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Chourdakis E, Oikonomou N, Fouzas S, Hahalis G, Karatza AA. Preeclampsia Emerging as a Risk Factor of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2021; 28:103-114. [PMID: 33660234 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-020-00425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this literature review was to explore the long-term cardiovascular effects of preeclampsia in women. The primary goal was to determine which organs were most commonly affected in this population. Although it was previously believed that preeclampsia is cured after the delivery of the fetus and the placenta current evidence supports an association between preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease later in life, many years after the manifestation of this hypertensive pregnancy related disorder. Therefore preeclampsia may be emerging as a novel cardiovascular risk factor for women, which requires long-term follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Chourdakis
- Department of Cardiology, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Nikos Oikonomou
- Department of Pediatric, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Sotirios Fouzas
- Department of Pediatric, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - George Hahalis
- Department of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Ageliki A Karatza
- Department of Pediatric, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Patras, Greece.
- Department of Paediatrics, General University Hospital of Patras, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece.
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2
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Magkrioti C, Oikonomou N, Kaffe E, Mouratis MA, Xylourgidis N, Barbayianni I, Megadoukas P, Harokopos V, Valavanis C, Chun J, Kosma A, Stathopoulos GT, Bouros E, Bouros D, Syrigos K, Aidinis V. The Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis Promotes Lung Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3634-3644. [PMID: 29724718 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer are governed by complex interactions between the environment and host genetic susceptibility, which is further modulated by genetic and epigenetic changes. Autotaxin (ATX, ENPP2) is a secreted glycoprotein that catalyzes the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth-factor-like phospholipid that is further regulated by phospholipid phosphatases (PLPP). LPA's pleiotropic effects in almost all cell types are mediated through at least six G-protein coupled LPA receptors (LPAR) that exhibit overlapping specificities, widespread distribution, and differential expression profiles. Here we use both preclinical models of lung cancer and clinical samples (from patients and healthy controls) to investigate the expression levels, activity, and biological role of the above components of the ATX/LPA axis in lung cancer. ENPP2 was genetically altered in 8% of patients with lung cancer, whereas increased ATX staining and activity were detected in patient biopsies and sera, respectively. Moreover, PLPP3 expression was consistently downregulated in patients with lung cancer. Comparable observations were made in the two most widely used animal models of lung cancer, the carcinogen urethane-induced and the genetically engineered K-rasG12D -driven models, where genetic deletion of Enpp2 or Lpar1 resulted in disease attenuation, thus confirming a procarcinogenic role of LPA signaling in the lung. Expression profiling data analysis suggested that metabolic rewiring may be implicated in the procarcinogenic effects of the ATX/LPA axis in K-ras- G12D -driven lung cancer pathogenesis.Significance: These findings establish the role of ATX/LPA in lung carcinogenesis, thus expanding the mechanistic links between pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3634-44. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Nikos Oikonomou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | | | - Nikos Xylourgidis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Iliana Barbayianni
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Petros Megadoukas
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | | | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexandra Kosma
- First Pulmonary Clinic, Papanikolaou General Hospital, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Evangelos Bouros
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece.
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Abstract
Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a life-threatening, diffuse heterogeneous lung injury characterized by acute onset, pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common cause of both direct and indirect lung injury and when administered to a mouse induces a lung phenotype exhibiting some of the clinical characteristics of human ALI. Here, we report that LPS inhalation in mice results in increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of Autotaxin (ATX, Enpp2), a lysophospholipase D largely responsible for the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in biological fluids and chronically inflamed sites. In agreement, gradual increases were also detected in BALF LPA levels, following inflammation and pulmonary edema. However, genetic or pharmacologic targeting of ATX had minor effects in ALI severity, suggesting no major involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in acute inflammation. Moreover, systemic, chronic exposure to increased ATX/LPA levels was shown to predispose to and/or to promote acute inflammation and ALI unlike chronic inflammatory pathophysiological situations, further suggesting a differential involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in acute versus chronic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios-Angelos Mouratis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Oikonomou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Katsifa
