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Chiang WT, Chang YK, Hui WH, Chang SW, Liao CY, Chang YC, Chen CJ, Wang WC, Lai CC, Wang CH, Luo SY, Huang YP, Chou SH, Horng TL, Hou MH, Muench SP, Chen RS, Tsai MD, Hu NJ. Structural basis and synergism of ATP and Na + activation in bacterial K + uptake system KtrAB. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3850. [PMID: 38719864 PMCID: PMC11078986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The K+ uptake system KtrAB is essential for bacterial survival in low K+ environments. The activity of KtrAB is regulated by nucleotides and Na+. Previous studies proposed a putative gating mechanism of KtrB regulated by KtrA upon binding to ATP or ADP. However, how Na+ activates KtrAB and the Na+ binding site remain unknown. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of ATP- and ADP-bound KtrAB from Bacillus subtilis (BsKtrAB) both solved at 2.8 Å. A cryo-EM density at the intra-dimer interface of ATP-KtrA was identified as Na+, as supported by X-ray crystallography and ICP-MS. Thermostability assays and functional studies demonstrated that Na+ binding stabilizes the ATP-bound BsKtrAB complex and enhances its K+ flux activity. Comparing ATP- and ADP-BsKtrAB structures suggests that BsKtrB Arg417 and Phe91 serve as a channel gate. The synergism of ATP and Na+ in activating BsKtrAB is likely applicable to Na+-activated K+ channels in central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Tien Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Kai Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Hui
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10663, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30092, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiung Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Ying Luo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Leng Horng
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ren-Shiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407224, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Daw Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan.
- Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan.
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Lin CL, Kiu YT, Kan JY, Chang YJ, Hung PY, Lu CH, Lin WL, Hsieh YW, Kao JY, Hu NJ, Lin CW. The Antiviral Activity of Varenicline against Dengue Virus Replication during the Post-Entry Stage. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2754. [PMID: 37893127 PMCID: PMC10604274 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) poses a significant global health challenge, with millions of cases each year. Developing effective antiviral drugs against DENV remains a major hurdle. Varenicline is a medication used to aid smoking cessation, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, varenicline was investigated for its antiviral potential against DENV. This study provides evidence of the antiviral activity of varenicline against DENV, regardless of the virus serotype or cell type used. Varenicline demonstrated dose-dependent effects in reducing viral protein expression, infectivity, and virus yield in Vero and A549 cells infected with DENV-1 and DENV-2, with EC50 values ranging from 0.44 to 1.66 μM. Time-of-addition and removal experiments demonstrated that varenicline had a stronger inhibitory effect on the post-entry stage of DENV-2 replication than on the entry stage, as well as the preinfection and virus attachment stages. Furthermore, cell-based trans-cleavage assays indicated that varenicline dose-dependently inhibited the proteolytic activity of DENV-2 NS2B-NS3 protease. Docking models revealed the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between varenicline and specific residues in the DENV-1 and DENV-2 NS2B-NS3 proteases. These results highlight the antiviral activity and potential mechanism of varenicline against DENV, offering valuable insights for further research and development in the treatment of DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lin Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-L.L.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Yan-Tung Kiu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (Y.-T.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (P.-Y.H.)
| | - Ju-Ying Kan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (Y.-T.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (P.-Y.H.)
- The Ph.D. Program of Biotechnology and Biomedical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- The Ph.D. Program of Biotechnology and Biomedical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Ping-Yi Hung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (Y.-T.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (P.-Y.H.)
| | - Chih-Hao Lu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Ling Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (W.-L.L.); (Y.-W.H.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Wen Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (W.-L.L.); (Y.-W.H.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yie Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-L.L.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-L.L.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (Y.-T.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (P.-Y.H.)
