/avoid having children for 66.67% of women but only 37.75% of men. Creation of a Women's Committee in AO Spine was supported by 74.07% of women and 38.78% of men. CONCLUSIONS Gender-based discrimination affects women more frequently than men in spine surgery. These experiences likely contribute to the low prevalence of female spine surgeons. Efforts to mitigate bias and support the professional development of women in neurosurgery, orthopedics and spine communities are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asdrubal Falavigna
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil.
| | - Miguel Bertelli Ramos
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Pedro Einsfeld Britz
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Matté Dagostini
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caroline Orlandin
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Luis Corso
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua General Arcy da Rocha Nóbrega, 401/602, CEP: 95040-290, RS, Brazil
| | - Samantha L Morello
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgical Sciences, 2015 Linden Dr.Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amy S Kapatkin
- University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Matthew Allen
- University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
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Morello SL, Shiu KB, Thurston J. Comparison of resident and intern salaries with the current living wage as a quantitative estimate of financial strain among postgraduate veterinary trainees. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:124-132. [PMID: 34780353 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21-07-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare resident and intern salaries with current regional living wages as a quantitative estimate of financial strain. SAMPLE 152 residency programs and 141 internship programs listed with the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program for the 2021-2022 training year. PROCEDURES Data were collected for program annual salary and location. Regional living wage for each location was determined with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Living Wage Calculator, and annual salary was compared with living wage to estimate income surplus before and after taxes. Results for programs in academia and private practice were compared. Spearman correlation was used to determine whether program annual salary was significantly associated with regional living wage. RESULTS Mean ± SD income surplus before taxes was $7,786 ± 9,426 for clinical residency programs, $16,672 ± 5,105 for laboratory animal programs, and $5,829 ± 8,119 for internships. Academic residencies and internships offered salaries significantly lower than those offered in private practice, and income surpluses before and after taxes were significantly lower for academic programs than for private practice programs. There were weak and moderate, respectively, correlations between program annual salary and regional living wage for residency (r = 0.369) and internship (r = 0.570) programs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Postgraduate training prolongs financial instability, and annual salaries generally do not meet the minimum income standard of a living wage. Financial stress has implications for mental health and diversity, and these findings invite deeper consideration of current remuneration practices for veterinary residents and interns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kai-Biu Shiu
- VCA Veterinary Emergency Service and Veterinary Specialty Center, Middleton, WI
| | - Joseph Thurston
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Ferreira TH, Allen M, De Gasperi D, Buhr KA, Morello SL. Impact of endotracheal tube size and cuff pressure on tracheal and laryngeal mucosa of adult horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:891-899. [PMID: 34600808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of two sizes of silicone endotracheal tubes with internal diameter 26 mm (ETT26) and 30 mm (ETT30) inflated to minimum occlusive volume on tracheal and laryngeal mucosa of adult horses anesthetized for 2 hours with isoflurane. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover experimental study. ANIMALS A total of eight healthy adult mares. METHODS Upper airway endoscopy and ultrasound measurements of internal tracheal diameter were performed the day before anesthesia. Horses were anesthetized and orotracheally intubated with ETT26 or ETT30. Ease of intubation was scored. The cuff was inflated in 10 mL increments to produce a seal. Final volume of air used and intracuff (IC) pressure (measured by pressure transducer) were recorded. At the end of anesthesia, a manometer was used to measure IC pressure and these measurements compared against measurements from the pressure transducer. Laryngeal and tracheal mucosa were assessed via endoscopy and assigned a score 0-3 before anesthesia, and at 2 and 24 hours following extubation. RESULTS Data are from seven horses because one horse with laryngeal hemiplegia was excluded. Mean tracheal ultrasound measurement was 3.5 ± 0.4 cm. No significant differences were noted between endotracheal tube sizes for intubation score, IC pressures, inflation volumes or tracheal or laryngeal injury scores at any time point. IC pressure measured by manometer was slightly higher than that by transducer (+1.0 ± 2.8 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results identified no clear advantage of one endotracheal tube size over the other in the population of horses studied, when endotracheal intubation is properly applied and IC pressure is carefully monitored. However, given that ETT26 was associated with the highest observed IC pressures and the only observed incidents of tracheal circumferential erythema, the larger ETT30 may be the better choice in most cases where tracheal size is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana H Ferreira
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Molly Allen
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Diego De Gasperi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin A Buhr
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, WARF Office Building, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samantha L Morello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA
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Morello SL, Genovese J, Pankowski A, Sweet EA, Hetzel SJ. Occupational segregation by gender in veterinary specialties: Who we are choosing, or who is choosing us. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1191-1200. [PMID: 34223642 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gender demographics vary across specialties including surgery, internal medicine, cardiology, neurology, and oncology. Our objective was to determine whether residency selection or the decision to apply for training drives these differences. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION Matched and unmatched residents lists from Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program (VIRMP) from 2011 to 2020. Comparative Data Reports from the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges from 2010 to 2019. METHODS Names for matched and unmatched residents with addresses in the United States or Canada were coded for gender for seven programs: large and small animal surgery, large and small animal medicine, cardiology, neurology, and oncology. Match rate by gender was compared using chi-square tests. Gender demographics of applicants were compared to demographics of graduates using tests of two proportions. RESULTS No differences were observed between genders for the likelihood of successfully matching into each residency program evaluated except in large animal internal medicine. Women (44.2%) were slightly more likely to match, overall, than men (39.0%, p = .003). The proportions of women applying for residencies overall (70.7%), in large and small animal surgery (66.1%, 62.2%), cardiology (70.2%), and neurology (70.7%) were lower than the proportion of female graduates (79%; p's < .001). CONCLUSION No evidence for gender bias was detected in the VIRMP resident selection process. Female veterinary graduates seemed less likely to apply for residencies than their male counterparts. IMPACT Occupational segregation seems to stem from the decision to apply for residency. Interventions aimed at altering gender demographics in specialized medicine should target potential applicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jordan Genovese
