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Averbeck NB, Barent C, Jakob B, Syzonenko T, Durante M, Taucher-Scholz G. The Ubiquitin Ligase RNF138 Cooperates with CtIP to Stimulate Resection of Complex DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Human G1-Phase Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162561. [PMID: 36010636 PMCID: PMC9406464 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent the molecular origin of ionizing-radiation inflicted biological effects. An increase in the ionization density causes more complex, clustered DSBs that can be processed by resection also in G1 phase, where repair of resected DSBs is considered erroneous and may contribute to the increased biological effectiveness of heavy ions in radiotherapy. To investigate the resection regulation of complex DSBs, we exposed G1 cells depleted for different candidate factors to heavy ions or α-particle radiation. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to monitor the resection marker RPA, the DSB marker γH2AX and the cell-cycle markers CENP-F and geminin. The Fucci system allowed to select G1 cells, cell survival was measured by clonogenic assay. We show that in G1 phase the ubiquitin ligase RNF138 functions in resection regulation. RNF138 ubiquitinates the resection factor CtIP in a radiation-dependent manner to allow its DSB recruitment in G1 cells. At complex DSBs, RNF138′s participation becomes more relevant, consistent with the observation that also resection is more frequent at these DSBs. Furthermore, deficiency of RNF138 affects both DSB repair and cell survival upon induction of complex DSBs. We conclude that RNF138 is a regulator of resection that is influenced by DSB complexity and can affect the quality of DSB repair in G1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B. Averbeck
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Carina Barent
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 11, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tatyana Syzonenko
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6–8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 11, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Averbek S, Jakob B, Durante M, Averbeck NB. O-GlcNAcylation Affects the Pathway Choice of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115715. [PMID: 34071949 PMCID: PMC8198441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposing cells to DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or cytotoxic chemicals, can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are crucial to repair to maintain genetic integrity. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification (PTM), which has been reported to be involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) and chromatin remodeling. Here, we investigated the impact of O-GlcNAcylation on the DDR, DSB repair and chromatin status in more detail. We also applied charged particle irradiation to analyze differences of O-GlcNAcylation and its impact on DSB repair in respect of spatial dose deposition and radiation quality. Various techniques were used, such as the γH2AX foci assay, live cell microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) to detect DSB rejoining, protein accumulation and chromatin states after treating the cells with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitors. We confirmed that O-GlcNAcylation of MDC1 is increased upon irradiation and identified additional repair factors related to Homologous Recombination (HR), CtIP and BRCA1, which were increasingly O-GlcNAcyated upon irradiation. This is consistent with our findings that the function of HR is affected by OGT inhibition. Besides, we found that OGT and OGA activity modulate chromatin compaction states, providing a potential additional level of DNA-repair regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Averbek
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Durante
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicole B. Averbeck
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.A.); (B.J.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Averbeck NB, Topsch J, Scholz M, Kraft-Weyrather W, Durante M, Taucher-Scholz G. Efficient Rejoining of DNA Double-Strand Breaks despite Increased Cell-Killing Effectiveness following Spread-Out Bragg Peak Carbon-Ion Irradiation. Front Oncol 2016; 6:28. [PMID: 26904506 PMCID: PMC4751252 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy of solid tumors with charged particles holds several advantages in comparison to photon therapy; among them conformal dose distribution in the tumor, improved sparing of tumor-surrounding healthy tissue, and an increased relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in the tumor target volume in the case of ions heavier than protons. A crucial factor of the biological effects is DNA damage, of which DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious. The reparability of these lesions determines the cell survival after irradiation and thus the RBE. Interestingly, using phosphorylated H2AX as a DSB marker, our data in human fibroblasts revealed that after therapy-relevant spread-out Bragg peak irradiation with carbon ions DSBs are very efficiently rejoined, despite an increased RBE for cell survival. This suggests that misrepair plays an important role in the increased RBE of heavy-ion radiation. Possible sources of erroneous repair will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Averbeck
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jana Topsch
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Wilma Kraft-Weyrather
