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Dahl SL, Woodworth JS, Lerche CJ, Cramer EP, Nielsen PR, Moser C, Thomsen AR, Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Lipocalin-2 Functions as Inhibitor of Innate Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2717. [PMID: 30534124 PMCID: PMC6275245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 is a constituent of the neutrophil secondary granules and is expressed de novo by macrophages and epithelium in response to inflammation. Lipocalin-2 acts in a bacteriostatic fashion by binding iron-loaded siderophores required for bacterial growth. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) produces siderophores that can be bound by lipocalin-2. The impact of lipocalin-2 in the innate immune response toward extracellular bacteria has been established whereas the effect on intracellular bacteria, such as M.tb, is less well-described. Here we show that lipocalin-2 surprisingly confers a growth advantage on M.tb in the early stages of infection (3 weeks post-challenge). Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that lipocalin-2 derived from granulocytes, but not from epithelia and macrophages, leads to increased susceptibility to M.tb infection. In contrast, lipocalin-2 is not observed to promote mycobacterial growth at later stages of M.tb infection. We demonstrate co-localization of granulocytes and mycobacteria within the nascent granulomas at week 3 post-challenge, but not in the consolidated granulomas at week 5. We hypothesize that neutrophil-derived lipocalin-2 acts to supply a source of iron to M.tb in infected macrophages within the immature granuloma, thereby facilitating mycobacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Louise Dahl
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pia Rude Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack Bernard Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dyring-Andersen B, Honoré TV, Madelung A, Bzorek M, Simonsen S, Clemmensen SN, Clark RA, Borregaard N, Skov L. Interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-22-producing neutrophils in psoriatic skin. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:e321-e322. [PMID: 28369663 PMCID: PMC5921865 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Dyring-Andersen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, US
| | - Trine Velte Honoré
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Madelung
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Michael Bzorek
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Stine Simonsen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, US
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Granules are essential for the ability of neutrophils to fulfill their role in innate immunity. Granule membranes contain proteins that react to environmental cues directing neutrophils to sites of infection and initiate generation of bactericidal oxygen species. Granules are densely packed with proteins that contribute to microbial killing when liberated to the phagosome or extracellularly. Granules are, however, highly heterogeneous and are traditionally subdivided into azurophil granules, specific granules, and gelatinase granules in addition to secretory vesicles. This review will address issues pertinent to formation of granules, which is a process intimately connected to maturation of neutrophils from their precursors in the bone marrow. We further discuss possible mechanisms by which decisions are made regarding sorting of proteins to constitutive secretion or storage in granules and how degranulation of granule subsets is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack B Cowland
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Christensen HB, Gloriam DE, Pedersen DS, Cowland JB, Borregaard N, Bräuner-Osborne H. Applying label-free dynamic mass redistribution assay for studying endogenous FPR1 receptor signalling in human neutrophils. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 88:72-78. [PMID: 28716665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The label-free dynamic mass redistribution-based assay (DMR) is a powerful method for studying signalling pathways of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Herein we present the label-free DMR assay as a robust readout for pharmacological characterization of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) in human neutrophils. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated from fresh human blood and their responses to FPR1 and FPR2 agonists, i.e. compound 43, fMLF and WKYMVm were measured in a label-free DMR assay using Epic Benchtop System from Corning®. Obtained DMR traces were used to calculate agonist potencies. RESULTS The potencies (pEC50) of fMLF, WKYMVm and compound 43, determined on human neutrophils using the label-free DMR assay were 8.63, 7.76 and 5.92, respectively. The DMR response to fMLF, but not WKYMVm and compound 43 could be blocked by the FPR1-specific antagonist cyclosporin H. DISCUSSION We conclude that the DMR assay can be used, and complements more traditional methods, to study the signalling and pharmacology of endogenous FPR receptors in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jack B Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dyring-Andersen B, Velte Honoré T, Madelung A, Bzorek M, Simonsen S, Novrup Clemmensen S, Clark R, Borregaard N, Skov L. 630 Neutrophils are a major source of IL-17A in psoriatic skin and can produce IL-17F and IL-22. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Guarino C, Hamon Y, Croix C, Lamort AS, Dallet-Choisy S, Marchand-Adam S, Lesner A, Baranek T, Viaud-Massuard MC, Lauritzen C, Pedersen J, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Si-Tahar M, Fıratlı E, Jenne DE, Gauthier F, Horwitz MS, Borregaard N, Korkmaz B. Prolonged pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin C results in elimination of neutrophil serine proteases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:52-67. [PMID: 28193451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CatC) is a tetrameric cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase that plays a key role in activation of pro-inflammatory serine protease zymogens by removal of a N-terminal pro-dipeptide sequence. Loss of function mutations in the CatC gene is associated with lack of immune cell serine protease activities and cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS). Also, only very low levels of elastase-like protease zymogens are detected by proteome analysis of neutrophils from PLS patients. Thus, CatC inhibitors represent new alternatives for the treatment of neutrophil protease-driven inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. We aimed to experimentally inactivate and lower neutrophil elastase-like proteases by pharmacological blocking of CatC-dependent maturation in cell-based assays and in vivo. Isolated, immature bone marrow cells from healthy donors pulse-chased in the presence of a new cell permeable cyclopropyl nitrile CatC inhibitor almost totally lack elastase. We confirmed the elimination of neutrophil elastase-like proteases by prolonged inhibition of CatC in a non-human primate. We also showed that neutrophils lacking elastase-like protease activities were still recruited to inflammatory sites. These preclinical results demonstrate that the disappearance of neutrophil elastase-like proteases as observed in PLS patients can be achieved by pharmacological inhibition of bone marrow CatC. Such a transitory inhibition of CatC might thus help to rebalance the protease load during chronic inflammatory diseases, which opens new perspectives for therapeutic applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guarino
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Yveline Hamon
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cécile Croix
- CNRS UMR-7292, "GICC, Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique", Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, Tours, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Lamort
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sandrine Dallet-Choisy
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Claude Viaud-Massuard
- CNRS UMR-7292, "GICC, Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique", Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Erhan Fıratlı
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | | | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Dyring-Andersen B, Velte Honoré T, Madelung A, Bzorek M, Simonsen S, Novrup Clemmensen S, Borregaard N, Skov L. 240 IL-17A- and IL-22-producing neutrophils in psoriatic skin. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pedersen CC, Borup R, Fischer-Nielsen A, Mora-Jensen H, Fossum A, Cowland JB, Borregaard N. Changes in Gene Expression during G-CSF-Induced Emergency Granulopoiesis in Humans. J Immunol 2016; 197:1989-99. [PMID: 27481851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emergency granulopoiesis refers to the increased production of neutrophils in bone marrow and their release into circulation induced by severe infection. Several studies point to a critical role for G-CSF as the main mediator of emergency granulopoiesis. However, the consequences of G-CSF stimulation on the transcriptome of neutrophils and their precursors have not yet been investigated in humans. In this work, we examine the changes in mRNA expression induced by administration of G-CSF in vivo, as a model of emergency granulopoiesis in humans. Blood samples were collected from healthy individuals after 5 d of G-CSF administration. Neutrophil precursors were sorted into discrete stages of maturation by flow cytometry, and RNA was subjected to microarray analysis. mRNA levels were compared with previously published expression levels in corresponding populations of neutrophil precursors isolated from bone marrow of untreated, healthy individuals. One thousand one hundred and ten mRNAs were differentially expressed >2-fold throughout terminal granulopoiesis. Major changes were seen in pathways involved in apoptosis, cytokine signaling, and TLR pathways. In addition, G-CSF treatment reduced the levels of four of five measured granule proteins in mature neutrophils, including the proantibacterial protein hCAP-18, which was completely deficient in neutrophils from G-CSF-treated donors. These results indicate that multiple biological processes are altered to satisfy the increased demand for neutrophils during G-CSF-induced emergency granulopoiesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna C Pedersen
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rehannah Borup
- Center for Genomic Medicine, National University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Fischer-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Cell Therapy Facility, National University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Helena Mora-Jensen
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Fossum
- Biotech and Research Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack B Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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9
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Iversen MB, Gottfredsen RH, Larsen UG, Enghild JJ, Praetorius J, Borregaard N, Petersen SV. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is present in secretory vesicles of human neutrophils and released upon stimulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:478-488. [PMID: 27394172 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme present in the extracellular matrix (ECM), where it provides protection against oxidative degradation of matrix constituents including type I collagen and hyaluronan. The enzyme is known to associate with macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) and increasing evidence supports a role for EC-SOD in the development of an inflammatory response. Here we show that human EC-SOD is present at the cell surface of isolated neutrophils as well as stored within secretory vesicles. Interestingly, we find that EC-SOD mRNA is absent throughout neutrophil maturation indicating that the protein is synthesized by other cells and subsequently endocytosed by the neutrophil. When secretory vesicles were mobilized by neutrophil stimulation using formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), the protein was released into the extracellular space and found to associate with DNA released from stimulated cells. The functional consequences were evaluated by the use of neutrophils isolated from wild-type and EC-SOD KO mice, and showed that EC-SOD release significantly reduce the level of superoxide in the extracellular space, but does not affect the capacity to generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Consequently, our data signifies that EC-SOD released from activated neutrophils affects the redox conditions of the extracellular space and may offer protection against highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals otherwise generated as a result of respiratory burst activity of activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrike G Larsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen V Petersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were discovered as extracellular strands of decondensed DNA in complex with histones and granule proteins, which were expelled from dying neutrophils to ensnare and kill microbes. NETs are formed during infection in vivo by mechanisms different from those originally described in vitro. Citrullination of histones by peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is central for NET formation in vivo. NETs may spur formation of autoantibodies and may also serve as scaffolds for thrombosis, thereby providing a link among infection, autoimmunity, and thrombosis. In this review, we present the mechanisms by which NETs are formed and discuss the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of NET formation. We conclude that NETs may be of more importance in autoimmunity and thrombosis than in innate immune defense.
