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Colgan W, Leanza A, Hwang A, DeBiasse MB, Llosa I, Rodrigues D, Adhikari H, Barreto Corona G, Bock S, Carillo-Perez A, Currie M, Darkoa-Larbi S, Dellal D, Gutow H, Hokama P, Kibby E, Linhart N, Moody S, Naganuma A, Nguyen D, Stanton R, Stark S, Tumey C, Velleca A, Ryan JF, Davidson B. Variable levels of drift in tunicate cardiopharyngeal gene regulatory elements. EvoDevo 2019; 10:24. [PMID: 31632631 PMCID: PMC6790052 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in gene regulatory networks often lead to genetic divergence without impacting gene expression or developmental patterning. The rules governing this process of developmental systems drift, including the variable impact of selective constraints on different nodes in a gene regulatory network, remain poorly delineated. RESULTS Here we examine developmental systems drift within the cardiopharyngeal gene regulatory networks of two tunicate species, Corella inflata and Ciona robusta. Cross-species analysis of regulatory elements suggests that trans-regulatory architecture is largely conserved between these highly divergent species. In contrast, cis-regulatory elements within this network exhibit distinct levels of conservation. In particular, while most of the regulatory elements we analyzed showed extensive rearrangements of functional binding sites, the enhancer for the cardiopharyngeal transcription factor FoxF is remarkably well-conserved. Even minor alterations in spacing between binding sites lead to loss of FoxF enhancer function, suggesting that bound trans-factors form position-dependent complexes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal heterogeneous levels of divergence across cardiopharyngeal cis-regulatory elements. These distinct levels of divergence presumably reflect constraints that are not clearly associated with gene function or position within the regulatory network. Thus, levels of cis-regulatory divergence or drift appear to be governed by distinct structural constraints that will be difficult to predict based on network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Leanza
- Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ariel Hwang
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Dellal
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Kibby
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sierra Stark
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph F. Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, St. Augustine, USA
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Steiner S, Neidl A, Linhart N, Tichy A, Gasteiner J, Gallob K, Baumgartner W, Wittek T. Randomised prospective study compares efficacy of five different stomach tubes for rumen fluid sampling in dairy cows. Vet Rec 2014; 176:50. [PMID: 25331972 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare the performance of five types of stomach tubes for rumen fluid sampling. Rumen fluid was sampled in rumen fistulated cows assigned to a 5×5 Latin square study design. The pH values of samples taken by stomach tubes and via fistulas were measured; the results were compared with indwelling sensor measurements. The practicability of the stomach tubes for regular use was tested in the field. Rumen fluid samples were obtained rapidly. Volumes for transfaunation could be obtained. The pH-values of samples taken with the four out of the five tubes (Dirksen, Geishauser, tube 4 and a simple water hose used with a gag) did not show significant differences to samples taken via rumen fistulas. Mean differences ranged between -0.02 and +0.09. Samples taken with tube 4 and the water hose showed also no significant differences to pH-sensor measurements. This study demonstrates that stomach tubes are suitable for rumen fluid sampling. Tube 4 seems to be the best probe for work in the field. It was well tolerated by the animals, saliva contamination is negligible. We, therefore, conclude that the evaluation of rumen acid base status in the field is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steiner
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni) Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - A Neidl
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni) Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - N Linhart
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni) Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - A Tichy
- Department for Biomedical Science, Platform Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni) Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - J Gasteiner
- Agricultural Research and Education Centre, Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Raumberg 38, Irdning 8952, Austria
| | - K Gallob
- Agricultural Research and Education Centre, Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Raumberg 38, Irdning 8952, Austria
| | - W Baumgartner
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni) Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - T Wittek
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni) Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
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Abstract
A new method of human leukocyte labelling is described. 20 ml of human blood are allowed to sediment in a dextran solution and the remaining red blood cells are removed using NH4C1. The leukocyte-rich suspension is incubated with a Sn-pyrophosphate solution, and then labelled, using 20 mCi 99mTc pertechnetate. Labelling efficiency is about 30%. Functional activity was shown to be satisfactory: (1) appearance under electron microscopy was quite normal; (2) Klebsiella ingestion, zymosan-stimulated oxygen consumption and iodination were similar in labelled and unlabelled cells, and (3) chemotaxis revealed no alteration in cell migration.
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Linhart N, Strauch G, Moullé P, Leger L. [The insulin-glucose ratio: its value in diagnosis of hypoglycemic islet cell tumors]. Nouv Presse Med 1974; 3:1283-6. [PMID: 4367203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Strauch G, Cesselin F, Linhart N, Pandos P, Bricaire H. [Effects of fructose on the secretion of STH and insulin. Study of its mechanisms of action]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 1974; 35:165-6. [PMID: 4419267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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