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Averbeck NB, Ringel O, Herrlitz M, Jakob B, Durante M, Taucher-Scholz G. DNA end resection is needed for the repair of complex lesions in G1-phase human cells. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2509-16. [PMID: 25486192 PMCID: PMC4615131 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.941743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is influenced by the chemical complexity of the lesion. Clustered lesions (complex DSBs) are generally considered more difficult to repair and responsible for early and late cellular effects after exposure to genotoxic agents. Resection is commonly used by the cells as part of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway in S- and G2-phase. In contrast, DNA resection in G1-phase may lead to an error-prone microhomology-mediated end joining. We induced DNA lesions with a wide range of complexity by irradiation of mammalian cells with X-rays or accelerated ions of different velocity and mass. We found replication protein A (RPA) foci indicating DSB resection both in S/G2- and G1-cells, and the fraction of resection-positive cells correlates with the severity of lesion complexity throughout the cell cycle. Besides RPA, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) was recruited to complex DSBs both in S/G2- and G1-cells. Resection of complex DSBs is driven by meiotic recombination 11 homolog A (MRE11), CTBP-interacting protein (CtIP), and exonuclease 1 (EXO1) but seems not controlled by the Ku heterodimer or by phosphorylation of H2AX. Reduced resection capacity by CtIP depletion increased cell killing and the fraction of unrepaired DSBs after exposure to densely ionizing heavy ions, but not to X-rays. We conclude that in mammalian cells resection is essential for repair of complex DSBs in all phases of the cell-cycle and targeting this process sensitizes mammalian cells to cytotoxic agents inducing clustered breaks, such as in heavy-ion cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- ATM, Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related
- BLM, Bloom syndrome protein
- BRCA1, breast cancer 1, early onset
- CENP-F, centromere protein F
- CtIP
- CtIP, CTBP-interacting protein
- DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DSB, double strand break
- EXO1
- EXO1, exonuclease 1
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HR, homologous recombination
- IR, ionizing radiation
- LET, linear energy transfer
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMEJ, microhomology-mediated end joining
- MRE11
- MRE11, meiotic recombination 11 homolog A
- NHEJ, none homologous end joining
- PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- RAD51, DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1
- RPA, replication protein A
- WRN, Werner syndrome
- complex DNA damage
- double-strand break repair
- kd, knockdown
- resection in G1-phase
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- ssDNA, single stranded DNA
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Averbeck
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Ringel
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maren Herrlitz
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- Department of Biophysics; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Planckstraße 1; Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Biology; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt, Germany
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Averbeck NB, Borghouts C, Hamann A, Specke V, Osiewacz HD. Molecular control of copper homeostasis in filamentous fungi: increased expression of a metallothionein gene during aging of Podospora anserina. Mol Gen Genet 2001; 264:604-12. [PMID: 11212915 DOI: 10.1007/s004380000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The lifespan of the ascomycete Podospora anserina was previously demonstrated to be significantly increased in a copper-uptake mutant, suggesting that copper is a potential stressor involved in degenerative processes. In order to determine whether changes in copper stress occur in the cells during normal aging of cultures, we cloned and characterized a gene coding for a component of the molecular machinery involved in the control of copper homeostasis. This gene, PaMt1, is a single-copy gene that encodes a metallothionein of 26 amino acids. The coding sequence of PaMt1 is interrupted by a single intron. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree of sequence identity to metallothioneins of the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa and the basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus, and to the N-terminal portion of mammalian metallothioneins. Levels of PaMt1 transcript increase in response to elevated amounts of copper in the growth medium and during aging of wild-type cultures. In contrast, in the long-lived mutant grisea, transcript levels first increase but then decrease again. The ability of wild-type cultures to respond to exogenous copper stress via the induction of PaMt1 transcription is not affected as they grow older.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Averbeck
- Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie und Biotechnologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Botanisches Institut, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Averbeck NB, Jensen ON, Mann M, Schägger H, Osiewacz HD. Identification and characterization of PaMTH1, a putative O-methyltransferase accumulating during senescence of Podospora anserina cultures. Curr Genet 2000; 37:200-8. [PMID: 10794178 DOI: 10.1007/s002940050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A differential protein display screen resulted in the identification of a 27-kDa protein which strongly accumulates during the senescence of Podospora anserina cultures grown under standard conditions. After partial determination of the amino-acid sequence by mass-spectrometry analysis of trypsin-generated fragments, pairs of degenerated primers were deduced and used to amplify parts of the sequence coding for the protein. These PCR products were utilized to select specific cDNA and genomic clones from DNA libraries of P. anserina. A subsequent DNA-sequence analysis revealed that the 27-kDa protein is encoded by a discontinuous gene, PaMth1, capable of coding for 240 amino acids. The first three amino-terminal residues appear to be removed post-translationally. The deduced amino-acid sequence shows significant homology to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases. We hypothesize that the 27-kDa protein, PaMTH1, is involved in age-related methylation reactions protecting aging cultures against increasing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Averbeck
- Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie und Biotechnologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Botanisches Institut, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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