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Sartsanga C, Phengchat R, Wako T, Fukui K, Ohmido N. Localization and quantitative distribution of a chromatin structural protein Topoisomerase II on plant chromosome using HVTEM and UHVTEM. Micron 2024; 179:103596. [PMID: 38359615 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (TopoII) is an essential structural protein of the metaphase chromosome. It maintains the axial compaction of chromosomes during metaphase. It is localized at the axial region of chromosomes and accumulates at the centromeric region in metaphase chromosomes. However, little is known about TopoII localization and distribution in plant chromosomes, except for several publications. We used high voltage transmission electron microscopy (HVTEM) and ultra-high voltage transmission electron microscopy (UHVTEM) in conjunction with immunogold labeling and visualization techniques to detect TopoII and investigate its localization, alignment, and density on the barley chromosome at 1.4 nm scale. We found that HVTEM and UHVTEM combined with immunogold labeling is suitable for the detection of structural proteins, including a single molecule of TopoII. This is because the average size of the gold particles for TopoII visualization after silver enhancement is 8.9 ± 3.9 nm, which is well detected. We found that 31,005 TopoII molecules are distributed along the barley chromosomes in an unspecific pattern at the chromosome arms and accumulate specifically at the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) and centromeric region. The TopoII density were 1.32-fold, 1.58-fold, and 1.36-fold at the terminal region, at the NORs, and the centromeric region, respectively. The findings of TopoII localization in this study support the multiple reported functions of TopoII in the barley metaphase chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channarong Sartsanga
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto 3-11, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rinyaporn Phengchat
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research of Council, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, T6G 2M9 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Toshiyuki Wako
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto 3-11, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Kobe, Japan.
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2
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Taichi N, Nakahama N, Ohmido N, Ushimaru A. Habitat diversification associated with urban development has a little effect on genetic structure in the annual native plant Commelina communis in an East Asian megacity. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10975. [PMID: 38384819 PMCID: PMC10880129 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban development greatly alters the natural and semi-natural habitats of native plants. Urbanisation results in a range of diverse habitats including remnant agricultural lands, urban parks, and roadside habitats. This habitat diversity often promotes trait divergence within urban areas. However, the mechanisms by which diverse urban habitats influence the population genetic structure of individual plant species remain poorly understood. We investigated the effects of urbanisation on genetic diversity and structure within 24 Commelina communis populations across diverse habitat types (rural agricultural land, urban agricultural land, urban park land, and urban roadsides) within the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe megacity in Japan. We conducted multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping to compare genetic diversity among populations in different habitats. We also examined the correlation between Nei's genetic distance and geographic and environmental distances and performed principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to evaluate genetic differentiation among urban habitats. There were no significant differences in genetic diversity indices between urban and rural populations and among urban habitat types. Although we detected no isolation-by-distance structure in population pairs of the same habitat type and in those of different habitats, the difference in surrounding landscape facilitated genetic differentiation not only between urban and rural habitats but also between different urban habitats. PCoA revealed no clear genetic differentiation among rural and urban habitat populations. Our findings indicate that the establishment of diverse habitat types through urbanisation has no and little impact on genetic diversity and structure, respectively, in C. communis, likely due to its high selfing rate and ability to adapt to urban conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakata Taichi
- Graduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Naoyuki Nakahama
- Institute of Natural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HyogoSandaJapan
- Museum of Nature and Human ActivitiesHyogoJapan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
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3
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Hilia SWR, Abinawanto, Dwiranti A, Bowolaksono A, Lestari R, Fadhilah, Kristanto AH, Ohmido N. Ultrastructure of Javaen barb fish Systomus orphoides Valenciennes, 1842 spermatozoa (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) by electron microscopes. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1411-1415. [PMID: 37158224 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Javaen barb fish Systomus orphoides Valenciennes, 1842 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) is a freshwater fish whose population is declining and threatened with extinction. In this study, the ultrastructure of spermatozoa of Javaen barb fish (S. orphoides) was studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The spermatozoa of S. orphoides are relatively simple cells composed of a spherical head, a short midpiece, and a flagellum, as in most Cyprinidae. The ultrastructure is characterized by the absence of acrosome, the total length of spermatozoa is 27.16 ± 4.5 μm, and the head has spherical with a length of 1.84 ± 0.10 μm and width of 1.55 ± 0.15 μm containing a nucleus, midpiece region containing the proximal and distal centrioles and mitochondria. Two or three mitochondria surrounding the axoneme (with a 9 + 2 microtubular pattern). Ultrastructural analyses by SEM and TEM of Javaen barb fish spermatozoa cells are very consistent with those of Cyprinidae. This study provides the ultrastructure information of S. orphoides spermatozoa in the Cyprinidae family this research could be useful in increasing reproductive efficiency and further prevent the extinction of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Widiyanti Rahayu Hilia
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Abinawanto
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Astari Dwiranti
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Retno Lestari
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Fadhilah
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Anang Hari Kristanto
- Applied Zoology Research Center, Biological and Environmental Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Km 46, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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4
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Takata H, Masuda Y, Ohmido N. CRISPR imaging reveals chromatin fluctuation at the centromere region related to cellular senescence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14609. [PMID: 37670098 PMCID: PMC10480159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome is spatially and temporally organized in the nucleus as chromatin, and the dynamic structure of chromatin is closely related to genome functions. Cellular senescence characterized by an irreversible arrest of proliferation is accompanied by chromatin reorganisation in the nucleus during senescence. However, chromatin dynamics in chromatin reorganisation is poorly understood. Here, we report chromatin dynamics at the centromere region during senescence in cultured human cell lines using live imaging based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/dCas9 system. The repetitive sequence at the centromere region, alpha-satellite DNA, was predominantly detected on chromosomes 1, 12, and 19. Centromeric chromatin formed irregular-shaped domains with high fluctuation in cells undergoing 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced senescence. Our findings suggest that the increased fluctuation of the chromatin structure facilitates centromere disorganisation during cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Takata
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan.
