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Lacy A, Khan MM, Deb Nath N, Das P, Igoe M, Lenhart S, Lloyd AL, Lanzas C, Odoi A. Geographic disparities and predictors of COVID-19 vaccination in Missouri: a retrospective ecological study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1329382. [PMID: 38528866 PMCID: PMC10961407 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1329382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Limited information is available on geographic disparities of COVID-19 vaccination in Missouri and yet this information is essential for guiding efforts to improve vaccination coverage. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (a) investigate geographic disparities in the proportion of the population vaccinated against COVID-19 in Missouri and (b) identify socioeconomic and demographic predictors of the identified disparities. Methods The COVID-19 vaccination data for time period January 1 to December 31, 2021 were obtained from the Missouri Department of Health. County-level data on socioeconomic and demographic factors were downloaded from the 2020 American Community Survey. Proportions of county population vaccinated against COVID-19 were computed and displayed on choropleth maps. Global ordinary least square regression model and local geographically weighted regression model were used to identify predictors of proportions of COVID-19 vaccinated population. Results Counties located in eastern Missouri tended to have high proportions of COVID-19 vaccinated population while low proportions were observed in the southernmost part of the state. Counties with low proportions of population vaccinated against COVID-19 tended to have high percentages of Hispanic/Latino population (p = 0.046), individuals living below the poverty level (p = 0.049), and uninsured (p = 0.015) populations. The strength of association between proportion of COVID-19 vaccinated population and percentage of Hispanic/Latino population varied by geographic location. Conclusion The study findings confirm geographic disparities of proportions of COVID-19 vaccinated population in Missouri. Study findings are useful for guiding programs geared at improving vaccination coverage and uptake by targeting resources to areas with low proportions of vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexanderia Lacy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Md Marufuzzaman Khan
- Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Praachi Das
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Morganne Igoe
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Suzanne Lenhart
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Alun L. Lloyd
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Deb Nath N, Khan MM, Schmidt M, Njau G, Odoi A. Geographic disparities and temporal changes of COVID-19 incidence risks in North Dakota, United States. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:720. [PMID: 37081453 PMCID: PMC10116449 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is an important public health concern due to its high morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic impact. Its burden varies by geographic location affecting some communities more than others. Identifying these disparities is important for guiding health planning and service provision. Therefore, this study investigated geographical disparities and temporal changes of the percentage of positive COVID-19 tests and COVID-19 incidence risk in North Dakota. METHODS COVID-19 retrospective data on total number of tests and confirmed cases reported in North Dakota from March 2020 to September 2021 were obtained from the North Dakota COVID-19 Dashboard and Department of Health, respectively. Monthly incidence risks of the disease were calculated and reported as number of cases per 100,000 persons. To adjust for geographic autocorrelation and the small number problem, Spatial Empirical Bayesian (SEB) smoothing was performed using queen spatial weights. Identification of high-risk geographic clusters of percentages of positive tests and COVID-19 incidence risks were accomplished using Tango's flexible spatial scan statistic. ArcGIS was used to display and visiualize the geographic distribution of percentages of positive tests, COVID-19 incidence risks, and high-risk clusters. RESULTS County-level percentages of positive tests and SEB incidence risks varied by geographic location ranging from 0.11% to 13.67% and 122 to 16,443 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively. Clusters of high percentages of positive tests were consistently detected in the western part of the state. High incidence risks were identified in the central and south-western parts of the state, where significant high-risk spatial clusters were reported. Additionally, two peaks (August 2020-December 2020 and August 2021-September 2021) and two non-peak periods of COVID-19 incidence risk (March 2020-July 2020 and January 2021-July 2021) were observed. CONCLUSION Geographic disparities in COVID incidence risks exist in North Dakota with high-risk clusters being identified in the rural central and southwest parts of the state. These findings are useful for guiding intervention strategies by identifying high risk communities so that resources for disease control can be better allocated to communities in need based on empirical evidence. Future studies will investigate predictors of the identified disparities so as to guide planning, disease control and health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Md Marufuzzaman Khan
- Department of Public Health, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Schmidt
- North Dakota Department of Health and Human Services, Special Projects and Health Analytics, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Grace Njau