- The Ph.D. Program of Biotechnology and Biomedical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Huang CW, Lin YS, Huang WC, Lai CC, Chien HJ, Hu NJ, Chen JH. Inhibition of the clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: In vitro assessment of a case-based study. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2022; 55:60-68. [PMID: 33341362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global rise in nosocomial infections associated with gram-negative bacteria and the spread of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) pose public health concerns. This study investigates the inhibitory effects and possible inhibitory mechanism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) on selected clinical strains of A. baumannii (AB) isolated from Taiwanese patients. METHODS Four and eight clinical strains of AB and PA, respectively, were randomly selected from the bacterial collection of Feng-Yuan Hospital, Taiwan. Antimicrobial-susceptibility was performed on the AB strains. Inhibition potential of the PA strains against AB was assessed by measuring the inhibition zones. In vitro analysis using phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) was conducted to assess the possible inhibitory mechanism of PA, which was later confirmed in the clinical isolates by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS All the clinical AB strains showed resistance to the eleven antibiotics and were classified as MDR-AB. The nine PA strains exert either a high (PA3596, PA3681, PA3772, and ATCC27853) or a low (PA3613, PA3625, PA3712, PA3715, and PA3744) degree of inhibition against AB strains. 0.25 mg/ml PCN had a clearer inhibition zone than 0.05 mg/ml PCN, suggesting a dose-dependent inhibition of PCN on the AB strains. The four PA strains that demonstrated a high degree of inhibition had a relatively high amount of PCN. CONCLUSION Selected strains of PA exert inhibitory actions on MDR-AB with PCN being a possible inhibitory agent. This finding raises the possibility of developing effective therapeutic antibiotics and disinfectant from specific components of PA for the treatment and control of Acinetobacter-associated infections in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wen Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ju Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Huang WR, Li JY, Liao TL, Yeh CM, Wang CY, Wen HW, Hu NJ, Wu YY, Hsu CY, Chang YK, Chang CD, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Molecular chaperone TRiC governs avian reovirus replication by protecting outer-capsid protein σC and inner core protein σA and non-structural protein σNS from ubiquitin- proteasome degradation. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109277. [PMID: 34826648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are important pathogens that cause considerable economic losses in poultry farming. To date, host factors that control stabilization of ARV proteins remain largely unknown. In this work we determined that the eukaryotic chaperonin T-complex protein-1 (TCP-1) ring complex (TRiC) is essential for avian reovirus (ARV) replication by stabilizing outer-capsid protein σC, inner core protein σA, and the non-structural protein σNS of ARV. TriC serves as a chaperone of viral proteins and prevent their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the association of viral proteins (σA, σC, and σNS) with TRiC. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that the TRiC chaperonins (CCT2 and CCT5) are colocalized with viral proteins σC, σA, and σNS of ARV. In this study, inhibition of TRiC chaperonins (CCT2 and CCT5) by the inhibitor HSF1A or shRNAs significantly reduced expression levels of the σC, σA, and σNS proteins of ARV as well as virus yield, suggesting that the TRiC complex functions in stabilization of viral proteins and virus replication. This study provides novel insights into TRiC chaperonin governing virus replication via stabilization of outer-capsid protein σC, inner core protein σA, and the non-structural protein σNS of ARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Yi Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ming Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Bioproduction Reearch Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukaba, Japan
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Wen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yu Hsu
- Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Depertment of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine and Management, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Dong Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Brent L Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Jiang DL, Yao CL, Hu NJ, Liu YC. Construction of a Tandem Repeat Peptide Sequence with Pepsin Cutting Sites to Produce Recombinant α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206207. [PMID: 34684787 PMCID: PMC8541268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a peptide hormone composed of 13 amino acids, is attempted by recombinant expression using E. coli as the host. To achieve this aim, a synthetic gene containing eight tandem repeats of msh gene (8msh) was designed for ribosomal synthesis of 8 α-MSH. The merit of the strategy is to diminish the peptide toxicity against the host cell and to achieve a higher production yield. Pepsin cleavage sites are introduced between the peptides for enzymatic proteolysis to obtain the monomeric peptide of α-MSH. The constructed plasmid was transformed into different strains of E. coli hosts, and E. coli XL1-Blue with gene 8msh revealed the highest yield of 8 α-MSH. Although 8 α-MSH was fractionalized in the insoluble pellets after cell lysis, pepsin cleavage was able to produce soluble α-MSH peptide, as analyzed and confirmed by mass spectrometry and peptide activity assays. The production of α-MSH was quantified using HPLC with a yield of 42.9 mg/L of LB culture. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing α-MSH using recombinant expression of tandem repeat gene. The production procedure involves minimal post-treatment and processing and can be scaled up for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Lin Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Ling Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (N.-J.H.); (Y.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-(0)4-2285-3769 (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yung-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (N.-J.H.); (Y.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-(0)4-2285-3769 (Y.-C.L.)