| | - Yumena Masuda
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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5
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Liu Y, Liaw YM, Teo CH, Cápal P, Wada N, Fukui K, Doležel J, Ohmido N. Author Correction: Molecular organization of recombinant human-Arabidopsis chromosomes in hybrid cell lines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8487. [PMID: 37231042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Liu
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yeng Mun Liaw
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chee How Teo
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Petr Cápal
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Naoki Wada
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Ohmido N, Polosoro A. Chromatin Immunostaining of Plant Nuclei. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2672:233-244. [PMID: 37335480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3226-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that specific epigenetic changes are also related to plant growth and development. Immunostaining enables the detection and characterization of chromatin modification, e.g., histone H4 acetylation (H4K5ac), histone H3 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K9me2), and DNA methylation (5mC) with unique and specific patterns in plant tissues. Here we describe experimental procedures to determine the histone H3 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K9me2) patterns in 3D-chromatin in whole roots tissue and 2D-chromatin in single nuclei in rice. To analyze both iron and salinity treatments, we show how to test for changes to the epigenetic chromatin landscape using heterochromatin (H3K9me2) and euchromatin (H3K4me) markers for chromatin immunostaining, especially in the proximal meristem region. To elucidate the epigenetic impact of environmental stress and external plant growth regulators, we demonstrate how to apply a combination of salinity, auxin, and abscisic acid treatments. The results of these experiments provide insights into the epigenetic landscape during rice root growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Aqwin Polosoro
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
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Kovacs Z, Muncan J, Ohmido N, Bazar G, Tsenkova R. Water Spectral Patterns Reveals Similarities and Differences in Rice Germination and Induced Degenerated Callus Development. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1832. [PMID: 34579366 PMCID: PMC8471901 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo monitoring of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination and seedling growth under general conditions in closed Petri dishes containing agar base medium at room temperature (temperature = 24.5 ± 1 °C, relative humidity = 76 ± 7% (average ± standard deviation)), and induced degenerated callus formation with plant growth regulator, were performed using short-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy and aquaphotomics over A period of 26 days. The results of spectral analysis suggest changes in water absorbances due to the production of common metabolites, as well as increases in biomass and the sizes of the samples. Quantitative models built to predict the day of the development provided better accuracy for rice seedlings growth compared to callus formation. Eight common water bands were identified as presenting prominent changes in the absorbance pattern. The water matrix of only rice seedlings showed three developmental stages: firstly expressing a predominantly weakly hydrogen-bonded state, then a more strongly hydrogen-bonded state, and then, again, a weakly hydrogen-bonded state at the end. In rice callus induction and proliferation, no similar change in water absorbance pattern was observed. The presented findings indicate the potential of aquaphotomics for the in vivo detection of degeneration in cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14-16, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jelena Muncan
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Department of Human Environmental Science, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - George Bazar
- ADEXGO Ltd., Lapostelki u. 13, 8230 Balatonfüred, Hungary;
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
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8
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Shenton M, Kobayashi M, Terashima S, Ohyanagi H, Copetti D, Hernández-Hernández T, Zhang J, Ohmido N, Fujita M, Toyoda A, Ikawa H, Fujiyama A, Furuumi H, Miyabayashi T, Kubo T, Kudrna D, Wing R, Yano K, Nonomura KI, Sato Y, Kurata N. Evolution and Diversity of the Wild Rice Oryza officinalis Complex, across Continents, Genome Types, and Ploidy Levels. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:413-428. [PMID: 32125373 PMCID: PMC7531200 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oryza officinalis complex is the largest species group in
Oryza, with more than nine species from four continents, and is a
tertiary gene pool that can be exploited in breeding programs for the improvement of
cultivated rice. Most diploid and tetraploid members of this group have a C genome. Using
a new reference C genome for the diploid species O. officinalis, and
draft genomes for two other C genome diploid species Oryza eichingeri and
Oryza rhizomatis, we examine the influence of transposable elements on
genome structure and provide a detailed phylogeny and evolutionary history of the
Oryza C genomes. The O. officinalis genome is 1.6
times larger than the A genome of cultivated Oryza sativa, mostly due to
proliferation of Gypsy type long-terminal repeat transposable elements,
but overall syntenic relationships are maintained with other Oryza
genomes (A, B, and F). Draft genome assemblies of the two other C genome diploid species,
Oryza eichingeri and Oryza rhizomatis, and short-read
resequencing of a series of other C genome species and accessions reveal that after the
divergence of the C genome progenitor, there was still a substantial degree of variation
within the C genome species through proliferation and loss of both DNA and long-terminal
repeat transposable elements. We provide a detailed phylogeny and evolutionary history of
the Oryza C genomes and a genomic resource for the exploitation of the
Oryza tertiary gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hajime Ohyanagi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dario Copetti
- Arizona Genomics Institute, BIO5 Institute and School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona.,T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | | | - Jianwei Zhang
- Arizona Genomics Institute, BIO5 Institute and School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Division of the Living Environment, Kobe University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takahiko Kubo
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - David Kudrna
- Arizona Genomics Institute, BIO5 Institute and School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona
| | - Rod Wing
- Arizona Genomics Institute, BIO5 Institute and School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona.,T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines.,Biological and Environment Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kentaro Yano
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Nori Kurata
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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Siregar AY, Sartsanga C, Arifudin FS, Phengchat R, Salamah A, Ohmido N, Fukui K, Dwiranti A. Calcium ion significance on the maintenance of barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosome compaction. Micron 2021; 145:103046. [PMID: 33689971 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cations, especially calcium ions (Ca2+), is one of the major factors responsible for the chromosome higher-order structure formation. The effects of cations on the human chromosomes have already been evaluated, however, whether the presence of similar effects on plant chromosomes has not been reported to date. Thus, in this study, we investigated the role of Ca2+ on the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome structure. Barley chromosomes were isolated from the meristematic tissue within the germinated roots. The roots were subjected to enzymatic treatment, fixed, and drop on the cover glass to spread the chromosomes out. Some chromosomes were treated with BAPTA (1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) to chelate Ca2+. Chromosome samples were then observed by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The disperse structure of the chromosome was observed after BAPTA treatment. Chromosomes showed less condensed structure due to Ca2+ chelation. The high-resolution of SEM provided a more detailed visualization of chromosome ultrastructure under different calcium ion conditions. This study revealed the calcium ion effect on chromosome structure is important regardless of the organisms, suggesting a similar mechanism of chromosome condensation through humans and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldi Yazri Siregar
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Channarong Sartsanga
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Fendi Sofyan Arifudin
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rinyaporn Phengchat
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Andi Salamah
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Astari Dwiranti
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Campus, 16424, West Java, Indonesia.