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11
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Pedersen CC, Refsgaard JC, Østergaard O, Jensen LJ, Heegaard NHH, Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Impact of microRNA-130a on the neutrophil proteome. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:70. [PMID: 26608132 PMCID: PMC4659159 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important for the development and function of neutrophils. miR-130a is highly expressed during early neutrophil development and regulates target proteins important for this process. miRNA targets are often identified by validating putative targets found by in silico prediction algorithms one at a time. However, one miRNA can have many different targets, which may vary depending on the context. Here, we investigated the effect of miR-130a on the proteome of a murine and a human myeloid cell line. Results Using pulsed stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture and mass spectrometry for protein identification and quantitation, we found 44 and 34 proteins that were significantly regulated following inhibition of miR-130a in a miR-130a-overexpressing 32Dcl3 clone and Kasumi-1 cells, respectively. The level of miR-130a inhibition correlated with the impact on protein levels. We used RAIN, a novel database for miRNA–protein and protein–protein interactions, to identify putative miR-130a targets. In the 32Dcl3 clone, putative targets were more up-regulated than the remaining quantified proteins following miR-130a inhibition, and three significantly derepressed proteins (NFYC, ISOC1, and CAT) are putative miR-130a targets with good RAIN scores. We also created a network including inferred, putative neutrophil miR-130a targets and identified the transcription factors Myb and CBF-β as putative miR-130a targets, which may regulate the primary granule proteins MPO and PRTN3 and other proteins differentially expressed following miR-130a inhibition in the 32Dcl3 clone. Conclusion We have experimentally identified miR-130a-regulated proteins within the neutrophil proteome. Linking these to putative miR-130a targets, we provide an association network of potential direct and indirect miR-130a targets that expands our knowledge on the role of miR-130a in neutrophil development and is a valuable platform for further experimental studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0134-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Cavan Pedersen
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 9322, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Jan Christian Refsgaard
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Ole Østergaard
- Department of Autoimmunology & Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Lars Juhl Jensen
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Niels Henrik Helweg Heegaard
- Department of Autoimmunology & Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 19, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 9322, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Jack Bernard Cowland
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 9322, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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12
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Abbate R, Al-Daghri NM, Andreozzi P, Borregaard N, Can G, Caridi G, Carstensen-Kirberg M, Cioni G, Conte E, Cuomo R, Denis MA, Fakhfouri G, Fakhfouri G, Fiasse R, Glenthøj A, Goliasc G, Gremmel T, Herder C, Iemmolo M, Jing ZC, Krause R, Marrone O, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Minchiotti L, Mousavizadeh K, Ndrepepa G, Niessner A, Ogayar Luque C, Onat A, Papassotiriou I, Ruiz Ortiz M, Sabico S, Schooling CM, Sakka SD, Sołtysiak P, Visseren FLJ, Wagner J, Wang XJ, Westerink J. Research update for articles published in EJCI in 2013. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1005-16. [PMID: 26394055 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Abbate
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paolo Andreozzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University, Naples, Italy
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Günay Can
- Departments of Cardiology and Public Health, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gianluca Caridi
- Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maren Carstensen-Kirberg
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriele Cioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Conte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University, Naples, Italy
| | - Marie A Denis
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gohar Fakhfouri
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - G Fakhfouri
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Renné Fiasse
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas Glenthøj
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georg Goliasc
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Iemmolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Krause
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Oreste Marrone
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartosz Miazgowski
- Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alexander Niessner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Altan Onat
- Departments of Cardiology and Public Health, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Martín Ruiz Ortiz
- Cardiology Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Mary Schooling
- CUNY School of Public Health and Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia D Sakka
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Sołtysiak
- Department of Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Frank L J Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Wagner
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Xiao-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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13
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Clemmensen SN, Glenthøj AJ, Heebøll S, Nielsen HJ, Koch C, Borregaard N. Plasma levels of OLFM4 in normals and patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2865-73. [PMID: 26416558 PMCID: PMC4687705 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is a secreted glycoprotein predominantly expressed in bone marrow and gastrointestinal tissues. Aberrant expression of OLFM4 has been shown in several cancers. However, the clinical significance hereof is currently controversial. OLFM4 has been proposed as a candidate biomarker of gastrointestinal cancers. To address this, we developed monoclonal antibodies against synthetic peptides representing various segments of OLFM4. We examined expression of OLFM4 in epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry and found that OLFM4 is highly expressed in proliferating benign epithelial cells and in some carcinoma cells. We developed an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for OLFM4 and investigated whether plasma levels of OLFM4 reflect colorectal malignancies, but were unable to see any such association. Instead, we observed two populations of individuals with respect to OLFM4 levels in plasma, the majority with OLFM4 in plasma between 0 and 0.1 μg/ml, mean 0.028 μg/ml while 10% of both normals and patients with cancers had OLFM4 between 4 and 60 μg/ml, mean 15 μg/ml. The levels were constant over time. The background for this high plasma level is not known, but must be taken into account if OLFM4 is used as biomarker for GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Clemmensen
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders J Glenthøj
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Claus Koch
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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15
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Singh V, Yeoh BS, Xiao X, Kumar M, Bachman M, Borregaard N, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Interplay between enterobactin, myeloperoxidase and lipocalin 2 regulates E. coli survival in the inflamed gut. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7113. [PMID: 25964185 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During an inflammatory response in the gut, some commensal bacteria such as E. coli can thrive and contribute to disease. Here we demonstrate that enterobactin (Ent), a catecholate siderophore released by E. coli, is a potent inhibitor of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a bactericidal enzyme of the host. Glycosylated Ent (salmochelin) and non-catecholate siderophores (yersiniabactin and ferrichrome) fail to inhibit MPO activity. An E. coli mutant (ΔfepA) that overproduces Ent, but not an Ent-deficient double mutant (ΔaroB/ΔfepA), inhibits MPO activity and exhibits enhanced survival in inflamed guts. This survival advantage is counter-regulated by lipocalin 2, a siderophore-binding host protein, which rescues MPO from Ent-mediated inhibition. Spectral analysis reveals that Ent interferes with compound I [oxoiron, Fe(IV)=O] and reverts the enzyme back to its native ferric [Fe(III)] state. These findings define a fundamental mechanism by which E. coli surpasses the host innate immune responses during inflammatory gut diseases and gains a distinct survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Michael Bachman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5602, USA