- North Dakota Department of Health and Human Services, Special Projects and Health Analytics, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Khan MM, Deb Nath N, Schmidt M, Njau G, Odoi A. Geographic disparities and temporal changes of COVID-19 hospitalization risks in North Dakota. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1062177. [PMID: 37006524 PMCID: PMC10061029 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1062177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough the burden of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been different across communities in the US, little is known about the disparities in COVID-19 burden in North Dakota (ND) and yet this information is important for guiding planning and provision of health services. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify geographic disparities of COVID-19 hospitalization risks in ND.MethodsData on COVID-19 hospitalizations from March 2020 to September 2021 were obtained from the ND Department of Health. Monthly hospitalization risks were computed and temporal changes in hospitalization risks were assessed graphically. County-level age-adjusted and spatial empirical Bayes (SEB) smoothed hospitalization risks were computed. Geographic distributions of both unsmoothed and smoothed hospitalization risks were visualized using choropleth maps. Clusters of counties with high hospitalization risks were identified using Kulldorff's circular and Tango's flexible spatial scan statistics and displayed on maps.ResultsThere was a total of 4,938 COVID-19 hospitalizations during the study period. Overall, hospitalization risks were relatively stable from January to July and spiked in the fall. The highest COVID-19 hospitalization risk was observed in November 2020 (153 hospitalizations per 100,000 persons) while the lowest was in March 2020 (4 hospitalizations per 100,000 persons). Counties in the western and central parts of the state tended to have consistently high age-adjusted hospitalization risks, while low age-adjusted hospitalization risks were observed in the east. Significant high hospitalization risk clusters were identified in the north-west and south-central parts of the state.ConclusionsThe findings confirm that geographic disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization risks exist in ND. Specific attention is required to address counties with high hospitalization risks, especially those located in the north-west and south-central parts of ND. Future studies will investigate determinants of the identified disparities in hospitalization risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Marufuzzaman Khan
- Department of Public Health, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Matthew Schmidt
- North Dakota Department of Health and Human Services, Special Projects and Health Analytics, Bismarck, ND, United States
| | - Grace Njau
- North Dakota Department of Health and Human Services, Special Projects and Health Analytics, Bismarck, ND, United States
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Agricola Odoi
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Deb Nath N, Ahmed SSU, Malakar V, Hussain T, Chandra Deb L, Paul S. Sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis in dairy cattle of Sylhet District, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1349-1358. [PMID: 36867646 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an emerging disease that causes a significant impact on productive and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Though Brucella is a pivotal microorganism for dairy cattle, the scenario of brucellosis in Sylhet District is unknown. OBJECTIVES A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence and determinants associated with brucellosis in dairy cattle of Sylhet District. METHODS A total of 386 sera and data on determinants from 63 dairy herds were collected from 12 sub-districts using simple random sampling. The sera were tested with Rose Bengal Brucella antigen test, Brucella abortus plate agglutination test and serum agglutination test to find out the sero-positivity. RESULTS Overall, 17.09% (95% CI: 13.67-21.18) prevalence in cows were calculated. Relatively higher prevalence (56.08%; 95% CI: 42.23-70.32) was recorded in cows having parity ≥4 and were at higher risk (OR = 7.28) than the other cows with parity 0-3. Prevalence was significantly higher in cows with history of abortion 90.63% (95% CI: 75.79-96.76), repeat breeding 79.17% (95% CI: 65.74-88.27) and reproductive abnormalities 48.54% (95% CI: 39.12-58.07). Farm-level prevalence was high in farms with the previous history of abortion 95.45% (95% CI: 78.20-99.19) and repeat breeding 90.00% (95% CI: 74.38-96.54). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence was high in Sylhet district, which might be a public health concern. Therefore, this study would represent the baseline information for guiding brucellosis control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Vashkar Malakar
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Tanimul Hussain
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Liton Chandra Deb
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suman Paul