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10
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Sartsanga C, Phengchat R, Fukui K, Wako T, Ohmido N. Surface structures consisting of chromatin fibers in isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosomes revealed by helium ion microscopy. Chromosome Res 2021; 29:81-94. [PMID: 33615407 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome compaction of chromatin fibers results in the formation of the nucleosome, which consists of a DNA unit coiled around a core of histone molecules associated with linker histone. The compaction of chromatin fibers has been a topic of controversy since the discovery of chromosomes in the 19th century. Although chromatin fibers were first identified using electron microscopy, the chromatin fibers on the surface of chromosome structures in plants remain unclear due to shrinking and breaking caused by prior chromosome isolation or preparation with alcohol and acid fixation, and critical point drying occurred into dehydration and denatured chromosomal proteins. This study aimed to develop a high-quality procedure for the isolation and preparation of plant chromosomes, maintaining the native chromosome structure, to elucidate the organization of chromatin fibers on the surface of plant chromosomes by electron microscopy. A simple technique to isolate intact barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosomes with a high yield was developed, allowing chromosomes to be observed with a high-resolution scanning ion microscopy and helium ion microscopy (HIM) imaging technology, based on a scanning helium ion beam. HIM images from the surface chromatin fibers were analyzed to determine the size and alignment of the chromatin fibers. The unit size of the chromatin fibers was 11.6 ± 3.5 nm and was closely aligned to the chromatin network model. Our findings indicate that compacting the surface structure of barley via a chromatin network and observation via HIM are powerful tools for investigating the structure of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channarong Sartsanga
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rinyaporn Phengchat
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wako
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Hayashida M, Phengchat R, Malac M, Harada K, Akashi T, Ohmido N, Fukui K. Higher-Order Structure of Human Chromosomes Observed by Electron Diffraction and Electron Tomography. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:149-155. [PMID: 33213601 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that two DNA molecules are wrapped around histone octamers and folded together to form a single chromosome. However, the nucleosome fiber folding within a chromosome remains an enigma, and the higher-order structure of chromosomes also is not understood. In this study, we employed electron diffraction which provides a noninvasive analysis to characterize the internal structure of chromosomes. The results revealed the presence of structures with 100–200 nm periodic features directionally perpendicular to the chromosome axis in unlabeled isolated human chromosomes. We also visualized the 100–200 nm periodic features perpendicular to the chromosome axis in an isolated chromosome whose DNA molecules were specifically labeled with OsO4 using electron tomography in 300 keV and 1 MeV transmission electron microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Hayashida
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Rinyaporn Phengchat
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Marek Malac
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, EdmontonT6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ken Harada
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Hatoyama, Saitama350-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akashi
- Research & Development Group, HITACHI, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama350-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
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12
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Dwiranti A, Arifudin FS, Takata H, Ohmido N, Fukui K. Application of the Chromosome Image Analyzing System (CHIAS) for Straightening Cation-treated Bent Chromosomes. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1411-1416. [PMID: 32648619 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Divalent cations, mainly calcium and magnesium ions, are known to play a major role in the maintenance of chromosomes. The depletion of both ions using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) results in a bent chromosome structure with extended arms and dispersed chromatin fibers. The importance of divalent cations for the maintenance of chromosome structure has been reported previously; nevertheless, previous studies were limited to qualitative data only. Straightening the bent image of the chromosome would provide quantitative data. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of cation depletion by the application of the Chromosome Image Analyzing System (CHIAS) to straighten bent chromosomes. Human HeLa chromosomes were treated with EDTA as a known chelating agent in order to investigate the importance of divalent cations on the maintenance of chromosome structure. Chromosomes were stained and directly observed with a fluorescence microscope. Images were then analyzed using CHIAS. The results revealed that EDTA-treated chromosomes showed longer arms than those without EDTA treatment, and most of them tended to bend-out. By straightening the image using CHIAS, the bent chromosomes were successfully straightened. The average lengths of the chromosomes treated with and without EDTA were 4.97 and 0.96 μm, respectively. These results signify the advantages of CHIAS for chromosome analysis and highlight the fundamental effects of cations on chromosome condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astari Dwiranti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok Campus, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fendi Sofyan Arifudin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok Campus, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hideaki Takata
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Department of Human Environmental Science, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Phengchat R, Hayashida M, Ohmido N, Homeniuk D, Fukui K. 3D observation of chromosome scaffold structure using a 360° electron tomography sample holder. Micron 2019; 126:102736. [PMID: 31539626 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome scaffold is considered to be a key structure of the mitotic chromosome. It plays a vital role in chromosome condensation, shaping the X-shaped structure of the mitotic chromosome, and also provides flexibility for chromosome movement during cell division. However, it remains to be elucidated how the chromosome scaffold organizes the mitotic chromosome and how it supports shaping the structure of the chromosome during metaphase. Here we present a new technique that enables the observation of the chromosome scaffold structure in metaphase chromosomes from any direction, by transferring an isolated chromosome to a 360° rotational holder for electron tomography (ET). The chromosome was stained with immunogold-labeled condensin complex, one of the major chromosome scaffold proteins and then observed in three dimensions using ET. Using the locations of gold nanoparticles to visualize the underlying structure, the tomograms we obtained reveal the patterns of chromosome scaffold organization, which appears to consist of a helical structure that serves to organize chromatin loops into the metaphase chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinyaporn Phengchat
- Graduate School of Human development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Misa Hayashida
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G2M9, Canada.