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- 1] Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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16
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Singh V, Yeoh BS, Bachman M, Borregaard N, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Survival advantage of E. coli in the inflamed gut is mechanistically linked to enterobactin-mediated inhibition of myeloperoxidase and regulation by lipocalin 2 (MPF4P.736). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.136.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During an inflammatory response in the gut, several commensal bacteria such as E.coli not only survive but also thrive and consequently contribute to the disease pathogenesis. The mechanisms by which such opportunistic pathogens bloom despite the hostile pro-inflammatory milieu of the inflamed gut remain largely unknown. We demonstrated that enterobactin (Ent), a siderophore released by E. coli, is a potent inhibitor of a key bactericidal enzyme of the host innate immune system, myeloperoxidase (MPO). The inhibitory activity is specific as glycosylated Ent (salmochelin) and non-catecholate siderophores such as yersiniabactin and ferrichrome failed to inhibit MPO activity. An E. coli ferrienterobactin permease mutant (ΔfepA) overexpressing Ent, but not 3-dehydroquinate synthase (ΔaroB)/ΔfepA double mutant inhibited MPO activity and exhibited enhanced survival in inflamed guts. This survival advantage was counter-regulated by the host siderophore binding protein, lipocalin 2, which rescued MPO from Ent-mediated inhibition. Spectral analysis revealed that Ent interferes with compound I [oxoiron, Fe(IV)=O] and reverts the enzyme back to its native ferric [Fe(III)] state. These findings define a fundamental mechanism by which E. coli surpasses the host innate immune responses during inflammatory gut diseases and gains a distinct survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- 1Nutritonal Sciences, Pennsylvania State Univ., State College, PA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- 1Nutritonal Sciences, Pennsylvania State Univ., State College, PA
| | - Michael Bachman
- 2Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Niels Borregaard
- 3Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bina Joe
- 4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
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17
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Mora-Jensen H, Jendholm J, Rapin N, Andersen MK, Roug AS, Bagger FO, Bullinger L, Winther O, Borregaard N, Porse BT, Theilgaard-Mönch K. Cellular origin of prognostic chromosomal aberrations in AML patients. Leukemia 2015; 29:1785-9. [PMID: 25670329 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Mora-Jensen
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Jendholm
- 1] The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Rapin
- 1] The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [4] The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M K Andersen
- The Cytogenetic Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A S Roug
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F O Bagger
- 1] The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [4] The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - O Winther
- 1] Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B T Porse
- 1] The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Theilgaard-Mönch
- 1] The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Department of Hematology, Skanes University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Xu MJ, Feng D, Wu H, Wang H, Chan Y, Kolls J, Borregaard N, Porse B, Berger T, Mak TW, Cowland JB, Kong X, Gao B. Liver is the major source of elevated serum lipocalin-2 levels after bacterial infection or partial hepatectomy: a critical role for IL-6/STAT3. Hepatology 2015; 61:692-702. [PMID: 25234944 PMCID: PMC4303493 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) was originally isolated from human neutrophils and termed neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). However, the functions of LCN2 and the cell types that are primarily responsible for LCN2 production remain unclear. To address these issues, hepatocyte-specific Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2(Hep-/-)) mice were generated and subjected to bacterial infection (with Klesbsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli) or partial hepatectomy (PHx). Studies of Lcn2(Hep-/-) mice revealed that hepatocytes contributed to 25% of the low basal serum level of LCN2 protein (∼ 62 ng/mL) but were responsible for more than 90% of the highly elevated serum LCN2 protein level (∼ 6,000 ng/mL) postinfection and more than 60% post-PHx (∼ 700 ng/mL). Interestingly, both Lcn2(Hep-/-) and global Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2(-/-)) mice demonstrated comparable increases in susceptibility to infection with K. pneumoniae or E. coli. These mice also had increased enteric bacterial translocation from the gut to the mesenteric lymph nodes and exhibited reduced liver regeneration after PHx. Treatment with interleukin (IL)-6 stimulated hepatocytes to produce LCN2 in vitro and in vivo. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of the IL-6 receptor or Stat3, a major downstream effector of IL-6, markedly abrogated LCN2 elevation in vivo. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that STAT3 was recruited to the promoter region of the Lcn2 gene upon STAT3 activation by IL-6. CONCLUSION Hepatocytes are the major cell type responsible for LCN2 production after bacterial infection or PHx, and this response is dependent on IL-6 activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, hepatocyte-derived LCN2 plays an important role in inhibiting bacterial infection and promoting liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hailong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvonne Chan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jay Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark,Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark,Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Jack B. Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Sørensen OE, Clemmensen SN, Dahl SL, Østergaard O, Heegaard NH, Glenthøj A, Nielsen FC, Borregaard N. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome patient reveals species-dependent requirements for neutrophil defenses. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4539-48. [PMID: 25244098 DOI: 10.1172/jci76009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) results from mutations that inactivate cysteine protease cathepsin C (CTSC), which processes a variety of serine proteases considered essential for antimicrobial defense. Despite serine protease-deficient immune cell populations, PLS patients do not exhibit marked immunodeficiency. Here, we characterized a 24-year-old woman who had suffered from severe juvenile periodontal disease, but was otherwise healthy, and identified a homozygous missense mutation in CTSC indicative of PLS. Proteome analysis of patient neutrophil granules revealed that several proteins that normally localize to azurophil granules, including the major serine proteases, elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3, were absent. Accordingly, neutrophils from this patient were incapable of producing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to ROS and were unable to process endogenous cathelicidin hCAP-18 into the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in response to ionomycin. In immature myeloid cells from patient bone marrow, biosynthesis of CTSC and neutrophil serine proteases appeared normal along with initial processing and sorting to cellular storage. In contrast, these proteins were completely absent in mature neutrophils, indicating that CTSC mutation promotes protease degradation in more mature hematopoietic subsets, but does not affect protease production in progenitor cells. Together, these data indicate CTSC protects serine proteases from degradation in mature immune cells and suggest that neutrophil serine proteases are dispensable for human immunoprotection.