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Fang YT, Li SY, Hu NJ, Yang J, Liu JH, Liu YC. Study on Cecropin B2 Production via Construct Bearing Intein Oligopeptide Cleavage Variants. Molecules 2020; 25:E1005. [PMID: 32102349 PMCID: PMC7070832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25041005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, genetic engineering was applied to the overexpression of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) cecropin B2 (cecB2). pTWIN1 vector with a chitin-binding domain (CBD) and an auto-cleavage Ssp DnaB intein (INT) was coupled to the cecB2 to form a fusion protein construct and expressed via Escherichia coli ER2566. The cecB2 was obtained via the INT cleavage reaction, which was highly related to its adjacent amino acids. Three oligopeptide cleavage variants (OCVs), i.e., GRA, CRA, and SRA, were used as the inserts located at the C-terminus of the INT to facilitate the cleavage reaction. SRA showed the most efficient performance in accelerating the INT self-cleavage reaction. In addition, in order to treat the INT as a biocatalyst, a first-order rate equation was applied to fit the INT cleavage reaction. A possible inference was proposed for the INT cleavage promotion with varied OCVs using a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The production and purification via the CBD-INT-SRA-cecB2 fusion protein resulted in a cecB2 yield of 58.7 mg/L with antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-T.F.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-T.F.); (S.-Y.L.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, NCHU, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (N.-J.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jie Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (N.-J.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jyung-Hurng Liu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, NCHU, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- PhD program in Medical Biotechnology, NCHU, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, NCHU, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-T.F.); (S.-Y.L.)
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Lin YH, Lin SY, Li GS, Weng SE, Tzeng SL, Hsiao YH, Hu NJ. Site-Directed Alkylation Detected by In-Gel Fluorescence (SDAF) to Determine the Topology Map and Probe the Solvent Accessibility of Membrane Proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13171. [PMID: 31511541 PMCID: PMC6739316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The topology of helix-bundle membrane proteins provides low-resolution structural information with regard to the number and orientation of membrane-spanning helices, as well as the sidedness of intra/extra-cellular domains. In the past decades, several strategies have been developed to experimentally determine the topology of membrane proteins. However, generally, these methods are labour-intensive, time-consuming and difficult to implement for quantitative analysis. Here, we report a novel approach, site-directed alkylation detected by in-gel fluorescence (SDAF), which monitors the fluorescent band shift caused by alkylation of the EGFP-fused target membrane protein bearing one single introduced cysteine. In-gel fluorescence provides a unique readout of target membrane proteins with EGFP fusion from non-purified samples, revealing a distinct 5 kDa shift on SDS-PAGE gel due to conjugation with mPEG-MAL-5K. Using the structurally characterised bile acid transporter ASBTNM as an example, we demonstrate that SDAF generates a topology map consistent with the crystal structure. The efficiency of mPEG-MAL-5K modification at each introduced cysteine can easily be quantified and analysed, providing a useful tool for probing the solvent accessibility at a specific position of the target membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sung-Yao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Guan-Syun Li
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shao-En Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Ling Tzeng
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsuan Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C.. .,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C.. .,Ph.D. Program in Transnational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xinda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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Chin KH, Liang JM, Yang JG, Shih MS, Tu ZL, Wang YC, Sun XH, Hu NJ, Liang ZX, Dow JM, Ryan RP, Chou SH. Correction to "Structural Insights into the Distinct Binding Mode of Cyclic Di-AMP with SaCpaA_RCK". Biochemistry 2018; 57:4236. [PMID: 29984582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Liu CH, Chen YT, Hou MH, Hu NJ, Chen CS, Shaw JF. Crystallographic analysis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis lipase involved in esterification in aqueous solution. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:351-354. [PMID: 29870019 PMCID: PMC5987743 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18006775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus epidermidis lipase (SeLip, GehC) can be used in flavour-compound production via esterification in aqueous solution. This study reports the crystallization and crystallographic analysis of recombinant GehC (rGehC; Lys303-Lys688) with a molecular weight of 43 kDa. rGehC was crystallized at 293 K using PEG 10 000 as a precipitant, and a 99.9% complete native data set was collected from a cooled crystal at 77 K to a resolution of 1.9 Å with an overall Rmerge value of 7.3%. The crystals were orthorhombic and belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 42.07, b = 59.31, c = 171.30 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. Solvent-content calculations suggest that there is likely to be one lipase subunit in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shuh Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, No. 1, Section 1, Syuecheng Road, Dashu District, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan
