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Ledbetter EC, Cutler TJ, Irby NL. Macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphoid hyperplasia in horses with equine herpesvirus-2 and equine herpesvirus-5 infections. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:277-285. [PMID: 38053223 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, confocal microscopic, histologic, and virologic features of horses with macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphoid hyperplasia associated with equine herpesvirus-2 and equine herpesvirus-5 infection. ANIMAL STUDIED Four foals with bilateral ocular disease. PROCEDURES Complete ophthalmic examination was performed for each horse, and corneal samples were collected for cytology and microbiologic evaluation, including virus isolation and molecular diagnostics for the equine herpesviruses. In vivo confocal microscopy examination of the cornea was performed in two horses. Conjunctival biopsies for histopathology were collected from two horses with nodular conjunctival thickening. RESULTS Each horse had bilateral, large, superficial dendritic corneal ulcerations that covered extensive regions of the corneal surface. Corneal in vivo confocal microscopy examination in two horses detected inflammatory cells and populations of morphologically abnormal corneal epithelial cells adjacent to the ulcerations. The abnormal epithelial cells included round, relatively small, hyperreflective cells intermixed with elongated, enlarged, hyperreflective cells. Equine herpesvirus-2 was isolated from corneal samples of 2 horses and detected by PCR assay in the other two horses. Equine herpesvirus-5 was also detected by PCR assay in three of the horses. Conjunctival histopathology identified predominantly lymphocytic infiltrates. The macrodendrites and conjunctival masses resolved with topical antiviral therapy (cidofovir or idoxuridine) in all horses and did not recur. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The equine gammaherpesviruses may be associated with the development of macrodendritic ulcerative keratitis and conjunctival lymphocytic masses in foals. In vivo confocal microscopy of horses with macrodendrites revealed similar findings to other host species with herpetic dendritic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Timothy J Cutler
- Palm Beach Veterinary Specialists, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Nita L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Ledbetter EC, Irby NL. Evaluation of the short- and long-term complications and outcomes of phacoemulsification surgery in alpacas. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:740-746. [PMID: 32510743 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the complications and determine the visual outcomes associated with phacoemulsification surgery in alpacas. ANIMALS Five alpacas (nine operated eyes). PROCEDURES Medical records of alpacas with a clinical diagnosis of cataracts that received elective phacoemulsification surgery at Cornell University over a 15 year period were reviewed. RESULTS The mean (± standard deviation) age of the five operated alpacas was 104 days (±64 days). The cataracts were suspected to be congenital in all alpacas. Concurrent congenital ocular abnormalities were common in the operated eyes and included microphakia, persistent patent hyaloid arteries, and persistent patent tunica vasculosa lentis. No significant intraoperative complications were identified in any cases. In the immediate postoperative period, uveitis was mild-to-moderate in most operated eyes, ocular hypertension was not detected, and clinically significant corneal edema did not occur in any eyes. The mean (± standard deviation) duration of clinical follow-up after surgery was 32 months (±25 months). A peri-incisional corneal stromal ulcer associated with fibrinous uveitis was identified in a single eye during recheck examination 4 weeks postoperative that resolved with medical therapy. Long-term complications included unilateral glaucoma in two alpacas that resulted in vision loss. On the final recheck ophthalmic examination, 78% (7 of 9) of operated eyes were visual and all operated alpacas had vision in at least one operated eye. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this series, the visual outcomes associated with elective phacoemulsification surgery in alpacas were good. Glaucoma was the most common vision-threatening long-term postoperative complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nita L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Luedke LK, Nixon AJ, Whitty JA, Irby NL, Ducharme NG. Bilateral rostral temporomandibular luxation with bilateral coronoid fracture in a Welsh pony. Vet rec case rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Luedke
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Alan J Nixon
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Justin A Whitty
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Nita L Irby
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Norm G Ducharme
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
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Ledbetter EC, Irby NL. Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopic characterization of equine immune-mediated keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:4-15. [PMID: 31050168 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the corneal in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in horses with putative immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK). ANIMALS Sixty five horses with IMMK. PROCEDURES Horses diagnosed with IMMK were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. The findings from the IVCM examinations were correlated with clinical details from ophthalmic examination and diagnostic test results. RESULTS Eighty eyes from 65 horses were examined. Clinical IMMK lesions were categorized as epithelial (n = 17 eyes), superficial stromal (n = 38), midstromal (n = 18), and endothelial (n = 7). Epithelial, superficial stromal, and midstromal lesions were characterized with IVCM by variable corneal leukocyte infiltrates and vascularization of the approximate corneal anatomic region that was clinically affected as determined by biomicroscopy. In addition, all horses displayed a dense network of dendritic cells in the epithelial basement membrane and immediate subepithelial stroma. Less consistent IVCM findings included epithelial disorganization, corneal edema, mineral deposition, stromal fibrosis, and epithelial pigment granules. Endothelial IMMK was distinct from the other forms of IMMK and characterized with IVCM by stromal edema, endothelium disorganization, endothelial cell loss, and multifocal accumulations of highly reflective material within the endothelium. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The distinguishing feature of epithelial and stromal forms of IMMK is a dense accumulation of dendritic cells in the epithelial basement membrane and immediate subepithelial stroma. Cellular changes in endothelial IMMK were largely confined to the endothelium and distinct from the other forms of IMMK evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Nita L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Divers TJ, Chang YF, Irby NL, Smith JL, Carter CN. Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:287-292. [PMID: 30629756 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
North American horses are commonly exposed to Leptospira organisms. Leptospira Bratislava is the most common infecting serovar but this serovar has not been confirmed to cause clinical disease in North American horses. Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki is responsible for most of the clinical diseases (leptospirosis) in North American horses. Leptospirosis is most commonly associated with diseases of the placenta and fetus, the kidneys and the eyes in horses. In-utero infections in pregnant mares may result in abortion, neonatal illness or birth of an antibody positive healthy foal. Acute renal failure in younger horses and recurrent uveitis in adult horses are other well documented clinical syndromes of leptospirosis. Abortions, neonatal disease and acute renal failure are caused by a subacute infection, while horses with Leptospira associated recurrent uveitis develop ocular disease months or years after the initial Leptospira infection. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis is made by a combination of antigen or antibody testing methods. Mares that abort following Leptospira infection have no additional clinical signs at the time of abortion but may shed the offending Leptospira spp. in the urine for several weeks. Antibiotic treatments are sometimes used in hopes of decreasing Leptospira shedding in infected horses or prophylactically in exposed pregnant mares but documentation of efficacy is lacking. Horses with Leptospira - associated acute renal failure can be successfully treated with antibiotics and supportive care. Recurrent uveitis is commonly associated with leptospirosis in North American horses and although horses may have chronic intraocular infection triggering an immune disease, systemic antimicrobial therapy has not been effective in eliminating the organism from the eye. An equine approved Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki vaccine is now available in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Y-F Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - N L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J L Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - C N Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ledbetter EC, Irby NL, Teixeira LB. In vivo confocal microscopy characteristics of equine epithelial and subepithelial nonulcerative keratomycosis. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:168-176. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - Nita L. Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - Leandro B.C. Teixeira
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin; Department of Pathobiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
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Radcliffe RM, Messiaen Y, Irby NL, Divers TJ, Dewey CW, Mitchell KJ, Schnabel LV, Bezuidenhout AJ, Scrivani PV, Ducharme NG. Transnasal, Endoscopically Guided Skull-Based Surgery by Pharyngotomy for Mass Removal from the Sphenopalatine Sinus in a Horse. Vet Surg 2016; 45:1108-1117. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolfe M. Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Yasmine Messiaen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Nita L. Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Thomas J. Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Curtis W. Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Katharyn J. Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Abraham J. Bezuidenhout
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Peter V. Scrivani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Norm G. Ducharme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
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Cooley SD, Scrivani PV, Thompson MS, Irby NL, Divers TJ, Erb HN. CORRELATIONS AMONG ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF OPTIC NERVE SHEATH DIAMETER, AGE, AND BODY WEIGHT IN CLINICALLY NORMAL HORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:49-57. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D. Cooley
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Peter V. Scrivani
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Margret S. Thompson
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Nita L. Irby
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Thomas J. Divers
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Hollis N. Erb
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Nita L. Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Deanna M. W. Schaefer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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Schnabel LV, Maza PS, Williams KM, Irby NL, McDaniel CM, Collins BG. Use of a Formal Assessment Instrument for Evaluation of Veterinary Student Surgical Skills. Vet Surg 2013; 42:488-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY
| | - Paul S. Maza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY
| | - Kimberly M. Williams
- Cornell University Center for Teaching Excellence; Cornell University; Ithaca, NY
| | - Nita L. Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY
| | - Carolyn M. McDaniel
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY
| | - Brian G. Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY