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne Pankowski
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emma A Sweet
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott J Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Morello SL, Colopy SA, Chun R, Buhr KA. Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 2-The intersection of personal life and professional career. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1837-1844. [PMID: 32813306 PMCID: PMC7517501 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the field of veterinary surgery, women neither marry nor have children at the same rate as men, and those who do may experience more career disruption as a result. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) is 1 of the few areas of specialized medicine that is predominantly female; it is unknown if such a demographic shift would produce a different environment for individuals cultivating their personal life. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To report data regarding subjective and objective aspects of the intersection of the personal and professional lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM. SAMPLE Eight hundred ninety-six surveys (781 completed) of ACVIM Diplomates, including cardiology, large and small animal internal medicine, neurology, and oncology. METHODS An 82-item online survey was distributed to ACVIM Diplomates via Diplomate college listservs. Participation was voluntary. RESULTS Men were more likely to be married and have children than were women. Women had or adopted their first child at a later career stage compared with men, and agreed more strongly that career stage was an influential factor in family planning. Those with children worked fewer hours compared with those without, and this effect was greater among women. Women were more likely to require external childcare, but most men and women shared childcare responsibilities equally outside of working hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The intersection of personal and professional life differs between men and women in the ACVIM, which may create different needs, preferences, or barriers to work-life balance in the workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara A Colopy
- Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ruthanne Chun
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin A Buhr
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Morello SL, Colopy SA, Chun R, Buhr KA. Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 1-Specialty demographics and measures of professional achievement. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1825-1836. [PMID: 33405272 PMCID: PMC7517495 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barriers to achieving work-life balance, as well as gender-based differences, exist in the male-dominated surgical specialty in veterinary medicine. Similar information does not exist for the more feminized American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To provide data on the professional and personal lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM so as to help define the state of the specialty, including gender-related differences, and identify areas requiring intervention to improve work-life balance. SAMPLE A total of 896 surveys (781 completed) of Diplomates of the ACVIM, including cardiology, large animal internal medicine, neurology, oncology, and small animal internal medicine. METHODS An 82-item online survey was distributed in February 2017 to ACVIM Diplomates via their respective ACVIM listserv. Participation was voluntary. RESULTS Thirty percent of the total ACVIM registered membership responded and 26% completed surveys; 25% were men and 75% were women. Specialists in academia worked significantly more hours, with larger numbers of diplomates per specialty section, and made less money compared with those in private practice. Women were less likely to report full-time employment, practice ownership, or higher academic rank, and reported 20% lower income overall (after adjustment for relevant factors) as compared with men. Men and women differed in their subjective assessment of the effect of gender in the workplace. Eighty-three percent of respondents were somewhat satisfied or better with their career. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. However, despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender-related imbalances are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- Department of Surgical Sciences at University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara A Colopy
- Department of Surgical Sciences at University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ruthanne Chun
- Department of Medical Sciences at University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin A Buhr
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Morello SL, Colopy SA, Bruckner K, Buhr KA. Demographics, measures of professional achievement, and gender differences for diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons in 2015. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:1270-1282. [PMID: 31730429 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.11.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize elements of employment, professional success, and personal life for American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) diplomates and identify elements of practice that may serve as barriers to work-life balance or affect men and women differently. SAMPLE 836 ACVS diplomates. PROCEDURES An 81-item questionnaire was sent to 1,450 ACVS diplomates in 2015 via email and conducted by means of an online platform. Responses were analyzed to identify associations among selected variables. RESULTS The survey response rate was 58% (836/1,450). The median age category among respondents was 41 to 45 years. The ratio of male to female diplomates was equivalent among those < 40 years old. Respondents in small animal private practice worked the fewest number of hours; those in equine or large animal private practice worked the most and had the most on-call responsibility. Women were more likely than men to be employed in academia. In both private practice and academia, respondents in small animal practice earned more than did those in equine or large animal practice, and women earned less than did men, even after adjustment for relevant covariates. Women were less likely than men to be practice owners or to hold a prestigious academic title and rank. Perceptions about the effect of gender in the workplace differed between men and women. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that the veterinary surgical profession is demanding for both genders, although increased flexibility in certain areas may improve work-life balance.