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Tseng WH, Chang CK, Wu PC, Hu NJ, Lee GH, Tzeng CC, Neidle S, Hou MH. Induced-Fit Recognition of CCG Trinucleotide Repeats by a Nickel-Chromomycin Complex Resulting in Large-Scale DNA Deformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Tseng
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics; National Chung Hsing University; 250 Kuo-kuang Rd. Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chung-ke Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Wu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics; National Chung Hsing University; 250 Kuo-kuang Rd. Taichung Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry; National Chung Hsing University; 250 Kuo-kuang Rd. Taichung Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center; College of Science; National Taiwan University; No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cherng Tzeng
- Department of Pathology; Chi Mei Medical Center; No.901, Zhonghua Rd. Tainan Taiwan
| | - Stephen Neidle
- The School of Pharmacy; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics; National Chung Hsing University; 250 Kuo-kuang Rd. Taichung Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; 250 Kuo-kuang Rd. Taichung Taiwan
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11
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Tseng WH, Chang CK, Wu PC, Hu NJ, Lee GH, Tzeng CC, Neidle S, Hou MH. Induced-Fit Recognition of CCG Trinucleotide Repeats by a Nickel-Chromomycin Complex Resulting in Large-Scale DNA Deformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8761-8765. [PMID: 28544401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule compounds targeting trinucleotide repeats in DNA have considerable potential as therapeutic or diagnostic agents against many neurological diseases. NiII (Chro)2 (Chro=chromomycin A3) binds specifically to the minor groove of (CCG)n repeats in duplex DNA, with unique fluorescence features that may serve as a probe for disease detection. Crystallographic studies revealed that the specificity originates from the large-scale spatial rearrangement of the DNA structure, including extrusion of consecutive bases and backbone distortions, with a sharp bending of the duplex accompanied by conformational changes in the NiII chelate itself. The DNA deformation of CCG repeats upon binding forms a GGCC tetranucleotide tract, which is recognized by NiII (Chro)2 . The extruded cytosine and last guanine nucleotides form water-mediated hydrogen bonds, which aid in ligand recognition. The recognition can be accounted for by the classic induced-fit paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Tseng
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-kuang Rd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ke Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Wu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-kuang Rd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-kuang Rd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center, College of Science, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cherng Tzeng
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, No.901, Zhonghua Rd., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Neidle
- The School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-kuang Rd., Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-kuang Rd., Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Hou MH, Chuang CY, Ko TP, Hu NJ, Chou CC, Shih YP, Ho CL, Wang AHJ. Crystal structure of vespid phospholipase A(1) reveals insights into the mechanism for cause of membrane dysfunction. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 68:79-88. [PMID: 26603193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vespid phospholipase A1 (vPLA1) from the black-bellied hornet (Vespa basalis) catalyzes the hydrolysis of emulsified phospholipids and shows potent hemolytic activity that is responsible for its lethal effect. To investigate the mechanism of vPLA1 towards its function such as hemolysis and emulsification, we isolated vPLA1 from V. basalis venom and determined its crystal structure at 2.5 Å resolution. vPLA1 belongs to the α/β hydrolase fold family. It contains a tightly packed β-sheet surrounded by ten α-helices and a Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly motif, characteristic of a serine hydrolyase active site. A bound phospholipid was modeled into the active site adjacent to the catalytic Ser-His-Asp triad indicating that Gln95 is located at hydrogen-bonding distance from the substrate's phosphate group. Moreover, a hydrophobic surface comprised by the side chains of Phe53, Phe62, Met91, Tyr99, Leu197, Ala167 and Pro169 may serve as the acyl chain-binding site. vPLA1 shows global similarity to the N-terminal domain of human pancreatic lipase (HPL), but with some local differences. The lid domain and the β9 loop responsible for substrate selectivity in vPLA1 are shorter than in HPL. Thus, solvent-exposed hydrophilic residues can easily accommodate the polar head groups of phospholipids, thereby accounting for the high activity level of vPLA1. Our result provides a potential explanation for the ability of vPLA1 to hydrolyze phospholipids of cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40254, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40254, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ying Chuang