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Darren Homeniuk
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G2M9, Canada
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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14
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Polosoro A, Enggarini W, Ohmido N. Global epigenetic changes of histone modification under environmental stresses in rice root. Chromosome Res 2019; 27:287-298. [PMID: 31280458 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-019-09611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are non-living factors with negative morphological and physiological effects on living organisms. Substantial evidence exists that gene expression changes during plant cell growth are regulated by chromatin reconfiguration and histone modification. Several types of histone modifications are dramatically transformed in stress-responsive gene regions under drought stress conditions. Environmental stresses also cause the root apical meristem (RAM) region to decelerate root growth. In this study, we investigated how quantitative changes in epigenetic markers in this region influence rice morphology and physiology. Both iron and salinity treatments changed the epigenetic landscape from euchromatic to heterochromatic according to heterochromatin (H3K9me2) and euchromatin (H3K4me) markers, especially in the proximal meristem region. Moreover, supplementation with external abscisic acid (ABA) was able to mimic the effect of environmental stresses on global epigenetic changes. In contrast, the addition of external auxin (IAA) to rice under saline conditions affected heterochromatin formation without influencing euchromatin transformation. Chromatin dynamics is therefore believed to be directly connected to plant growth regulator signaling. We discuss insights into the role of plant growth regulators: ABA and IAA, peroxide signaling, and their effects on the global epigenetic change of histone modification under abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqwin Polosoro
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development (ICABIOGRD), Bogor, Indonesia.,Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wening Enggarini
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development (ICABIOGRD), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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15
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Pachakkil B, Terajima Y, Ohmido N, Ebina M, Irei S, Hayashi H, Takagi H. Cytogenetic and agronomic characterization of intergeneric hybrids between Saccharum spp. hybrid and Erianthus arundinaceus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1748. [PMID: 30742000 PMCID: PMC6370852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) breeding, introgression of useful genes via intergeneric hybridization is a powerful strategy for improving the crop productivity. Erianthus arundinaceus shows great potential in terms of useful traits; however, little is known about the cytogenetic and agronomic characteristics of intergeneric hybrids between these two species. Here, we examine the cytogenetic and agronomic characteristics, and relationships between the two in intergeneric F1 hybrids between modern sugarcane cultivar and E. arundinaceus identified by amplification of 5S rDNA markers and morphological characteristics. The nuclear DNA content of the hybrids varied from 6.07 to 8.94 pg/2C, with intra-clonal variation in DNA content and 5S rDNA sites. Genomic in situ hybridization revealed 53 to 82 chromosomes in the hybrids, with 53 to 56 derived from sugarcane and 1 to 29 from E. arundinaceus. There were significant positive correlations between the number of E. arundinaceus chromosomes and dry matter yield, millable stalk weight, single stalk weight, and stalk diameter, but not sucrose content, reducing sugar content, sucrose/reducing sugar ratio or fiber content. This detailed information on intergeneric F1 hybrids between modern sugarcane cultivar and E. arundinaceus will contribute to effective utilization of E. arundinaceus in sugarcane breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babil Pachakkil
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ishigaki, 907-0002, Japan.,Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Terajima
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ishigaki, 907-0002, Japan.
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masumi Ebina
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Nasushiobara, 329-2793, Japan
| | - Shin Irei
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Itoman, 901-0336, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Takagi
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ishigaki, 907-0002, Japan
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16
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Ohmido N, Iwata A, Kato S, Wako T, Fukui K. Development of a quantitative pachytene chromosome map and its unification with somatic chromosome and linkage maps of rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195710. [PMID: 29672536 PMCID: PMC5908146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantitative pachytene chromosome map of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was developed using imaging methods. The map depicts not only distribution patterns of chromomeres specific to pachytene chromosomes, but also the higher order information of chromosomal structures, such as heterochromatin (condensed regions), euchromatin (decondensed regions), the primary constrictions (centromeres), and the secondary constriction (nucleolar organizing regions, NOR). These features were image analyzed and quantitatively mapped onto the map by Chromosome Image Analyzing System ver. 4.0 (CHIAS IV). Correlation between H3K9me2, an epigenetic marker and formation and/or maintenance of heterochromatin, thus was, clearly visualized. Then the pachytene chromosome map was unified with the existing somatic chromosome and linkage maps by physically mapping common DNA markers among them, such as a rice A genome specific tandem repeat sequence (TrsA), 5S and 45S ribosomal RNA genes, five bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, four P1 bacteriophage artificial chromosome (PAC) clones using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Detailed comparison between the locations of the DNA probes on the pachytene chromosomes using multicolor FISH, and the linkage map enabled determination of the chromosome number and short/long arms of individual pachytene chromosomes using the chromosome number and arm assignment designated for the linkage map. As a result, the quantitative pachytene chromosome map was unified with two other major rice chromosome maps representing somatic prometaphase chromosomes and genetic linkages. In conclusion, the unification of the three rice maps serves as an indispensable basic information, not only for an in-depth comparison between genetic and chromosomal data, but also for practical breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Aiko Iwata
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Seiji Kato
- Yamanashi Prefectural Agritechnology Center, 1100, Shimoimai, Kai, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wako