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Oikonomou N, Mouratis MA, Tzouvelekis A, Kaffe E, Valavanis C, Vilaras G, Karameris A, Prestwich GD, Bouros D, Aidinis V. Pulmonary autotaxin expression contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:566-74. [PMID: 22744859 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0004oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrotic form of diffuse lung disease occurring mainly in older adults. Increased lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) concentrations have been reported in the alveolar space of both idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients and a corresponding animal model, whereas the genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of LPA receptor 1 attenuated the development of the modeled disease, suggesting a direct involvement of LPA in disease pathogenesis. In this report, increased concentrations of autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2), the enzyme largely responsible for extracellular LPA production, were detected in both murine and human fibrotic lungs. The genetic deletion of ATX from bronchial epithelial cells or macrophages attenuated disease severity, establishing ATX as a novel player in IPF pathogenesis. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of ATX attenuated the development of the modeled disease, suggesting that ATX is a possible therapeutic target in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Oikonomou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
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Nikitopoulou I, Oikonomou N, Karouzakis E, Sevastou I, Nikolaidou-Katsaridou N, Zhao Z, Mersinias V, Armaka M, Xu Y, Masu M, Mills GB, Gay S, Kollias G, Aidinis V. Autotaxin expression from synovial fibroblasts is essential for the pathogenesis of modeled arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:925-33. [PMID: 22493518 PMCID: PMC3348105 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fibroblasts from patients and mice with arthritis express autotaxin, and ablation of autotaxin in fibroblasts ameliorates disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is a destructive arthropathy characterized by chronic synovial inflammation that imposes a substantial socioeconomic burden. Under the influence of the proinflammatory milieu, synovial fibroblasts (SFs), the main effector cells in disease pathogenesis, become activated and hyperplastic, releasing proinflammatory factors and tissue-remodeling enzymes. This study shows that activated arthritic SFs from human patients and animal models express significant quantities of autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2), a lysophospholipase D that catalyzes the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX expression from SFs was induced by TNF, and LPA induced SF activation and effector functions in synergy with TNF. Conditional genetic ablation of ATX in mesenchymal cells, including SFs, resulted in disease attenuation in animal models of arthritis, establishing the ATX/LPA axis as a novel player in chronic inflammation and the pathogenesis of arthritis and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Nikitopoulou
- Institute of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, 16672 Athens, Greece
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Maragkoudakis S, Poulidaki SR, Papadomanolaki E, Alevraki G, Papadogianni M, Oikonomou N, Fanourgiakis P. Empiric antimicrobial therapy and infectious diarrhea. Do we need local guidelines? Eur J Intern Med 2011; 22:e60-2. [PMID: 21925045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the management of acute diarrhea, administration of antibiotics may be indicated. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy can shorten illness, reduce morbidity and can be life-saving in invasive infections. Emergence of microbial strains resistant to commonly used antibiotics means that treatment failures may become common. Because of changing patterns of resistance, knowledge of recent local patterns of susceptibility can guide the initial choice of antibiotics. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of infective gastroenteritis in patients over 14years old in the region of Chania (Crete). We reviewed all positive stool cultures and susceptibilities of the pathogens recovered from patients with symptoms of acute diarrhea, from 2003 until October 2010. RESULTS Out of 194 positive stool cultures, we observed 139 cases of Salmonella enterica and 48 cases of Campylobacter jejuni. During the last 3years of observation there was an increased incidence of C. jejuni, especially after the tap water outbreak that occurred in our region in 2009. DISCUSSION In the vast majority of acute diarrhea in adults, antibiotics are of no benefit and overprescription may confer to side effects, costs and emergence of resistance. Antibiotics are initiated in cases of febrile diarrheas especially those believed to have moderate to severe disease. Considering the increased incidence of C. jejuni and the resistance of the great majority of isolated strains to quinolones as well as the sensitivity of Salmonella spp. to azithromycin, administration of azithromycin empirically for acute diarrhea, when indicated, could be appropriate in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maragkoudakis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Chania, Greece
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Fotopoulou S, Oikonomou N, Grigorieva E, Nikitopoulou I, Paparountas T, Thanassopoulou A, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Kontoyiannis DL, Remboutsika E, Aidinis V. ATX expression and LPA signalling are vital for the development of the nervous system. Dev Biol 2010; 339:451-64. [PMID: 20079728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein widely present in biological fluids, originally isolated from the supernatant of melanoma cells as an autocrine motility stimulation factor. Its enzymatic product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), is a phospholipid mediator that evokes growth-factor-like responses in almost all cell types through G-protein coupled receptors. To assess the role of ATX and LPA signalling in pathophysiology, a conditional knockout mouse was created. Ubiquitous, obligatory deletion resulted to embryonic lethality most likely due to aberrant vascular branching morphogenesis and chorio-allantoic fusion. Moreover, the observed phenotype was shown to be entirely depended on embryonic, but not extraembryonic or maternal ATX expression. In addition, E9.5 ATX null mutants exhibited a failure of neural tube closure, most likely independent of the circulatory failure, which correlated with decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death. More importantly, neurite outgrowth in embryo explants was severely compromised in mutant embryos but could be rescued upon the addition of LPA, thus confirming a role for ATX and LPA signalling in the development of the nervous system. Finally, expression profiling of mutant embryos revealed attenuated embryonic expression of HIF-1a in the absence of ATX, suggesting a novel effector pathway of ATX/LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Fotopoulou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece