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40254, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40254, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ping Shih
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chewn-Lang Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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13
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Chang CK, Jeyachandran S, Hu NJ, Liu CL, Lin SY, Wang YS, Chang YM, Hou MH. Structure-based virtual screening and experimental validation of the discovery of inhibitors targeted towards the human coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Mol BioSyst 2016; 12:59-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid protein (NP), an essential RNA-binding viral protein in human coronavirus (CoV)-infected cells, is an antiviral target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-ke Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Science
- Academia Sinica
- Nangang
- Taiwan
| | - Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Institute of Life Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40254
- Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40254
- Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Liu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Institute of Life Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40254
- Taiwan
| | - Shing-Yen Lin
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Institute of Life Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40254
- Taiwan
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Institute of Life Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40254
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics and Institute of Life Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40254
- Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry
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14
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Chin KH, Liang JM, Yang JG, Shih MS, Tu ZL, Wang YC, Sun XH, Hu NJ, Liang ZX, Dow JM, Ryan RP, Chou SH. Structural Insights into the Distinct Binding Mode of Cyclic Di-AMP with SaCpaA_RCK. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4936-51. [PMID: 26171638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is a relatively new member of the family of bacterial cyclic dinucleotide second messengers. It has attracted significant attention in recent years because of the abundant roles it plays in a variety of Gram-positive bacteria. The structural features that allow diverse bacterial proteins to bind c-di-AMP are not fully understood. Here we report the biophysical and structural studies of c-di-AMP in complex with a bacterial cation-proton antiporter (CpaA) RCK (regulator of the conductance of K(+)) protein from Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). The crystal structure of the SaCpaA_RCK C-terminal domain (CTD) in complex with c-di-AMP was determined to a resolution of 1.81 Å. This structure revealed two well-liganded water molecules, each interacting with one of the adenine bases by a unique H2Olp-π interaction to stabilize the complex. Sequence blasting using the SaCpaA_RCK primary sequence against the bacterial genome database returned many CpaA analogues, and alignment of these sequences revealed that the active site residues are all well-conserved, indicating a universal c-di-AMP binding mode for CpaA_RCK. A proteoliposome activity assay using the full-length SaCpaA membrane protein indicated that c-di-AMP binding alters its antiporter activity by approximately 40%. A comparison of this structure to all other reported c-di-AMP-receptor complex structures revealed that c-di-AMP binds to receptors in either a "U-shape" or "V-shape" mode. The two adenine rings are stabilized in the inner interaction zone by a variety of CH-π, cation-π, backbone-π, or H2Olp-π interaction, but more commonly in the outer interaction zone by hydrophobic CH-π or π-π interaction. The structures determined to date provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which a single c-di-AMP can interact with a variety of receptor proteins, and how c-di-AMP binds receptor proteins in a special way different from that of c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Hsin Chin
- †National Chung Hsing University Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Juin-Ming Liang
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jauo-Guey Yang
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Shao Shih
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Le Tu
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chuang Wang
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xing-Han Sun