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Wang L, Zheng B, Shen Z, Nath ND, Li Y, Walsh T, Li Y, Mitchell WJ, He D, Lee J, Moore S, Tong S, Zhang S, Ma W. Isolation and characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus from bats in the United States. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28492. [PMID: 36633204 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infects many mammalian species including humans, bats, and domestic animals. To determine the prevalence of MRV in bats in the United States, we screened more than 900 bats of different species collected during 2015-2019 by a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay; 4.4% bats tested MRV-positive and 13 MRVs were isolated. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates belonged to four different strains/genotypes of viruses in Serotypes 1 or 2, which contain genes similar to those of MRVs detected in humans, bats, bovine, and deer. Further characterization showed that these four MRV strains replicated efficiently on human, canine, monkey, ferret, and swine cell lines. The 40/Bat/USA/2018 strain belonging to the Serotype 1 demonstrated the ability to infect and transmit in pigs without prior adaptation. Taken together, this is evidence for different genotypes and serotypes of MRVs circulating in US bats, which can be a mixing vessel of MRVs that may spread to other species, including humans, resulting in cross-species infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Baoliang Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William J Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Dongchang He
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jinhwa Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Susan Moore
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Chandra Deb L, Ahmed SSU, Baidhya CC, Deb Nath N, Ghosh S, Paul S. Prevalence of Eimeria spp. with associated risk factors in dairy calves in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1250-1257. [PMID: 35202516 PMCID: PMC9122449 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine eimeriosis is thought to be very important for the productivity and health of cattle all over the world. Despite the importance of cattle farming in Sylhet, little is known about the prevalence of bovine Eimeria spp. and the risk factors connected with it. Objectives We conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence, species diversity and associated risk factors of Eimeria spp. in a population of 50 cattle farms from 12 upazilas (sub‐district) in Sylhet district. Methods Faecal samples were collected randomly from a total of 554 calves ranging in age from 1 month to 2 years old during a period of 7 months. We used Flotation and McMaster techniques for parasitological examination. Species identification was done by using their morphological and morphometric characteristics. Results Out of 554 calves, 308 were found to be positive for Eimeria species (55.60%). Seven species of Eimeria were identified. Among the identified species, E. bovis (38.98%), E. zuernii (26.17%) and E. alabamensis (22.38%) were found to be the most prevalent species. Mixed and species‐specific Eimeria infection were (24.73%; 95% CI 21.32–28.49) and (30.87%; 95% CI 27.17–34.84), respectively. In addition, the highest prevalence was observed at Zakigonj (68%; 95% CI 58.34–76.33) and the lowest at Companygonj (40%; 95% CI 30.94–49.80). Eimeria species intensity ranged between 50 and 76,550 oocyst per gram of faeces. Analysis of associated risk factors by using multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age, gender and body condition were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Eimeria infection. Conclusions Based on these present findings, it can be assumed that ‘coccidia belong to the most prevalent pathogens in the population of calves in the study area’. Thus, the findings of this study could be used as tools for adoptive surveillance and effective control and prevention of the disease in cattle populations in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Chandra Deb
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Chandan Chandra Baidhya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sumon Ghosh
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suman Paul
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Wang L, Li Y, Walsh T, Shen Z, Li Y, Deb Nath N, Lee J, Zheng B, Tao Y, Paden CR, Queen K, Zhang S, Tong S, Ma W. Isolation and characterization of novel reassortant mammalian orthoreovirus from pigs in the United States. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1137-1147. [PMID: 34018466 PMCID: PMC8205024 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1933608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infects multiple mammalian species including humans. A United States Midwest swine farm with approximately one thousand 3-month-old pigs experienced an event, in which more than 300 pigs showed neurological signs, like "down and peddling", with approximately 40% mortality. A novel MRV was isolated from the diseased pigs. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate was a reassortant virus containing viral gene segments from three MRV serotypes that infect human, bovine and swine. The M2 and S1 segment of the isolate showed 94% and 92% nucleotide similarity to the M2 of the MRV2 D5/Jones and the S1 of the MRV1 C/bovine/Indiana/MRV00304/2014, respectively; the remaining eight segments displayed 93%-95% nucleotide similarity to those of the MRV3 FS-03/Porcine/USA/2014. Pig studies showed that both MRV-infected and native contact pigs displayed fever, diarrhoea and nasal discharge. MRV RNA was detected in different intestinal locations of both infected and contact pigs, indicating that the MRV isolate is pathogenic and transmissible in pigs. Seroconversion was also observed in experimentally infected pigs. A prevalence study on more than 180 swine serum samples collected from two states without disease revealed 40%-52% positive to MRV. All results warrant the necessity to monitor MRV epidemiology and reassortment as the MRV could be an important pathogen for the swine industry and a novel MRV might emerge to threaten animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jinhwa Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Baoliang Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ying Tao
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clinton R Paden
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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