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Priest HL, Irby NL, Schlafer DH, Divers TJ, Wagner B, Glaser AL, Chang YF, Smith MC. Diagnosis of Borrelia-associated uveitis in two horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 15:398-405. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe in vivo corneal confocal microscopy of horses with fungal keratitis and correlate findings with clinical, histopathological, and microbiological evaluations of clinical cases and an ex vivo experimental equine fungal keratitis model. ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 12 horses with naturally-acquired fungal keratitis and ex vivo equine corneas experimentally infected with clinical fungal isolates. PROCEDURES Horses with naturally-acquired fungal keratitis were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. Confocal microscopy images of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, and Candida albicans were obtained by examination of in vitro cultures and experimentally infected ex vivo equine corneas. RESULTS Non-specific in vivo corneal confocal microscopic findings in horses with fungal keratitis included leukocyte infiltrates, activated keratocytes, anterior stromal dendritic cell infiltrates, and vascularization. Linear, branching, hyper-reflective structures that were 2-6 μm in width and 200 to >400 μm in length were detected in all horses with filamentous fungal keratitis. Round to oval hyper-reflective structures that were 2-8 μm in diameter were detected in a horse with yeast fungal keratitis. The in vivo confocal microscopic appearance of the organisms was consistent with fungal morphologies observed during examination of in vitro cultures and infected ex vivo equine corneas. CONCLUSIONS In vivo corneal confocal microscopy is a rapid and non-invasive method of diagnosing fungal keratitis in the horse. This imaging technique is useful for both ulcerative and non-ulcerative fungal keratitis, and is particularly advantageous for confirming the presence of fungi in deep corneal stromal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Information on antibiotic concentrations in the equine eye following systemic therapy is limited. Reports that Leptospira spp. are frequently present in the eyes of horses with recurrent uveitis, emphasises a need for studies on ocular concentrations of specific antibiotics. HYPOTHESES 1) Enrofloxacin, administered i.v. at 7.5 mg/kg bwt q. 24 h, results in aqueous humour concentrations greater than the reported minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Leptospira pomona. 2) Aqueous humour paracentesis sufficiently disrupts the blood-aqueous humour barrier (BAB) to cause an increase in aqueous humour protein and enrofloxacin concentrations. METHODS Aqueous humour enrofloxacin and total protein concentrations were determined in 6 healthy, mature horses after i.v. administration of enrofloxacin. Paracentesis was performed on the left eye on Days 3 and 4, 1 h following enrofloxacin administration, to determine enrofloxacin concentrations in healthy eyes and in eyes with mechanical disruption of the BAB. Paracentesis was also performed on the right eye 23 h after enrofloxacin administration. Blood samples were collected from the horses at identical times to determine enrofloxacin aqueous humour:plasma ratios. RESULTS Mean +/- s.d. enrofloxacin concentration in the aqueous humour 1 h post administration on Day 3 was 0.32 +/- 0.10 mg/l (range 0.18-0.47); and aqueous humour enrofloxacin, total protein and aqueous humour:plasma enrofloxacin ratios were higher on Day 4 than Day 3. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Following disruption of the BAB, enrofloxacin concentrations were above the reported MIC for Leptospira pomona.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Sweeney CR, Irby NL. Topical treatment of Pseudomonas sp-infected corneal ulcers in horses: 70 cases (1977-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209:954-7. [PMID: 8790548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine which antimicrobial agents were most effective against Pseudomonas sp-infected ulcerative keratitis, and identify any trends in the various clinical conditions associated with these bacteria that might assist in effective treatment of the disease. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 66 horses with 70 Pseudomonas sp-infected corneal ulcers. PROCEDURE We reviewed medical records of horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals, University of Pennsylvania between July 1977 and December 1994. Records of horses that had Pseudomonas sp isolated from a corneal ulcer scraping or deep swab were included in the study. RESULTS Aggressive topical medical treatment was successful in 57 ulcers and most likely would have been effective in 5 additional ulcers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated susceptibilities of 87, 85, and 93% to tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin, respectively. Although concurrent fungal infections were identified in only 2 of 35 ulcers examined, almost three fourths of the ulcers were treated with antifungal medications prophylactically. Clinical outcomes of the 70 affected eyes included: excellent vision with minimal leukoma, 73%; enucleation, 19%; blind phthisical eye, 4%; peripheral vision only, 3%; and euthanasia of newborn, 1%. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Aggressive topical medication with microbial agents effective against Pseudomonas sp can result in excellent vision with minimal leukoma in most horses with corneal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA
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Ruggles AJ, Irby NL, Saik JE, Orsini PG. Ocular lymphangiosarcoma in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200:1987-8. [PMID: 1639712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ocular lymphangiosarcoma was diagnosed in a Holstein cow with a progressively enlarging limbal mass. The cow was treated by exenteration. The cow survived for 2 years without clinical signs of recurrence. Lymphangiosarcoma is a vascular neoplasm that rarely has been reported in domestic animals. In other species, it has a high rate of metastasis and is associated with poor long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ruggles
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square 19348
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Irby NL, Aguirre GD. Congenital aniridia in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 186:281-3. [PMID: 3972691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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