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- ‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- §School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - J Maxwell Dow
- ∥School of Microbiology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Robert P Ryan
- ⊥Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- †National Chung Hsing University Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC.,‡Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Axford D, Foadi J, Hu NJ, Choudhury HG, Iwata S, Beis K, Evans G, Alguel Y. Structure determination of an integral membrane protein at room temperature from crystals in situ. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2015; 71:1228-37. [PMID: 26057664 PMCID: PMC4461203 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471500423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure determination of an integral membrane protein using synchrotron X-ray diffraction data collected at room temperature directly in vapour-diffusion crystallization plates (in situ) is demonstrated. Exposing the crystals in situ eliminates manual sample handling and, since it is performed at room temperature, removes the complication of cryoprotection and potential structural anomalies induced by sample cryocooling. Essential to the method is the ability to limit radiation damage by recording a small amount of data per sample from many samples and subsequently assembling the resulting data sets using specialized software. The validity of this procedure is established by the structure determination of Haemophilus influenza TehA at 2.3 Å resolution. The method presented offers an effective protocol for the fast and efficient determination of membrane-protein structures at room temperature using third-generation synchrotron beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Axford
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
| | - James Foadi
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Hassanul Ghani Choudhury
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - So Iwata
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Konstantinos Beis
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Gwyndaf Evans
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
| | - Yilmaz Alguel
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
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16
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Hu NJ, Rada H, Rahman N, Nettleship JE, Bird L, Iwata S, Drew D, Cameron AD, Owens RJ. GFP-based expression screening of membrane proteins in insect cells using the baculovirus system. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1261:197-209. [PMID: 25502201 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2230-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key step in the production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural studies is the optimization of protein yield and quality. One commonly used approach is to fuse the protein to green fluorescent protein (GFP), enabling expression to be tracked without the need to purify the protein. Combining fusion to green fluorescent protein with the baculovirus expression system provides a useful platform for both screening and production of eukaryotic membrane proteins. In this chapter we describe our protocol for the expression screening of membrane proteins in insect cells using fusion to GFP as a reporter. We use both SDS-PAGE with in-gel fluorescence imaging and fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography (FSEC) to screen for expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Jen Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan,
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17
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Weeratunga S, Hu NJ, Simon A, Hofmann A. SDAR: a practical tool for graphical analysis of two-dimensional data. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:201. [PMID: 22892030 PMCID: PMC3480940 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two-dimensional data needs to be processed and analysed in almost any experimental laboratory. Some tasks in this context may be performed with generic software such as spreadsheet programs which are available ubiquitously, others may require more specialised software that requires paid licences. Additionally, more complex software packages typically require more time by the individual user to understand and operate. Practical and convenient graphical data analysis software in Java with a user-friendly interface are rare. Results We have developed SDAR, a Java application to analyse two-dimensional data with an intuitive graphical user interface. A smart ASCII parser allows import of data into SDAR without particular format requirements. The centre piece of SDAR is the Java class GraphPanel which provides methods for generic tasks of data visualisation. Data can be manipulated and analysed with respect to the most common operations experienced in an experimental biochemical laboratory. Images of the data plots can be generated in SVG-, TIFF- or PNG-format. Data exported by SDAR is annotated with commands compatible with the Grace software. Conclusion Since SDAR is implemented in Java, it is truly cross-platform compatible. The software is easy to install, and very convenient to use judging by experience in our own laboratories. It is freely available to academic users at