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Kudoh T, Takahashi M, Osabe T, Toyoda A, Hirakawa H, Suzuki Y, Ohmido N, Onodera Y. Molecular insights into the non-recombining nature of the spinach male-determining region. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:557-568. [PMID: 29222702 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a dioecious plant with male heterogametic sex determination and homomorphic sex chromosomes (XY). The dioecism is utilized for producing commercial hybrid seeds, and hence understanding the molecular-genetic basis of the species' sex determining locus is an important issue for spinach breeding. In this study, seven dominant DNA markers were shown to completely co-segregate with the male-determining gene in segregating spinach populations comprising > 1500 plants. In addition, these seven dominant DNA markers were completely associated with the male-determining gene in over 100 spinach germplasm accessions and cultivars. These observations suggest that, in spinach, a Y-chromosomal region around the male-determining locus does not (or almost not) recombine with a counterpart region on the X chromosome. Using five of the seven DNA markers, five bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone contigs with a total length of approximately 690 kbp were constructed. Full sequencing of six representative BAC clones (total insert length 504 kbp) from the five contigs and a transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq revealed that the Y-chromosomal region around the male-determining locus contains large amounts of repetitive elements, suggesting that the region might be poor in gene content. Most of the repeats found in this region are novel Ty1-copia-like and its derivative elements that accumulate predominantly in heterochromatic regions. Our findings may provide valuable insight into spinach genome structure and clues for future research into the evolution of the sex determining locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kudoh
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N-9, W-9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Takahashi
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N-9, W-9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takayuki Osabe
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N-9, W-9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- The Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- The Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8568, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Onodera
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N-9, W-9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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18
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Rosa S, Ntoukakis V, Ohmido N, Pendle A, Abranches R, Shaw P. Cell differentiation and development in Arabidopsis are associated with changes in histone dynamics at the single-cell level. Plant Cell 2014; 26:4821-33. [PMID: 25549670 PMCID: PMC4311217 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.133793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism whereby the same genome can give rise to different cell types with different gene expression profiles is a fundamental problem in biology. Chromatin organization and dynamics have been shown to vary with altered gene expression in different cultured animal cell types, but there is little evidence yet from whole organisms linking chromatin dynamics with development. Here, we used both fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and two-photon photoactivation to show that in stem cells from Arabidopsis thaliana roots the mobility of the core histone H2B, as judged by exchange dynamics, is lower than in the surrounding cells of the meristem. However, as cells progress from meristematic to fully differentiated, core histones again become less mobile and more strongly bound to chromatin. We show that these transitions are largely mediated by changes in histone acetylation. We further show that altering histone acetylation levels, either in a mutant or by drug treatment, alters both the histone mobility and markers of development and differentiation. We propose that plant stem cells have relatively inactive chromatin, but they keep the potential to divide and differentiate into more dynamic states, and that these states are at least in part determined by histone acetylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ali Pendle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Abranches
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| | - Peter Shaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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19
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Hamano T, Dwiranti A, Kaneyoshi K, Fukuda S, Kometani R, Nakao M, Takata H, Uchiyama S, Ohmido N, Fukui K. Chromosome interior observation by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) using ionic liquid technique. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:1340-7. [PMID: 25010743 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761401280x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to elucidate chromosome structure have long remained elusive. Electron microscopy is useful for chromosome structure research because of its high resolution and magnification. However, biological samples such as chromosomes need to be subjected to various preparation steps, including dehydration, drying, and metal/carbon coating, which may induce shrinkage and artifacts. The ionic liquid technique has recently been developed and it enables sample preparation without dehydration, drying, or coating, providing a sample that is closer to the native condition. Concurrently, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) has been developed, allowing the investigation and direct analysis of chromosome interiors. In this study, we investigated chromosome interiors by FIB/SEM using plant and human chromosomes prepared by the ionic liquid technique. As a result, two types of chromosomes, with and without cavities, were visualized, both for barley and human chromosomes prepared by critical point drying. However, chromosome interiors were revealed only as a solid structure, lacking cavities, when prepared by the ionic liquid technique. Our results suggest that the existence and size of cavities depend on the preparation procedures. We conclude that combination of the ionic liquid technique and FIB/SEM is a powerful tool for chromosome study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hamano
- 1Laboratory of Dynamic Cell Biology,Department of Biotechnology,Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japan
| | - Astari Dwiranti
- 1Laboratory of Dynamic Cell Biology,Department of Biotechnology,Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japan
| | - Kohei Kaneyoshi
- 1Laboratory of Dynamic Cell Biology,Department of Biotechnology,Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japan
| | - Shota Fukuda
- 1Laboratory of Dynamic Cell Biology,Department of Biotechnology,Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japan
| | - Reo Kometani
- 2Laboratory of Nano Mechanics,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Graduate School of Engineering,The University of Tokyo,Hongo,Bunkyo,Tokyo 113-8685,Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakao
- 3Department of Engineering Synthesis,Graduate School of Engineering,The University of Tokyo,Hongo,Bunkyo,Tokyo 113-8685,Japan
| | - Hideaki Takata