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20
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Lowry MB, Guo C, Borregaard N, Gombart AF. Regulation of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary immune cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:183-91. [PMID: 24565560 PMCID: PMC4127358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Production of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene (hCAP18/LL-37), is regulated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) and is critical in the killing of pathogens by innate immune cells. In addition, secreted LL-37 binds extracellular receptors and modulates the recruitment and activity of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Evidence suggests that during infections activated immune cells locally produce increased levels of 1,25D3 thus increasing production of hCAP18/LL-37. The relative expression levels of hCAP18/LL-37 among different immune cell types are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to determine the relative levels of hCAP18/LL-37 in human peripheral blood immune cells and determine to what extent 1,25D3 increased its expression in peripheral blood-derived cells. We show for the first time, a hierarchy of expression of hCAP18 in freshly isolated cells with low levels in lymphocytes, intermediate levels in monocytes and the highest levels found in neutrophils. In peripheral blood-derived cells, the highest levels of hCAP18 following treatment with 1,25D3 were in macrophages, while comparatively lower levels were found in GM-CSF-derived dendritic cells and osteoclasts. We also tested whether treatment with parathyroid hormone in combination with 1,25D3 would enhance hCAP18 induction as has been reported in skin cells, but we did not find enhancement in any immune cells tested. Our results indicate that hCAP18 is expressed at different levels according to cell type and lineage. Furthermore, potent induction of hCAP18 by 1,25D3 in macrophages and dendritic cells may modulate functions of both innate and adaptive immune cells at sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm B Lowry
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chunxiao Guo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet-4042, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1200, Denmark
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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21
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Abstract
In this Review we discuss data demonstrating recently recognized aspects of neutrophil homeostasis in the steady state, granulopoiesis in 'emergency' conditions and interactions of neutrophils with the adaptive immune system. We explore in vivo observations of the recruitment of neutrophils from blood to tissues in models of blood-borne infections versus bacterial invasion through epithelial linings. We examine data on novel aspects of the activation of NADPH oxidase and the heterogeneity of phagosomes and, finally, consider the importance of two neutrophil-derived biological agents: neutrophil extracellular traps and ectosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Roychaudhuri R, Hergrueter AH, Polverino F, Laucho-Contreras ME, Gupta K, Borregaard N, Owen CA. ADAM9 is a novel product of polymorphonuclear neutrophils: regulation of expression and contributions to extracellular matrix protein degradation during acute lung injury. J Immunol 2014; 193:2469-82. [PMID: 25063875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and a metalloproteinase domain (ADAM) 9 is known to be expressed by monocytes and macrophages. In this study, we report that ADAM9 is also a product of human and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). ADAM9 is not synthesized de novo by circulating PMNs. Rather, ADAM9 protein is stored in the gelatinase and specific granules and the secretory vesicles of human PMNs. Unstimulated PMNs express minimal quantities of surface ADAM9, but activation of PMNs with degranulating agonists rapidly (within 15 min) increases PMN surface ADAM9 levels. Human PMNs produce small quantities of soluble forms of ADAM9. Surprisingly, ADAM9 degrades several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including fibronectin, entactin, laminin, and insoluble elastin, as potently as matrix metalloproteinase-9. However, ADAM9 does not degrade types I, III, or IV collagen or denatured collagens in vitro. To determine whether Adam9 regulates PMN recruitment or ECM protein turnover during inflammatory responses, we compared wild-type and Adam9(-/-) mice in bacterial LPS- and bleomycin-mediated acute lung injury (ALI). Adam9 lung levels increase 10-fold during LPS-mediated ALI in wild-type mice (due to increases in leukocyte-derived Adam9), but Adam9 does not regulate lung PMN (or macrophage) counts during ALI. Adam9 increases mortality, promotes lung injury, reduces lung compliance, and increases degradation of lung elastin during LPS- and/or bleomycin-mediated ALI. Adam9 does not regulate collagen accumulation in the bleomycin-treated lung. Thus, ADAM9 is expressed in an inducible fashion on PMN surfaces where it degrades some ECM proteins, and it promotes alveolar-capillary barrier injury during ALI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Roychaudhuri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Anja H Hergrueter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Francesca Polverino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108; Pulmonary Department, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy; and
| | - Maria E Laucho-Contreras
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Kushagra Gupta
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline A Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108;
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23
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Campbell et al. (2014) demonstrate that hypoxia caused by the respiratory burst of infiltrating neutrophils activates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) in epithelial cells and protects the mucosa cells in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Emmertsen F, Glenthøj A, Sønderskov J, Kampmann P, Sengeløv H, Borregaard N. ProHNPs are specific markers of normal myelopoiesis. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e193. [PMID: 24658371 PMCID: PMC3972697 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro human neutrophil peptides (proHNP)s are proforms of α-defensins produced by precursors of human neutrophils. They are secreted to bone marrow plasma in large amounts by myelocytes. We hypothesized that the plasma concentration of proHNPs might serve as a specific marker of myelopoietic activity, heralding the onset of normal myelopoiesis before reappearance of neutrophils, in the setting of bone marrow regeneration. To investigate this, plasma levels of proHNPs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in blood samples collected from patients undergoing allogeneic (n=11) or autologous (n=16) stem cell transplantations (SCTs) and patients receiving chemotherapy for acute leukemia (n=14). To compare proHNPs with previously suggested myeloid markers, myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were also assayed. In all but one patient, chemotherapy led to the complete disappearance of ProHNPs from plasma. It reappeared in plasma on average 6.3 days before reappearance of neutrophils in the allogeneic setting, whereas this was reduced to an average of 2.8 days in the autologous SCT patients who received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (n=19) had significantly lower levels of plasma proHNPs than healthy controls, indicating that proHNPs are not produced by leukemic blasts. We conclude that plasma concentration of proHNPs is a clinically useful marker of normal myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Emmertsen
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Glenthøj
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Sønderskov
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Kampmann
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Sengeløv
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bakele M, Joos M, Burdi S, Allgaier N, Pöschel S, Fehrenbacher B, Schaller M, Marcos V, Kümmerle-Deschner J, Rieber N, Borregaard N, Yazdi A, Hector A, Hartl D. Localization and functionality of the inflammasome in neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5320-9. [PMID: 24398679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.505636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the major fraction of circulating immune cells and are rapidly recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that regulates the generation of IL-1 family proteins. The precise subcellular localization and functionality of the inflammasome in human neutrophils are poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that highly purified human neutrophils express key components of the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes, particularly apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), AIM2, and caspase-1. Subcellular fractionation and microscopic analyses further showed that inflammasome components were localized in the cytoplasm and also noncanonically in secretory vesicle and tertiary granule compartments. Whereas IL-1β and IL-18 were expressed at the mRNA level and released as protein, highly purified neutrophils neither expressed nor released IL-1α at baseline or upon stimulation. Upon inflammasome activation, highly purified neutrophils released substantially lower levels of IL-1β protein compared with partially purified neutrophils. Serine proteases and caspases were differentially involved in IL-1β release, depending on the stimulus. Spontaneous activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophils in vivo affected IL-1β, but not IL-18 release. In summary, these studies show that human neutrophils express key components of the inflammasome machinery in distinct intracellular compartments and release IL-1β and IL-18, but not IL-1α or IL-33 protein. Targeting the neutrophil inflammasome may represent a future therapeutic strategy to modulate neutrophilic inflammatory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or sepsis.