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8
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Maniatis NA, Harokopos V, Thanassopoulou A, Oikonomou N, Mersinias V, Witke W, Orfanos SE, Armaganidis A, Roussos C, Kotanidou A, Aidinis V. A Critical Role for Gelsolin in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:426-32. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0144oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Oikonomou N, Thanasopoulou A, Tzouvelekis A, Harokopos V, Paparountas T, Nikitopoulou I, Witke W, Karameris A, Kotanidou A, Bouros D, Aidinis V. Gelsolin expression is necessary for the development of modelled pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Thorax 2009; 64:467-75. [PMID: 19213772 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2008.107946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intense research efforts, the aetiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. Gelsolin, an actin-binding protein that modulates cytoskeletal dynamics, was recently highlighted as a likely disease modifier through comparative expression profiling and target prioritisation. METHODS To decipher the possible role of gelsolin in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, immunocytochemistry on tissue microarrays of human patient samples was performed followed by computerised image analysis. The results were validated in the bleomycin-induced animal model of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis using genetically-modified mice lacking gelsolin expression. Moreover, to gain mechanistic insights into the mode of gelsolin activity, a series of biochemical analyses was performed ex vivo in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. RESULTS Increased gelsolin expression was detected in lung samples of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia as well as in modelled pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Genetic ablation of gelsolin protected mice from the development of modelled pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis attributed to attenuated epithelial apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Gelsolin expression is necessary for the development of modelled pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, while the caspase-3-mediated gelsolin fragmentation was shown to be an apoptotic effector mechanism in disease pathogenesis and a marker of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oikonomou
- Dr VInstitute of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
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10
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Xinopoulos D, Dimitroulopoulos D, Karanikas I, Fotopoulou A, Oikonomou N, Korkolis D, Kouroumalis E, Antsaklis G, Vassilopoulos P, Paraskevas E. Gemcitabine as palliative treatment in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer previously treated with placement of a covered metal stent. A randomized controlled trial. J BUON 2008; 13:341-347. [PMID: 18979547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of gemcitabine as palliative treatment in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC) previously treated with placement of a covered metal biliary stent, taking into account survival and quality of life (QoL). PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-nine patients with unresectable PC and obstructive jaundice, previously treated with the placement of a covered metal biliary endoprosthesis, were randomized to receive gemcitabine (group A: 9 males, 7 females) or to be followed without any anticancer intervention (group B: 18 males, 15 females). Gemcitabine was administered weekly as intravenous (i.v.) 30 min infusion of 1000 mg/m2 for 3 consecutive weeks followed by 1-week rest (28-day cycle). QoL was evaluated with the QLQ-C30 questionnaire. RESULTS 229 gemcitabine doses were administered (median doses per patient 14.3, range 7-22). No statistically significant differences were observed regarding survival (group A: median 21 weeks, range 13-33; group B: median 22 weeks, range 13-29; p=0.809). According to the average QLQ-C30 score, group B patients showed statistically significant higher values (p=0.0001). Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia were the most common side effects in group A (81.25, 68.75, 62.50 and 31.25%, respectively). CONCLUSION Gemcitabine didn't show to improve survival and QoL in patients with advanced PC previously treated with a covered metallic biliary endoprosthesis due to obstructive jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Xinopoulos