- 1Laboratory of Dynamic Cell Biology,Department of Biotechnology,Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- 1Laboratory of Dynamic Cell Biology,Department of Biotechnology,Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- 4Department of Human Environmental Science,Division of Living Environment,Graduate School of Human Development and Environment,Kobe University,Tsurukabuto,Nada,Kobe 657-8501,Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- 1Laboratory of Dynamic Cell Biology,Department of Biotechnology,Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japan
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20
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Rosa S, De Lucia F, Mylne JS, Zhu D, Ohmido N, Pendle A, Kato N, Shaw P, Dean C. Physical clustering of FLC alleles during Polycomb-mediated epigenetic silencing in vernalization. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1845-50. [PMID: 24013499 PMCID: PMC3778238 DOI: 10.1101/gad.221713.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
How nuclear organization influences chromatin changes at individual loci is poorly understood. Vernalization, the promotion of flowering by cold, involves Polycomb-mediated silencing of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Here, Rosa et al. use live-cell imaging to monitor nuclear organization and FLC dynamics during vernalization. The data reveal that Polycomb-dependent clustering of FLC alleles is a cold-induced step in gene silencing. This study suggests that physical clustering of target genes may be a common feature of Polycomb-mediated epigenetic silencing mechanisms. Vernalization, the promotion of flowering by cold, involves Polycomb-mediated epigenetic silencing of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Cold progressively promotes cell-autonomous switching to a silenced state. Here, we used live-cell imaging of FLC-lacO to monitor changes in nuclear organization during vernalization. FLC-lacO alleles physically cluster during the cold and generally remain so after plants are returned to warm. Clustering is dependent on the Polycomb trans-factors necessary for establishment of the FLC silenced state but not on LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1, which functions to maintain silencing. These data support the view that physical clustering may be a common feature of Polycomb-mediated epigenetic switching mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Alipour A, Tsuchimoto S, Sakai H, Ohmido N, Fukui K. Structural characterization of copia-type retrotransposons leads to insights into the marker development in a biofuel crop, Jatropha curcas L. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013; 6:129. [PMID: 24020916 PMCID: PMC3852365 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, Jatropha curcas L. has attracted worldwide attention for its potential as a source of biodiesel. However, most DNA markers have demonstrated high levels of genetic similarity among and within jatropha populations around the globe. Despite promising features of copia-type retrotransposons as ideal genetic tools for gene tagging, mutagenesis, and marker-assisted selection, they have not been characterized in the jatropha genome yet. Here, we examined the diversity, evolution, and genome-wide organization of copia-type retrotransposons in the Asian, African, and Mesoamerican accessions of jatropha, then introduced a retrotransposon-based marker for this biofuel crop. RESULTS In total, 157 PCR fragments that were amplified using the degenerate primers for the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of copia-type retroelements were sequenced and aligned to construct the neighbor-joining tree. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that isolated copia RT sequences were classified into ten families, which were then grouped into three lineages. An in-depth study of the jatropha genome for the RT sequences of each family led to the characterization of full consensus sequences of the jatropha copia-type families. Estimated copy numbers of target sequences were largely different among families, as was presence of genes within 5 kb flanking regions for each family. Five copia-type families were as appealing candidates for the development of DNA marker systems. A candidate marker from family Jc7 was particularly capable of detecting genetic variation among different jatropha accessions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to metaphase chromosomes reveals that copia-type retrotransposons are scattered across chromosomes mainly located in the distal part regions. CONCLUSION This is the first report on genome-wide analysis and the cytogenetic mapping of copia-type retrotransposons of jatropha, leading to the discovery of families bearing high potential as DNA markers. Distinct dynamics of individual copia-type families, feasibility of a retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphism marker system in examining genetic variability, and approaches for the development of breeding strategies in jatropha using copia-type retrotransposons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Alipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Suguru Tsuchimoto
- Plant Bioengineering for Bioenergy Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroe Sakai
- Plant Bioengineering for Bioenergy Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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22
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Kataoka R, Hara M, Kato S, Isobe S, Sato S, Tabata S, Ohmido N. Integration of Linkage and Chromosome Maps of Red Clover (Trifolium pratenseL.). Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 137:60-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000339509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Fujii K, Ohmido N. Stable progeny production of the amphidiploid resynthesized Brassica napus cv. Hanakkori, a newly bred vegetable. Theor Appl Genet 2011; 123:1433-1443. [PMID: 21861174 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Resynthesized Brassica napus cv. Hanakkori (AACC, 2n = 38) was produced by cross-hybridization between B. rapa (AA, 2n = 20) and B. oleracea (CC, 2n = 18) as a new vegetative crop. Many studies have provided evidences for the instability and close relationship between A and C genome in the resynthesized B. napus cultivars. In fact, seed produced to obtain progeny in Hanakkori had unstable morphological characters and generated many off-type plants. In this study, we investigated the pollen fertility, chromosome number, structure, and behavior linked to various Hanakkori phenotypes to define factors of unstable phenotypic expression in the progeny. Hanakkori phenotypes were categorized into five types. The results of pollen fertility, chromosome number, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for somatic mitosis cells indicated that the off-type plants had lower pollen fertility, aberrant chromosome number, and structures with small chromosome fragments. Observation of chromosomes at meiosis showed that the meiotic division in off-type plants led to appreciably higher abnormalities than in on-type plants. However, polyvalent chromosomes were observed frequently in both on- and off-type plants in diplotene stage of meiosis. We assume that the unstable morphological characters in resynthesized progeny were the result of abnormal division in meiosis. It results as important that the plants of normal phenotype, chromosome structure and minimized abnormal meiosis are selected to stabilize progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujii
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Yamaguchi 753-0214, Japan.