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Abstract
The neutrophil has long been recognized for its impressive number of cytoplasmic granules that harbor proteins indispensable for innate immunity. Analysis of isolated granules has provided important information on how the neutrophil grades its response to match the challenges it meets on its passage from blood to tissues. Nitrogen cavitation was developed as a method for disruption of cells on the assumption that sudden reduction of the partial pressure of nitrogen would lead to aeration of nitrogen dissolved in the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes. We find that cells are broken by the shear stress that is associated with passage through the outlet valve under high pressure and that this results in disruption of the neutrophil cell membrane while granules remain intact. The unique properties of Percoll as a sedimentable density medium with no inherent tonicity or viscosity are used for creation of continuous density gradients with shoulders in the density profile created to optimize the physical separation of granule subsets and light membranes. Immunological methods (sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) are used for quantitation of proteins that are characteristic constituents of the granule subsets of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Novrup Clemmensen
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) were discovered as abundant antimicrobial peptides of azurophil granules. Later studies revealed that most HNPs were produced by myelocytes and metamyelocytes and secreted into the bone marrow plasma as the inert proforms, proHNPs. Despite the vast amounts of proHNPs released into bone marrow plasma, little has been done to characterize these. Numerous studies have investigated HNPs in plasma, linking them to a variety of diseases, but without distinguishing between HNPs and their proforms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an antibody with specificity against the propiece of proHNPs to investigate proHNPs in plasma and tissue. RESULTS In contrast to previous studies using HNP antibodies, we found proHNPs to be many-fold more abundant than HNPs in plasma with a mean concentration of 2 μg/mL. The concentration was substantially higher in bone marrow plasma in accordance with the bone marrow being the site of origin of plasma proHNPs. ProHNPs were not bound to high molecular weight plasma proteins. Accordingly, proHNPs were filtered in the kidneys and resorbed in the proximal tubules. CONCLUSIONS Most HNPs in plasma are in fact proHNPs, which is important given the differences in their origin and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Glenthøj
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Perera NC, Wiesmüller KH, Larsen MT, Schacher B, Eickholz P, Borregaard N, Jenne DE. NSP4 is stored in azurophil granules and released by activated neutrophils as active endoprotease with restricted specificity. J Immunol 2013; 191:2700-7. [PMID: 23904161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Whereas neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 have been known as granule-associated serine proteases of neutrophils for decades, a fourth member, called neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4), was just recently described and provisionally characterized. In this study, we identified NSP4 as a novel azurophil granule protein of neutrophils by Western blot analyses of subcellular fractions as well as by RT-PCR analyses of neutrophil precursors from human bone marrow. The highest mRNA levels were observed in myeloblasts and promyelocytes, similar to myeloperoxidase, a marker of azurophil granules. To determine the extended sequence specificity of recombinant NSP4, we used an iterative fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based optimization strategy. In total, 142 different peptide substrates with arginine in P1 and variations at the P1', P2', P3, P4, and P2 positions were tested. This enabled us to construct an α1-proteinase inhibitor variant (Ile-Lys-Pro-Arg-/-Ser-Ile-Pro) with high specificity for NSP4. This tailor-made serpin was shown to form covalent complexes with all NSP4 of neutrophil lysates and supernatants of activated neutrophils, indicating that NSP4 is fully processed and stored as an already activated enzyme in azurophil granules. Moreover, cathepsin C was identified as the activator of NSP4 in vivo, as cathepsin C deficiency resulted in a complete absence of NSP4 in a Papillon-Lefèvre patient. Our in-depth analysis of NSP4 establishes this arginine-specific protease as a genuine member of preactivated serine proteases stored in azurophil granules of human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha C Perera
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Okamoto R, Gery S, Kuwayama Y, Borregaard N, Ho Q, Alvarez R, Akagi T, Liu GY, Uskokovic MR, Koeffler HP. Novel Gemini vitamin D3 analogs: large structure/function analysis and ability to induce antimicrobial peptide. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:207-17. [PMID: 23775785 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized 39 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] analogs having two side chains attached to carbon-20 (Gemini) with various modifications and compared their anticancer activities. Five structure-function rules emerged to identify analogs with enhanced anticancer activity. One of these active analogs, BXL-01-0126, was more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 in mediating 50% clonal inhibition of cancer cell growth. Murine studies found that BXL-01-0126 and 1,25(OH)2D3 had nearly the same potency to raise serum calcium levels. Taken together, BXL-01-0126 when compared to 1,25(OH)2D3 has greater anticancer potency, but similar toxicity causing hypercalcemia. We focused on the effect of these compounds on the stimulation of expression of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) whose gene has a vitamin D response element in its promoter. Expression of CAMP mRNA and protein increased in a dose-response fashion after exposure of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to the Gemini analog, BXL-01-126, in vitro. A xenograft model of AML was developed using U937 AML cells injected into NSG-immunodeficient mice. Administration of vitamin D3 compounds to these mice resulted in substantial levels of CAMP in the systemic circulation. This suggests a unique prophylactic treatment at diagnosis or during induction chemotherapy for AML patients to provide them with protection against various microbial infections through CAMP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Rørvig S, Østergaard O, Heegaard NHH, Borregaard N. Proteome profiling of human neutrophil granule subsets, secretory vesicles, and cell membrane: correlation with transcriptome profiling of neutrophil precursors. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:711-21. [PMID: 23650620 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1212619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are indispensable in the innate immune defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophils contain SVs and several subsets of granules that are essential for their function. Proteins present in neutrophil SVs and granules are synthesized during terminal granulopoiesis in the bone marrow. The heterogeneity of granules, as determined by marker proteins characteristic of each granule subset, is thought to result from differences in the biosynthetic windows of major classes of granule proteins, a process referred to as targeting by timing. Qualitative proteomic analysis of neutrophil granules, SVs, and plasma membrane has been performed before. Here, we performed subcellular fractionation on freshly isolated human neutrophils by nitrogen cavitation and density centrifugation on a four-layer Percoll gradient. Granule subsets were pooled and subjected to SDS-PAGE, and gel pieces were in-gel-digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were analyzed using LTQ Orbitrap XL tandem MS. A total of 1292 unique proteins were identified and grouped, according to the neutrophil fraction, in which they displayed maximal expression. In addition to various known neutrophil proteins, several uncharacterized proteins were found, as well as proteins not described previously in neutrophils. To study the correlation between mRNA expression in neutrophil precursors and the localization of their cognate proteins, the distribution of 126 identified proteins was compared with their mRNA expression profiles. The neutrophil subcellular proteome profiles presented here may be used as a database in combination with the mRNA array database to predict and test the presence and localization of proteins in neutrophil granules and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rørvig
- 2.Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet-9322, 20 Juliane Mariesvej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Candida albicans, the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogen, is able to grow as budding yeasts or filamentous forms, such as hyphae. The ability to switch morphology has been attributed a crucial role for the pathogenesis of C. albicans. To mimic disseminated candidiasis in humans, the mouse is the most widely used model organism. Neutrophils are essential immune cells to prevent opportunistic mycoses. To explore potential differences between the rodent infection model and the human host, we compared the interactions of C. albicans with neutrophil granulocytes from mice and humans. We revealed that murine neutrophils exhibited a significantly lower ability to kill C. albicans than their human counterparts. Strikingly, C. albicans yeast cells formed germ tubes upon internalization by murine neutrophils, eventually rupturing the neutrophil membrane and thereby, killing the phagocyte. On the contrary, growth and subsequent escape of C. albicans are blocked inside human neutrophils. According to our findings, this blockage in human neutrophils might be a result of higher levels of MPO activity and the presence of α-defensins. We therefore outline differences in antifungal immune defense between humans and mouse strains, which facilitates a more accurate interpretation of in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ermert