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Giuffrida MA, Steffey MA, Balsa IM, Morello SL, Kapatkin AS. Gender differences in academic rank among faculty surgeons at US veterinary schools in 2019. Vet Surg 2020; 49:852-859. [PMID: 32372516 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe academic rank, gender, surgical career length, and publication record of academic veterinary surgeons and to estimate the association between gender and higher academic rank. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE Residency-trained surgeons at US veterinary schools in 2019. METHODS Surgeons were identified via institutional websites. Data including surgeon gender, academic title, and year of board certification were collected from public resources. Publication record was measured by using author h-indices obtained from Scopus. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS Three hundred eighteen surgeons were identified from 30 institutions, including 162 (51%) women and 156 (49%) men. Women represented 66% of instructors and assistant professors, and men represented 60% of associate and full professors. This distribution differed significantly (P < .001). Author h-index was associated with career length but not gender. Men were 2.5 times more likely than women to be associate or full professors (odds ratio 2.52, 95% CI 1.03-6.14, P = .042) after adjustment for career length and h-index. CONCLUSION Female surgery faculty at US veterinary schools in 2019 were concentrated in lower academic ranks and were less likely than male surgery faculty to be associate or full professors after adjustment for career length and publication record. IMPACT A gender gap exists in academic veterinary surgery in the United States. It is critical to recognize that women's increasing participation in veterinary medicine has not been matched by equal representation in all areas. Additional efforts are warranted to identify contributing factors and implement strategies to improve gender inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Giuffrida
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michele A Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ingrid M Balsa
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Samantha L Morello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amy S Kapatkin
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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Colopy SA, Buhr KA, Bruckner K, Morello SL. The intersection of personal and professional lives for male and female diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons in 2015. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 255:1283-1290. [PMID: 31730430 PMCID: PMC8077237 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.11.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize objective and subjective elements of the personal lives of American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) diplomates and identify elements of personal life associated with professional life or career success. SAMPLE 836 ACVS diplomates. PROCEDURES An 81-item questionnaire was sent to 1,450 diplomates in 2015 via email and conducted by means of an online platform. Responses were analyzed to summarize trends and identify associations among selected variables. RESULTS Men were more likely than women to be married or in a domestic partnership (88% vs 68%, respectively) and to have children (77% vs 47%). Among women but not men, respondents in large animal practice were less likely than were those in small animal practice to be represented in these categories. Women had children later in their career than did men and indicated that their stage of training played an important role in family planning. Respondents with children worked significantly fewer hours than did those without children, with a greater reduction in hours for women versus men (6.0 vs 3.1 hours, respectively). Women were more likely to require external childcare services than were men. Women were more likely to report that having children had negatively impacted their professional lives. No negative associations between measures of professional success (eg, advancement or personal income) and parenthood were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Family demographics differed between male and female ACVS diplomates, yet no objective impact on career success was identified. Work-life balance may play an important role in recruitment, retention, and job satisfaction of veterinary surgeons.