http://www.structuralchemistry.org/pcsb/. To download SDAR, users will be asked for their name, institution and email address. A manual, as well as the source code of the GraphPanel class can also be downloaded from this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja Weeratunga
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
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18
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Weeratunga SK, Osman A, Hu NJ, Wang CK, Mason L, Svärd S, Hope G, Jones MK, Hofmann A. Alpha-1 giardin is an annexin with highly unusual calcium-regulated mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2012; 423:169-81. [PMID: 22796298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-giardins constitute the annexin proteome (group E annexins) in the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia and, as such, represent the evolutionary oldest eukaryotic annexins. The dominance of alpha-giardins in the cytoskeleton of Giardia with its greatly reduced actin content emphasises the importance of the alpha-giardins for the structural integrity of the parasite, which is particularly critical in the transformation stage between cyst and trophozoite. In this study, we report the crystal structures of the apo- and calcium-bound forms of α1-giardin, a protein localised to the plasma membrane of Giardia trophozoites that has recently been identified as a vaccine target. The calcium-bound crystal structure of α1-giardin revealed the presence of a type III site in the first repeat as known from other annexin structures, as well as a novel calcium binding site situated between repeats I and IV. By means of comparison, the crystal structures of three different alpha-giardins known to date indicate that these proteins engage different calcium coordination schemes, among each other, as well as compared to annexins of groups A-D. Evaluation of the calcium-dependent binding to acidic phosphoplipid membranes revealed that this process is not only mediated but also regulated by the environmental calcium concentration. Uniquely within the large family of annexins, α1-giardin disengages from the phospholipid membrane at high calcium concentrations possibly due to formation of a dimeric species. The observed behaviour is in line with changing calcium levels experienced by the parasite during excystation and may thus provide first insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the transformation and survival of the parasite in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja K Weeratunga
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
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19
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Hu NJ, Iwata S, Cameron AD, Drew D. Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of the bile acid sodium symporter ASBT. Nature 2011; 478:408-11. [PMID: 21976025 PMCID: PMC3198845 DOI: 10.1038/nature10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High cholesterol levels greatly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. By its conversion into bile acids, about 50% of cholesterol is eliminated from the body. However bile acids released from the bile duct are constantly recycled, being reabsorbed in the intestine via the Apical Sodium dependent Bile acid Transporter (ASBT). It has been shown in animal models that plasma cholesterol levels are significantly lowered by specific inhibitors of ASBT1,2, thus ASBT is a target for hypercholesterolemia drugs. Here, we describe the crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of ASBT from Neisseria meningitidis (ASBTNM) at 2.2Å. ASBTNM contains two inverted structural repeats of five transmembrane helices. A Core domain of six helices harbours two sodium ions while the remaining helices form a Panel-like domain. Overall the architecture of the protein is remarkably similar to the sodium-proton antiporter NhaA3 despite no detectable sequence homology. A bile acid molecule is situated between the Core and Panel domains in a large hydrophobic cavity. Residues near to this cavity have been shown to affect the binding of specific inhibitors of human ASBT4. The position of the bile acid together with the molecular architecture suggests the rudiments of a possible transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Jen Hu
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Sonoda Y, Newstead S, Hu NJ, Alguel Y, Nji E, Beis K, Yashiro S, Lee C, Leung J, Cameron AD, Byrne B, Iwata S, Drew D. Benchmarking membrane protein detergent stability for improving throughput of high-resolution X-ray structures. Structure 2011; 19:17-25. [PMID: 21220112 PMCID: PMC3111809 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining well-ordered crystals is a major hurdle to X-ray structure determination of membrane proteins. To facilitate crystal optimization, we investigated the detergent stability of 24 eukaryotic and prokaryotic membrane proteins, predominantly transporters, using a fluorescent-based unfolding assay. We have benchmarked the stability required for crystallization in small micelle detergents, as they are statistically more likely to lead to high-resolution structures. Using this information, we have been able to obtain well-diffracting crystals for a number of sodium and proton-dependent transporters. By including in the analysis seven membrane proteins for which structures are already known, AmtB, GlpG, Mhp1, GlpT, EmrD, NhaA, and LacY, it was further possible to demonstrate an overall trend between protein stability and structural resolution. We suggest that by monitoring membrane protein stability with reference to the benchmarks described here, greater efforts can be placed on constructs and conditions more likely to yield high-resolution structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sonoda