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Sjukhusområdet 6C, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
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Lim R, Lappas M, Riley C, Borregaard N, Moller HJ, Ahmed N, Rice GE. Investigation of human cationic antimicrobial protein-18 (hCAP-18), lactoferrin and CD163 as potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:5. [PMID: 23339669 PMCID: PMC3557177 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of gynaecological cancer morbidity and mortality in women. Early stage ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic, therefore, is often first diagnosed when it is widely disseminated. Currently available diagnostics lack the requisite sensitivity and specificity to be implemented as community-based screening tests. The identification of additional biomarkers may improve the diagnostic efficiency of multivariate index assays. The aims of this study were to characterise and compare the ovarian tissue immunohistochemical localisation and plasma concentrations of three putative ovarian cancer biomarkers: human cationic antimicrobial protein-18 (hCAP-18); lactoferrin; and CD163 in normal healthy women and women with ovarian cancer. METHODS In this case-control cohort study, ovarian tissue and blood samples were obtained from 164 women (73 controls, including 28 women with benign pelvic masses; 91 cancer, including 21 women with borderline tumours). Localisation of each antigen within the ovary was assessed by immunohistochemistry and serum concentrations determined by ELISA assays. RESULTS Immunoreactive (ir) hCAP-18 and lactoferrin were identified in epithelial cells, while CD163 was predominately localised in stromal cells. Tissue ir CD163 increased significantly (P<0.05) with disease grade. Median plasma concentrations of soluble (s)CD163 were significantly greater in the cases (3220 ng/ml) than in controls (2488 ng/ml) (P< 0.01). Median plasma concentrations of hCAP-18 and lactoferrin were not significantly different between cases and controls. The classification efficiency of each biomarker (as determined by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve; AUC) was: 0.67± 0.04; 0.62 ± 0.08 and 0.51 ± 0.07 for sCD163, hCAP-18 and lactoferrin, respectively. When the 3 biomarkers were modelled using stochastic gradient boosted logistic regression, the AUC increased to 0.95 ± 0.03. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in this study establishes the localisation and concentrations of CD163, hCAP-18, and lactoferrin in ovarian tumours and peripheral blood. Individually, the 3 biomarkers display only modest diagnostic efficiency as assessed by AUC. When combined in a multivariate index assay, however, diagnostic efficiency increases significantly. As such, the utility of the biomarker panel, as an aid in the diagnosis of cancer in symptomatic women, is worthy of further investigation in a larger phase 2 biomarker trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Jena P, Mohanty S, Mohanty T, Kallert S, Morgelin M, Lindstrøm T, Borregaard N, Stenger S, Sonawane A, Sørensen OE. Azurophil granule proteins constitute the major mycobactericidal proteins in human neutrophils and enhance the killing of mycobacteria in macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50345. [PMID: 23251364 PMCID: PMC3522671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria reside in, and are in turn controlled by, macrophages. However, emerging data suggest that neutrophils also play a critical role in innate immunity to tuberculosis, presumably by their different antibacterial granule proteins. In this study, we purified neutrophil azurophil and specific granules and systematically analyzed the antimycobacterial activity of some purified azurophil and specific granule proteins against M. smegmatis, M. bovis-BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Using gel overlay and colony forming unit assays we showed that the defensin-depleted azurophil granule proteins (AZP) were more active against mycobacteria compared to other granule proteins and cytosolic proteins. The proteins showing antimycobacterial activity were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate that the AZP disintegrate bacterial cell membrane resulting in killing of mycobacteria. Exogenous addition of AZP to murine macrophage RAW 264.7, THP-1 and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages significantly reduced the intracellular survival of mycobacteria without exhibiting cytotoxic activity on macrophages. Immunofluorescence studies showed that macrophages actively endocytose neutrophil granular proteins. Treatment with AZP resulted in increase in co-localization of BCG containing phagosomes with lysosomes but not in increase of autophagy. These data demonstrate that neutrophil azurophil proteins may play an important role in controlling intracellular survival of mycobacteria in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Jena
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Tirthankar Mohanty
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Kallert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Morgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lindstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Ole E. Sørensen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Dixon BM, Barker T, McKinnon T, Cuomo J, Frei B, Borregaard N, Gombart AF. Positive correlation between circulating cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18/LL-37) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy adults. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:575. [PMID: 23095332 PMCID: PMC3532295 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is induced by binding of the bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, to the vitamin D receptor. Significant levels of the protein hCAP18/LL-37 are found in the blood and may protect against infection and/or sepsis. We hypothesized that serum vitamin D levels may modulate the circulating levels of hCAP18. Only three studies have shown a positive correlation between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hCAP18 levels. Here we provide additional evidence for such a correlation in healthy, middle-aged adults. Findings Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and plasma levels of hCAP18 were determined in 19 healthy middle-aged (mean of 50.1 years) adult men and women. Plasma hCAP18 concentrations correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in subjects with 25(OH)D levels ≤ 32 ng/ml (r = 0.81, p < 0.005) but not in subjects with concentrations > 32 ng/ml (r = 0.19, p = 0.63). Conclusions We conclude that plasma hCAP18 levels correlate with serum 25(OH)D levels in subjects with concentrations of 25(OH)D ≤ 32 ng/ml as opposed to those with concentrations > 32 ng/ml and that vitamin D status may regulate systemic levels of hCAP18/LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Dixon
- USANA Health Sciences, Inc, 3838 West Parkway Boulevard, Salt Lake City UT 84120, USA
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Munthe-Fog L, Hummelshoj T, Honoré C, Moller ME, Skjoedt MO, Palsgaard I, Borregaard N, Madsen HO, Garred P. Variation in FCN1 affects biosynthesis of ficolin-1 and is associated with outcome of systemic inflammation. Genes Immun 2012; 13:515-22. [PMID: 22673311 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ficolin-1 is a recognition molecule of the lectin complement pathway. The ficolin-1 gene FCN1 is polymorphic, but the functional and clinical consequences are unknown.The concentration of ficolin-1 in plasma and FCN1 polymorphisms in positions -1981 (rs2989727), -791 (rs28909068), -542 (rs10120023), -271 (rs28909976), -144 (rs10117466) and +7918 (rs1071583) were determined in 100 healthy individuals. FCN1 expression by isolated monocytes and granulocytes and ficolin-1 levels in monocyte culture supernatants were assessed in 21 FCN1-genotyped individuals. FCN1 polymorphisms were determined in a cohort of 251 patients with systemic inflammation. High ficolin-1 plasma levels were significantly associated with the minor alleles in position -542 and -144. These alleles were also significantly associated with high FCN1 mRNA expression. The level of ficolin-1 in culture supernatants was significantly higher in individuals homozygous for the minor alleles at positions -542 and -144. Homozygosity for these alleles was significantly associated with fatal outcome in patients with systemic inflammation. None of the other investigated polymorphisms were associated with FCN1 and ficolin-1 expression, concentration or disease outcome. Functional polymorphic sites in the promoter region of FCN1 regulate both the expression and synthesis of ficolin-1 and are associated with outcome in severe inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Munthe-Fog