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Freeland RB, Morello SL, DeLombaert M, Rajamanickam V. Influence of intravenous regional limb perfusion with amikacin sulfate on Staphylococcus aureus
bioburden in distal limb wounds in horses. Vet Surg 2017; 46:663-674. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell B. Freeland
- Department of Surgical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Samantha L. Morello
- Department of Surgical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Melissa DeLombaert
- Department of Surgical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Victora Rajamanickam
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics; School of Medicine and Public Health, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
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Biedrzycki AH, Grant BG, Nemke B, Morello SL, Markel MD. In vitro biomechanical evaluation of four surgical techniques for fusion of equine centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1071-81. [PMID: 27668578 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.10.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the biomechanical properties of 4 methods for fusion of the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses and compare them among each other and with control tarsi. SAMPLE 24 sets of paired tarsi without substantial signs of osteoarthritis harvested from equine cadavers. PROCEDURES Test constructs (n = 6/type) were prepared from 1 tarsus from each pair to represent surgical drilling; 2 medially to laterally placed kerf-cut cylinders (MLKCs); a single large, dorsally applied kerf-cut cylinder (DKC); and a dorsomedially applied locking compression plate (DMLCP). Constructs and their contralateral control tarsi were evaluated in 4-point bending in the dorsoplantar, lateromedial, and mediolateral directions; internal and external rotation; and axial compression. Bending, torsional, and axial stiffness values were calculated. RESULTS Mean stiffness values were consistently lower for surgical drilling constructs than for contralateral control tarsi. Over all biomechanical testing, surgical drilling significantly reduced joint stability. The MLKC constructs had superior biomechanical properties to those of control tarsi for 4-point bending but inferior properties for external and internal rotation. The DMLCP and DKC constructs were superior to control tarsi in dorsoplantar, rotational, and axial compression directions only; DMLCP constructs had no superior stiffness in lateromedial or mediolateral directions. Only the DKC constructs had greater stiffness in the mediolateral direction than did control tarsi. Over all biomechanical testing, DMLCP and DKC constructs were superior to the other constructs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These biomechanical results suggested that a surgical drilling approach to joint fusion may reduce tarsal stability in horses without clinical osteoarthritis, compared with stability with no intervention, whereas the DMLCP and DKC approaches may significantly enhance stability.
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Edwards-Milewski ML, Morello SL, Zhao Q, Mattan-Bell C. The Effect of Intravenous Regional Perfusion of the Distal Limb With Amikacin Sulfate on Wounds Healing by Second Intention in Horses. Vet Surg 2016; 45:125-32. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics; School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Cynthia Mattan-Bell
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elmer Butz
- Animal SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
- IsomarkLLCMadisonWI
| | | | - Jordan Sand
- Animal SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
| | - Juan P Boriosi
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
| | | | - Mark E Cook
- Animal SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonMadisonWI
- IsomarkLLCMadisonWI
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a technique for stoma creation into the conchofrontal sinus (CFS) through the dorsal turbinate and to evaluate stoma as a site for sinoscopy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS Cadaveric equine heads (n=2) and normal adult horses (5). METHODS Technique feasibility was established on 2 cadaver heads. A diode laser fiber with a contact probe was passed into the nasal passage through a custom built, laser introducer rod (LIR). A videoendoscope was passed ventral to the LIR. A site on the caudal, medial aspect of the turbinate overlying the dorsal conchal sinus (DCS) was identified. A stoma to facilitate endoscope passage was created through the turbinate and sinoscopy performed to identify structures within the CFS and caudal maxillary sinus (CMS) and to evaluate the quality of the approach. The procedure was then performed in standing, sedated horses. Time required, laser energy used and complications were recorded. Endoscopy was performed ≥5 weeks postoperatively to assess stoma size and long-term effects of the procedure. RESULTS A stoma was successfully created through the turbinate in both cadaveric skulls and in 4 horses; the stoma persisted for ≥5 weeks. The location of the stoma in 1 horse precluded sinoscopy. CONCLUSIONS Laser vaporization of the dorsal turbinate through the nasal passage creates a stoma that lasts for at least 5 weeks providing a portal to the paranasal sinuses. Based on experience in 1 horse stoma location is critical to ensure adequate endoscope manipulation and sinoscopy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Standing endoscopic sinusotomy within the nasal cavity through the DCS is an alternative to more invasive sinusotomy techniques with fewer potential complications and a cosmetic result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Morello
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
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Morello SL, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Warnick LD, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV. Activity of selected rostral and caudal hyoid muscles in clinically normal horses during strenuous exercise. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:682-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.5.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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