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, UK
| | - Simon Newstead
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, UK
| | - Yilmaz Alguel
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, UK
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Emmanuel Nji
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Konstantinos Beis
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, UK
| | - Shoko Yashiro
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, UK
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chiara Lee
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James Leung
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander D. Cameron
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, UK
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - So Iwata
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 ODE, UK
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - David Drew
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Hu NJ, Yusof AM, Winter A, Osman A, Reeve AK, Hofmann A. The Crystal Structure of Calcium-bound Annexin Gh1 from Gossypium hirsutum and Its Implications for Membrane Binding Mechanisms of Plant Annexins. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18314-22. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Yusof AM, Hu NJ, Wlodawer A, Hofmann A. Structural evidence for variable oligomerization of the N-terminal domain of cyclase-associated protein (CAP). Proteins 2006; 58:255-62. [PMID: 15558566 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is a highly conserved and widely distributed protein that links the nutritional response signaling to cytoskeleton remodeling. In yeast, CAP is a component of the adenylyl cyclase complex and helps to activate the Ras-mediated catalytic cycle of the cyclase. While the N-terminal domain of CAP (N-CAP) provides a binding site for adenylyl cyclase, the C-terminal domain (C-CAP) possesses actin binding activity. Our attempts to crystallize full-length recombinant CAP from Dictyostelium discoideum resulted in growth of orthorhombic crystals containing only the N-terminal domain (residues 42-227) due to auto-proteolytic cleavage. The structure was solved by molecular replacement with data at 2.2 A resolution. The present crystal structure allows the characterization of a head-to-tail N-CAP dimer in the asymmetric unit and a crystallographic side-to-side dimer. Comparison with previously published structures of N-CAP reveals variable modes of dimerization of this domain, but the presence of a common interface for the side-to-side dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adlina Mohd Yusof
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Dabitz N, Hu NJ, Yusof AM, Tranter N, Winter A, Daley M, Zschörnig O, Brisson A, Hofmann A. Structural Determinants for Plant Annexin−Membrane Interactions†. Biochemistry 2005; 44:16292-300. [PMID: 16331990 DOI: 10.1021/bi0516226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of two plant annexins, annexin 24(Ca32) from Capsicum annuum and annexin Gh1 from Gossypium hirsutum, with phospholipid membranes have been characterized using liposome-based assays and adsorption to monolayers. These two plant annexins show a preference for phosphatidylserine-containing membranes and display a membrane binding behavior with a half-maximum calcium concentration in the sub-millimolar range. Surprisingly, the two plant annexins also display calcium-independent membrane binding at levels of 10-20% at neutral pH. This binding is regulated by three conserved surface-exposed residues on the convex side of the proteins that play a pivotal role in membrane binding. Due to quantitative differences in the membrane binding behavior of N-terminally His-tagged and wild-type annexin 24(Ca32), we conclude that the N-terminal domain of plant annexins plays an important role, reminiscent of the findings in their mammalian counterparts. Experiments elucidating plant annexin-mediated membrane aggregation and fusion, as well as the effect of these proteins on membrane surface hydrophobicity, agree with findings from the membrane binding experiments. Results from electron microscopy reveal elongated rodlike assemblies of plant annexins in the membrane-bound state. It is possible that these structures consist of protein molecules directly interacting with the membrane surface and molecules that are membrane-associated but not in direct contact with the phospholipids. The rodlike structures would also agree with the complex data from intrinsic protein fluorescence. The tubular lipid extensions suggest a role in the membrane cytoskeleton scaffolding or exocytotic processes. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of subtle changes in an otherwise conserved annexin fold where these two plant annexins possess distinct modalities compared to mammalian and other nonplant annexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Dabitz
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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