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mansbach JM, Piedra PA, Borregaard N, Martineau AR, Neuman MI, Espinola JA, Camargo CA. Serum cathelicidin level is associated with viral etiology and severity of bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1007-8.e1. [PMID: 22944482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Guo C, Rosoha E, Lowry MB, Borregaard N, Gombart AF. Curcumin induces human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene expression through a vitamin D receptor-independent pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:754-9. [PMID: 22841393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the pleiotropic biologic effects of 1α,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3. Recent in vitro studies suggested that curcumin and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) also bind to VDR with low affinity. As potential ligands for the VDR, we hypothesized that curcumin and PUFAs would induce expression of known VDR target genes in cells. In this study, we tested whether these compounds regulated two important VDR target genes - human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) - in human monocytic cell line U937, colon cancer cell line HT-29 and keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. We demonstrated that PUFAs failed to induce CAMP or CYP24A1 mRNA expression in all three cell lines, but curcumin up-regulated CAMP mRNA and protein levels in U937 cells. Curcumin treatment induced CAMP promoter activity from a luciferase reporter construct lacking the VDR binding site and did not increase binding of the VDR to the CAMP promoter as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. These findings indicate that induction of CAMP by curcumin occurs through a vitamin D receptor-independent manner. We conclude that PUFAs and curcumin do not function as ligands for the VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Guo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Srinivasan G, Aitken JD, Zhang B, Carvalho FA, Chassaing B, Shashidharamurthy R, Borregaard N, Jones DP, Gewirtz AT, Vijay-Kumar M. Lipocalin 2 deficiency dysregulates iron homeostasis and exacerbates endotoxin-induced sepsis. J Immunol 2012; 189:1911-9. [PMID: 22786765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Various states of inflammation, including sepsis, are associated with hypoferremia, which limits iron availability to pathogens and reduces iron-mediated oxidative stress. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2; siderocalin, 24p3) plays a central role in iron transport. Accordingly, Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2KO) mice exhibit elevated intracellular labile iron. In this study, we report that LPS induced systemic Lcn2 by 150-fold in wild-type mice at 24 h. Relative to wild-type littermates, Lcn2KO mice were markedly more sensitive to endotoxemia, exhibiting elevated indices of organ damage (transaminasemia, lactate dehydrogenase) and increased mortality. Such exacerbated endotoxemia was associated with substantially increased caspase-3 cleavage and concomitantly elevated immune cell apoptosis. Furthermore, cells from Lcn2KO mice were hyperresponsive to LPS ex vivo, exhibiting elevated cytokine secretion. Additionally, Lcn2KO mice exhibited delayed LPS-induced hypoferremia despite normal hepatic hepcidin expression and displayed decreased levels of the tissue redox state indicators cysteine and glutathione in liver and plasma. Desferroxamine, an iron chelator, significantly protects Lcn2KO mice from LPS-induced toxicity, including mortality, suggesting that Lcn2 may act as an antioxidant in vivo by regulating iron homeostasis. Thus, Lcn2-mediated regulation of labile iron protects the host against sepsis. Its small size and simple structure may make Lcn2 a deployable treatment for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Srinivasan
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Cramer EP, Glenthøj A, Häger M, Juncker-Jensen A, Engelholm LH, Santoni-Rugiu E, Lund LR, Laerum OD, Cowland JB, Borregaard N. No effect of NGAL/lipocalin-2 on aggressiveness of cancer in the MMTV-PyMT/FVB/N mouse model for breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39646. [PMID: 22737251 PMCID: PMC3380857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NGAL/lipocalin-2 is a siderophore-binding protein that is highly expressed in several cancers. It is suggested to confer a proliferative advantage to cancer cells. Its expression has been correlated with aggressiveness of breast cancer as determined both in patients and in mouse breast cancer models. This was recently confirmed in two mouse models of spontaneous breast cancer in wild-type and lipocalin-2-deficient mice. We used a similar strategy using a different mouse strain. Lipocalin-2-deficient mice and mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T antigen (MMTV-PyMT) mice were crossed into the same FVB/N background. All mice developed tumors by week 8. The mice were sacrificed on week 13 and tissue was processed for biochemical and histological analysis. The total tumor volume and number of metastases were quantitated in 26 lipocalin-2-deficient mice and 34 wild-type controls. Lipocalin-2 expression in tumors of MMTV-PyMT-positive and wild-type mice was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and by immunohistochemistry. The expression of the lipocalin-2 receptors 24p3R and megalin and of Mmp-9, transferrin receptor, and Bdh2 (a producer of a mammalian siderophore) were quantitated by real-time PCR. No significant difference was observed between wild-type and lipocalin-2-deficient mice. Lipocalin-2 was highly expressed in tumors from wild-type mice, but the expression did not correlate with tumor size. No effect of lipocalin-2 was observed with respect to time to tumor appearance, total tumor volume, or to the number of metastases. Histology and gelatinolytic activity of the mammary tumors did not differ between wild-type and lipocalin-2-deficient mice. We conclude that NGAL/lipocalin-2 does not invariably affect the aggressiveness of breast cancers as assessed in mouse models, thus questioning the role of lipocalin-2 in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth P. Cramer
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Glenthøj
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Häger
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Juncker-Jensen
- Finsen Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Engelholm
- Finsen Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Santoni-Rugiu
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif R. Lund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole D. Laerum
- Finsen Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Gade Institute, Section of Pathology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jack B. Cowland
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JBC); (NB)
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JBC); (NB)
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Clemmensen SN, Bohr CT, Rørvig S, Glenthøj A, Mora-Jensen H, Cramer EP, Jacobsen LC, Larsen MT, Cowland JB, Tanassi JT, Heegaard NHH, Wren JD, Silahtaroglu AN, Borregaard N. Olfactomedin 4 defines a subset of human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:495-500. [PMID: 22187488 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0811417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OLFM4 was identified initially as a gene highly induced in myeloid stem cells by G-CSF treatment. A bioinformatics method using a global meta-analysis of microarray data predicted that OLFM4 would be associated with specific granules in human neutrophils. Subcellular fractionation of peripheral blood neutrophils demonstrated complete colocalization of OLFM4 with the specific granule protein NGAL, and stimulation of neutrophils with PMA resulted in corelease of NGAL and OLFM4, proving that OLFM4 is a genuine constituent of neutrophil-specific granules. In accordance with this, OLFM4 mRNA peaked at the MY/MM stage of maturation. OLFM4 was, however, present in only 20-25% of peripheral blood neutrophils, as determined by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry, whereas mRNA for OLFM4 was present in all MY/MM, indicating post-transcriptional regulation as a basis for the heterogeneous expression of OLFM4 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Clemmensen
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet 9322, 20 Juliane Maries vej, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sola A, Weigert A, Jung M, Vinuesa E, Brecht K, Weis N, Brüne B, Borregaard N, Hotter G. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling induces the production of Lcn-2 by macrophages to promote kidney regeneration. J Pathol 2011; 225:597-608. [PMID: 22025214 DOI: 10.1002/path.2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions are initiated to eliminate pathogens, but also to promote repair of damaged tissue after acute inflammation is terminated. In this regard, macrophages play a prominent role during induction as well as resolution of inflammation and injury in various organs including the kidney. The present study describes a mechanism for renal tissue regeneration after ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Following injury, apoptotic cell-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) or exogenously administered sphingosine analogue FTY720 activates macrophages to support the proliferation and healing of renal epithelium, once inflammatory conditions are terminated. Both suppression of inflammation and renal regeneration might require S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) signalling and downstream release of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL/Lcn-2) from macrophages. Overall, our data point to a macrophage-dependent S1P-S1P3-Lcn-2 axis that might be beneficial for restoration of kidney function after an ischaemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sola
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.