- Gastroenterology Unit, Agios Savvas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Maglogiannis I, Sarimveis H, Kiranoudis C, Chatziioannou A, Oikonomou N, Aidinis V. Radial Basis Function Neural Networks Classification for the Recognition of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Microscopic Images. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:42-54. [DOI: 10.1109/titb.2006.888702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tzouvelekis A, Harokopos V, Paparountas T, Oikonomou N, Chatziioannou A, Vilaras G, Tsiambas E, Karameris A, Bouros D, Aidinis V. Comparative expression profiling in pulmonary fibrosis suggests a role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in disease pathogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:1108-19. [PMID: 17761615 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200705-683oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite intense research efforts, the etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To discover novel genes and/or cellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS We performed expression profiling of disease progression in a well-characterized animal model of the disease. Differentially expressed genes that were identified were compared with all publicly available expression profiles both from human patients and animal models. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha in disease pathogenesis was examined with a series of immunostainings, both in the animal model as well as in tissue microarrays containing tissue samples of human patients, followed by computerized image analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Comparative expression profiling produced a prioritized gene list of high statistical significance, which consisted of the most likely disease modifiers identified so far in pulmonary fibrosis. Extending beyond target identification, a series of meta-analyses produced a number of biological hypotheses on disease pathogenesis. Among them, the role of HIF-1 signaling was further explored to reveal HIF-1alpha overexpression in the hyperplastic epithelium of fibrotic lungs, colocalized with its target genes p53 and Vegf. CONCLUSIONS Comparative expression profiling was shown to be a highly efficient method in identifying deregulated genes and pathways. Moreover, tissue microarrays and computerized image analysis allowed for the high-throughput and unbiased assessment of histopathologic sections, adding substantial confidence in pathologic evaluations. More importantly, our results suggest an early primary role of HIF-1 in alveolar epithelial cell homeostasis and disease pathogenesis, provide insights on the pathophysiologic differences of different interstitial pneumonias, and indicate the importance of assessing the efficacy of pharmacologic inhibitors of HIF-1 activity in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, and University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Oikonomou N, Harokopos V, Zalevsky J, Valavanis C, Kotanidou A, Szymkowski DE, Kollias G, Aidinis V. Soluble TNF mediates the transition from pulmonary inflammation to fibrosis. PLoS One 2006; 1:e108. [PMID: 17205112 PMCID: PMC1762410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrosis, the replacement of functional tissue with excessive fibrous tissue, can occur in all the main tissues and organ systems, resulting in various pathological disorders. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a prototype fibrotic disease involving abnormal wound healing in response to multiple sites of ongoing alveolar epithelial injury. Methodology/Principal Findings To decipher the role of TNF and TNF-mediated inflammation in the development of fibrosis, we have utilized the bleomycin-induced animal model of Pulmonary Fibrosis and a series of genetically modified mice lacking components of TNF signaling. Transmembrane TNF expression is shown to be sufficient to elicit an inflammatory response, but inadequate for the transition to the fibrotic phase of the disease. Soluble TNF expression is shown to be crucial for lymphocyte recruitment, a prerequisite for TGF-b1 expression and the development of fibrotic lesions. Moreover, through a series of bone marrow transfers, the necessary TNF expression is shown to originate from the non-hematopoietic compartment further localized in apoptosing epithelial cells. Conclusions These results suggest a primary detrimental role of soluble TNF in the pathologic cascade, separating it from the beneficial role of transmembrane TNF, and indicate the importance of assessing the efficacy of soluble TNF antagonists in the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bleomycin/toxicity
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapy
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Solubility
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Oikonomou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christos Valavanis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Kollias
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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14
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Pierrakakis ST, Xepapadakis GR, Karidakis P, Sabalis G, Oikonomou N, Finokaliotis N. [Benign tumors of the liver]. MINERVA CHIR 1993; 48:527-31. [PMID: 8396225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Benign tumours of the liver, being rare compared to malignant forms, constitute a big diagnostic and therapeutic problem to prove their benignity and the relation between the patients' symptoms and their existence. During 1983-91, we had the chance to study ten (10) patients with benign liver tumour-six (6) women and four (4) men-with a mean age of 51 years, concerning 5 hemangiomas, one hepatic adenoma and 4 focal nodular hyperplasia. Two of the hemangiomas coexisted with metastatic liver tumours. In seven patients there was surgical confirmation of tumor existence and in the remaining two patients the diagnosis was based upon laboratory findings and imaging techniques. Four patients were asymptomatic and the tumors were identified as an incidental finding during operations concerning the liver and biliary system or under imaging techniques. The disease was confirmed by intraoperative biopsy. Surgical intervention was undertaken to one patient with hepatic adenoma appearing symptoms of acute abdomen and haemorrhagic shook and a partial hepatectomy was attempted. There was no considerations of any therapeutic intervention to the rest of the patients. The diagnostic procedures used by our team to investigate and to follow up the progress of the disease in our series were ultrasonography, CT scan, magnetic tomography and selective hepatic arteriography.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Pierrakakis
- Divisione Chirurgica, Sismanoglion Ospedale Generale di Atene
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