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Clemmensen SN, Jacobsen LC, Rørvig S, Askaa B, Christenson K, Iversen M, Jørgensen MH, Larsen MT, van Deurs B, Ostergaard O, Heegaard NH, Cowland JB, Borregaard N. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is produced by human neutrophil granulocytes and their precursors and liberated during granule exocytosis. Eur J Haematol 2011; 86:517-30. [PMID: 21477074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is an important inhibitor of neutrophil proteases including elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. Transcription profiling data suggest that A1AT is expressed by human neutrophil granulocytes during all developmental stages. A1AT has hitherto only been found associated with azurophile granules in neutrophils indicative of A1AT expression being restricted to the promyelocyte stage. We examined the localization and production of A1AT in healthy donor neutrophils and found A1AT to be a constituent of all granule subtypes and to be released from neutrophils following stimulation. A1AT is produced at all stages of myeloid maturation in the bone marrow. The production increases as neutrophils enter circulation and increases further upon migration to tissues as observed in skin windows and when blood neutrophils are incubated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Neutrophils from patients with A1AT-deficiency carrying the (PI)ZZ mutation in the A1AT gene appeared structurally and functionally normal, but A1AT produced in leukocytes of these patients lacked the ability to bind proteases efficiently. We conclude that A1AT generation and release from neutrophils add significantly to the antiprotease levels in tissues during inflammation. Impaired binding of neutrophil A1AT to serine proteases in patients with (PI)ZZ mutations may enhance their susceptibility to the development of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Clemmensen
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mora-Jensen H, Jendholm J, Fossum A, Porse B, Borregaard N, Theilgaard-Mönch K. Technical Advance: Immunophenotypical characterization of human neutrophil differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:629-34. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Ismail D, Akuete K, Borregaard N, Hostoffer R, Tcheurekdjian H. New primary immunodeficiency with severe paucity of neutrophil granules despite normal granule protein levels (111.17). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.111.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency is a rare congenital disorder, which manifests with severe, recurrent infections and is characterized by the absence of neutrophil specific granules and eosinophil granules. We describe a pathologically distinct primary immunodeficiency characterized by the near absence of all neutrophil granules but sparing of eosinophil granules. The subject is an 8 year old male with infections since birth including recurrent abscesses, chronic cellulitis, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, and profound dental decay. Lymphocyte phenotyping, T-cell and B-cell function, and assessment of neutrophil oxidative burst were normal. Leukocytes appear normal on light microscopy, but neutrophils in peripheral blood and bone marrow examined by electron mocroscopy contained few granules of any kind. Mean (standard deviation) number of granules per neutrophil of subject as compared to control were 1.4 (1.1) and 72.6 (31.4), respectively (p=0.0014). Nonetheless, granule proteins in neutrophil cell lysate were present in amounts comparable to controls. Eosinophils were morphologically normal. This is the first description of an immune deficiency due to near absence of neutrophil granules despite normal granule protein levels. This indicates a defect in granule production as opposed to a defect in granule protein production, which has previously been identified in neutrophil-specific granule deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Ismail
- 1University Hospitals of Cleveland-Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kwei Akuete
- 1University Hospitals of Cleveland-Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Niels Borregaard
- 2Department of Hematology Rigshospitalet-4042, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Hostoffer
- 1University Hospitals of Cleveland-Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- 3Allergy/Immunology Associates, Inc., Cleveland, OH
| | - Haig Tcheurekdjian
- 1University Hospitals of Cleveland-Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- 3Allergy/Immunology Associates, Inc., Cleveland, OH
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Bhan I, Camargo CA, Wenger J, Ricciardi C, Ye J, Borregaard N, Thadhani R. Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and human cathelicidin in healthy adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1302-4.e1. [PMID: 21310475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow from stem cells that proliferate and differentiate to mature neutrophils fully equipped with an armory of granules. These contain proteins that enable the neutrophil to deliver lethal hits against microorganisms, but also to cause great tissue damage. Neutrophils circulate in the blood as dormant cells. At sites of infection, endothelial cells capture bypassing neutrophils and guide them through the endothelial cell lining whereby the neutrophils are activated and tuned for the subsequent interaction with microbes. Once in tissues, neutrophils kill microorganisms by microbicidal agents liberated from granules or generated by metabolic activation. As a final act, neutrophils can extrude stands of DNA with bactericidal proteins attached that act as extracellular traps for microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wu H, Santoni-Rugiu E, Ralfkiaer E, Porse BT, Moser C, Høiby N, Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Lipocalin 2 is protective against E. coli pneumonia. Respir Res 2010; 11:96. [PMID: 20633248 PMCID: PMC2912245 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipocalin 2 is a bacteriostatic protein that binds the siderophore enterobactin, an iron-chelating molecule produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is required for bacterial growth. Infection of the lungs by E. coli is rare despite a frequent exposure to this commensal bacterium. Lipocalin 2 is an effector molecule of the innate immune system and could therefore play a role in hindering growth of E. coli in the lungs. Methods Lipocalin 2 knock-out and wild type mice were infected with two strains of E. coli. The lungs were removed 48 hours post-infection and examined for lipocalin 2 and MMP9 (a myeloid marker protein) by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. Bacterial numbers were assessed in the lungs of the mice at 2 and 5 days after infection and mortality of the mice was monitored over a five-day period. The effect of administering ferrichrome (an iron source that cannot be bound by lipocalin 2) along with E.coli was also examined. Results Intratracheal installation of E. coli in mice resulted in strong induction of lipocalin 2 expression in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type II pneumocytes. Migration of myeloid cells to the site of infection also contributed to an increased lipocalin 2 level in the lungs. Significant higher bacterial numbers were observed in the lungs of lipocalin 2 knock-out mice on days 2 and 5 after infection with E. coli (p < 0.05). In addition, a higher number of E. coli was found in the spleen of surviving lipocalin 2 knock-out mice on day 5 post-infection than in the corresponding wild-type mice (p < 0.05). The protective effect against E. coli infection in wild type mice could be counteracted by the siderophore ferrichrome, indicating that the protective effect of lipocalin 2 depends on its ability to sequester iron. Conclusions Lipocalin 2 is important for protection of airways against infection by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Neutrophil granules store proteins that are critically important for the neutrophil to move from the vascular bed to tissues and to kill microorganisms. This is illustrated in nature when individual proteins are deleted due to inherited mutations of their cognate genes, and such deficiencies result in the conditions leucocyte adhesion deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease. The granules of the neutrophil have traditionally been divided into two or three major types but are instead a continuum where several subtypes can be identified with differences in protein content and propensity for mobilization. This is explained by the 'targeting by timing hypothesis' which states that granules are filled with granule proteins that are synthesized at the time the granule is formed. The heterogeneity of granules arises because the synthesis of granule proteins is individually controlled and major differences exist in the timings of biosynthesis during granulocytopoiesis. This is largely controlled by gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Häger
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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49
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Honoré C, Rørvig S, Hummelshøj T, Skjoedt MO, Borregaard N, Garred P. Tethering of Ficolin-1 to cell surfaces through recognition of sialic acid by the fibrinogen-like domain. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:145-58. [PMID: 20400674 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Three Ficolins have been identified in humans: Ficolin-1 (M-Ficolin), Ficolin-2 (L-Ficolin), and Ficolin-3 (H-Ficolin). Ficolin-1 is the least-described of the Ficolins and is expressed by monocytes, granulocytes, and in the lungs. Ficolin-1 is found circulating at low concentrations in serum but is regarded primarily as a secretory molecule that exerts its function locally in inflamed tissues. Ficolin-1 has been reported on the surface of monocytes and granulocytes and was suggested originally to function as a phagocytic receptor. However, the molecule does not contain any obvious transmembrane domain, and no binding partners have been identified. To gain further insight in the physiological role of Ficolin-1, we sought to identify the molecular mechanism responsible for the membrane association of Ficolin-1 to monocytes and granulocytes. We demonstrate that expression of Ficolin-1 on the cell surface is restricted to monocytes and granulocytes. Ficolin-1 is tethered to the cell surface of these cells through its fibrinogen-like domain, and the ligand involved in the binding of Ficolin-1 is shown to be sialic acid. Moreover, rFicolin-1 bound activated but not resting T lymphocytes. Together, these results demonstrate a novel self-recognition mechanism of leukocytes mediated by the fibrinogen-like domain of Ficolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Honoré
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Marstrand TT, Borup R, Willer A, Borregaard N, Sandelin A, Porse BT, Theilgaard-Mönch K. A conceptual framework for the identification of candidate drugs and drug targets in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2010; 24:1265-75. [PMID: 20508621 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations of transcription factors generating fusion proteins with aberrant transcriptional activity are common in acute leukemia. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic-acid receptor alpha (PML-RARA) fusion protein, which emerges as a consequence of the t(15;17) translocation, acts as a transcriptional repressor that blocks neutrophil differentiation at the promyelocyte (PM) stage. In this study, we used publicly available microarray data sets and identified signatures of genes dysregulated in APL by comparison of gene expression profiles of APL cells and normal PMs representing the same stage of differentiation. We next subjected our identified APL signatures of dysregulated genes to a series of computational analyses leading to (i) the finding that APL cells show stem cell properties with respect to gene expression and transcriptional regulation, and (ii) the identification of candidate drugs and drug targets for therapeutic interventions. Significantly, our study provides a conceptual framework that can be applied to any subtype of AML and cancer in general to uncover novel information from published microarray data sets at low cost. In a broader perspective, our study provides strong evidence that genomic strategies might be used in a clinical setting to prospectively identify candidate drugs that subsequently are validated in vitro to define the most effective drug combination for individual cancer patients on a rational basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Marstrand
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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