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Sato S, Hirakawa H, Isobe S, Fukai E, Watanabe A, Kato M, Kawashima K, Minami C, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Takahashi C, Nakayama S, Kishida Y, Kohara M, Yamada M, Tsuruoka H, Sasamoto S, Tabata S, Aizu T, Toyoda A, Shin-i T, Minakuchi Y, Kohara Y, Fujiyama A, Tsuchimoto S, Kajiyama S, Makigano E, Ohmido N, Shibagaki N, Cartagena JA, Wada N, Kohinata T, Atefeh A, Yuasa S, Matsunaga S, Fukui K. Sequence analysis of the genome of an oil-bearing tree, Jatropha curcas L. DNA Res 2010; 18:65-76. [PMID: 21149391 PMCID: PMC3041505 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsq030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The whole genome of Jatropha curcas was sequenced, using a combination of the conventional Sanger method and new-generation multiplex sequencing methods. Total length of the non-redundant sequences thus obtained was 285 858 490 bp consisting of 120 586 contigs and 29 831 singlets. They accounted for ~95% of the gene-containing regions with the average G + C content was 34.3%. A total of 40 929 complete and partial structures of protein encoding genes have been deduced. Comparison with genes of other plant species indicated that 1529 (4%) of the putative protein-encoding genes are specific to the Euphorbiaceae family. A high degree of microsynteny was observed with the genome of castor bean and, to a lesser extent, with those of soybean and Arabidopsis thaliana. In parallel with genome sequencing, cDNAs derived from leaf and callus tissues were subjected to pyrosequencing, and a total of 21 225 unigene data have been generated. Polymorphism analysis using microsatellite markers developed from the genomic sequence data obtained was performed with 12 J. curcas lines collected from various parts of the world to estimate their genetic diversity. The genomic sequence and accompanying information presented here are expected to serve as valuable resources for the acceleration of fundamental and applied research with J. curcas, especially in the fields of environment-related research such as biofuel production. Further information on the genomic sequences and DNA markers is available at http://www.kazusa.or.jp/jatropha/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
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Ohmido N, Ishimaru A, Kato S, Sato S, Tabata S, Fukui K. Integration of cytogenetic and genetic linkage maps of Lotus japonicus, a model plant for legumes. Chromosome Res 2010; 18:287-99. [PMID: 20076998 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-009-9103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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26
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Ohmido N, Fukui K, Kinoshita T. Recent advances in rice genome and chromosome structure research by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2010; 86:103-16. [PMID: 20154468 PMCID: PMC3417561 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is an effective method for the physical mapping of genes and repetitive DNA sequences on chromosomes. Physical mapping of unique nucleotide sequences on specific rice chromosome regions was performed using a combination of chromosome identification and highly sensitive FISH. Increases in the detection sensitivity of smaller DNA sequences and improvements in spatial resolution have ushered in a new phase in FISH technology. Thus, it is now possible to perform in situ hybridization on somatic chromosomes, pachytene chromosomes, and even on extended DNA fibers (EDFs). Pachytene-FISH allows the integration of genetic linkage maps and quantitative chromosome maps. Visualization methods using FISH can reveal the spatial organization of the centromere, heterochromatin/euchromatin, and the terminal structures of rice chromosomes. Furthermore, EDF-FISH and the DNA combing technique can resolve a spatial distance of 1 kb between adjacent DNA sequences, and the detection of even a 300-bp target is now feasible. The copy numbers of various repetitive sequences and the sizes of various DNA molecules were quantitatively measured using the molecular combing technique. This review describes the significance of these advances in molecular cytology in rice and discusses future applications in plant studies using visualization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Witkowska M, Ohmido N, Cartagena J, Shibagaki N, Kajiyama S, Fukui K. Physical Mapping of Ribosomal DNA Genes on Jatropha curcas Chromosomes by Multicolor FISH. CYTOLOGIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.74.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Witkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- International Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Technical University of Lodz
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
| | - Joyce Cartagena
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Nakako Shibagaki
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | | | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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Sato S, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Asamizu E, Kato T, Nakao M, Sasamoto S, Watanabe A, Ono A, Kawashima K, Fujishiro T, Katoh M, Kohara M, Kishida Y, Minami C, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shimizu Y, Shinpo S, Takahashi C, Wada T, Yamada M, Ohmido N, Hayashi M, Fukui K, Baba T, Nakamichi T, Mori H, Tabata S. Genome structure of the legume, Lotus japonicus. DNA Res 2008; 15:227-39. [PMID: 18511435 PMCID: PMC2575887 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsn008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The legume Lotus japonicus has been widely used as a model system to investigate the genetic background of legume-specific phenomena such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Here, we report structural features of the L. japonicus genome. The 315.1-Mb sequences determined in this and previous studies correspond to 67% of the genome (472 Mb), and are likely to cover 91.3% of the gene space. Linkage mapping anchored 130-Mb sequences onto the six linkage groups. A total of 10 951 complete and 19 848 partial structures of protein-encoding genes were assigned to the genome. Comparative analysis of these genes revealed the expansion of several functional domains and gene families that are characteristic of L. japonicus. Synteny analysis detected traces of whole-genome duplication and the presence of synteny blocks with other plant genomes to various degrees. This study provides the first opportunity to look into the complex and unique genetic system of legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
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Nakagawa M, Ohmido N, Ishikawa K, Uchiyama S, Fukui K, Azuma T. Anti-Peptide Antibodies for Examining the Conformation, Molecular Assembly and Localization of an Intracellular Protein, Ribosomal Protein S6, In vivo. J Biochem 2007; 143:325-32. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvm229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Legumes are of immense importance as food and feed, and for sustainable agriculture, due to their ability to fix nitrogen. Here, the chromosome maps of the legumes soybean (Glycine max), Lotus (Lotus japonicus), and red clover (Trifolium pratense) are reviewed. These species have relatively small chromosomes and therefore are difficult to exploit for chromosome studies. Nevertheless, the identification of individual chromosomes became feasible, and chromosome maps have been developed applying image analysis and fluorescence in-situ hybridization. For Lotus japonicus, e.g. detailed chromosome maps have been developed using the information of genetic linkage maps. Future prospects of further legume chromosome mapping for breeding and genetic purposes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Ohmido
- Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Hanmoto H, Kataoka R, Ohmido N, Yonezawa Y. Interstitial Telomere-like Repeats in the Haplopappus gracilis (Asteraceae) Genome Revealed by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization. CYTOLOGIA 2007. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.72.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryohei Kataoka
- Graduate School of Culture Study Human Science, Kobe University
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Culture Study Human Science, Kobe University
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Abstract
By optimizing the concentration and time of treatment with hydroxyurea (HU), a DNA synthesis inhibitor, and trifluralin, a microtubule inhibitor, a highly effective (over 60%) cell cycle synchronization method for rye and barley meristem cells was developed. Chromosome suspensions containing highly purified and morphologically intact rye and barley chromosomes were prepared from the meristems of their root tips by homogenization. Digoxigenin-labeled 5S rDNA was used as a probe in FISH for the rye chromosomes in the suspension, and biotin-labeled 17S rDNA and centromeric DNA were used in FISH for the rye and barley chromosome suspensions, respectively. Bright signals were detected at the specific regions of interest on the chromosomes. The results indicate that the method developed in this study is useful for selection and sorting of chromosomes that are not distinguishable by other means, using specific fluorescent labeling by FISH of the chromosomes in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sakamoto K, Abe T, Matsuyama T, Yoshida S, Ohmido N, Fukui K, Satoh S. RAPD markers encoding retrotransposable elements are linked to the male sex in Cannabis sativa L. Genome 2005; 48:931-6. [PMID: 16391699 DOI: 10.1139/g05-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Male-associated DNA sequences were analyzed in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp), a dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. DNA was isolated from male and female plants and subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Of 120 primers, 17 yielded 400 to 1500-bp fragments detectable in male, but not female, plants. These fragments were cloned and used as probes in gel-blot analysis of genomic DNA. When male and female DNA was hybridized with 2 of these male-specific fragments, MADC(male-associated DNA sequences in C. sativa)3 and MADC4, particularly intense bands specific to male plants were detected in addition to bands common to both sexes. The MADC3 and MADC4 sequences were shown to encode gag/pol polyproteins of copia-like retrotransposons. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with MADC3 and MADC4 as probes revealed a number of intense signals on the Y chromosome as well as dispersed signals on all chromosomes. The gel-blot analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization results presented here support the hypothesis that accumulation of retrotransposable elements on the Y chromosome might be 1 cause of heteromorphism of sex chromosomes.Key words: Cannabis sativa, FISH, RAPD, retrotransposon, sex chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sakamoto
- Plant Function Laboratory, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama, Japan.
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Sato S, Isobe S, Asamizu E, Ohmido N, Kataoka R, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Sakurai N, Okumura K, Klimenko I, Sasamoto S, Wada T, Watanabe A, Kohara M, Fujishiro T, Tabata S. Comprehensive Structural Analysis of the Genome of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.). DNA Res 2005; 12:301-64. [PMID: 16769692 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsi018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of establishing the basic knowledge and resources needed for applied genetics, we investigated the genome structure of red clover Trifolium pratense L. by a combination of cytological, genomic and genetic approaches. The deduced genome size was approximately 440 Mb, as estimated by measuring the nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry. Seven chromosomes could be distinguished by microscopic observation of DAPI stained prometaphase chromosomes and fluorescence in situ hybridization using 28S and 5S rDNA probes and bacterial artificial chromosome probes containing microsatellite markers with known positions on a genetic linkage map. The average GC content of the genomes of chloroplast, mitochondrion and nucleus were shown to be 33.8, 42.9 and 34.2%, respectively, by the analysis of 1.4 Mb of random genomic sequences. A total of 26,356 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that were grouped into 9339 non-redundant sequences were collected, and 78% of the ESTs showed sequence similarity to registered genes, mainly of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. To facilitate basic and applied genetics in red clover, we generated a high-density genetic linkage map with gene-associated microsatellite markers. A total of 7159 primer pairs were designed to amplify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) identified in four different types of libraries. Based on sequence similarity, 82% of the SSRs were likely to be associated with genes. Polymorphism was examined using two parent plants, HR and R130, and 10 F(1) progeny by agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by genotyping for the primer pairs showing polymorphisms using 188 F(1) plants from the mapping population. The selected 1305 microsatellite markers as well as the previously developed 167 restriction fragment length polymorphism markers were subjected to linkage analysis. A total of 1434 loci detected by 1399 markers were successfully mapped onto seven linkage groups totaling 868.7 cM in length; 405 loci (28%) were bi-parental, 611 (43%) were specific to HR and 418 (29%) were specific to R130. Each genetic linkage group was linked to a corresponding chromosome by FISH analysis using seven microsatellite markers specific to each of the linkage groups as probes. Transferability of the developed microsatellite markers to other germplasms was confirmed by testing 268 selected markers on 88 red clover germplasms. Macrosynteny at the segmental level was observed between the genomes of red clover and two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, strongly suggesting that the genome information for the model legumes is transferable to red clover for genetic investigations and experimental breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
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Ohmido N, Kijima K, Hoshi O, Ushiki T, Fukui K. Comparison of Surface Structures between Extended and Condensed Stages of Barley Chromosomes Revealed with Atomic Force Microscopy. CYTOLOGIA 2005. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.70.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Osamu Hoshi
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Department of Cellular Function, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Tatsuo Ushiki
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Department of Cellular Function, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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Sato S, Ohmido N, Nakamura Y, Tabata S. [Strategies for structural anaysis of genomes]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2004; 49:1828-33. [PMID: 15377024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Abstract
A higher GC content region of an Oryza sativa chromosome can be specifically visualized by double staining with propidium iodide (PI) and 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). This procedure allows identification of chromosome 9 from the other rice chromosomes at the pachytene stage. Using rice chromosome 9 as a model, an imaging method to construct a pachytene chromosomal map was developed by quantifying the fluorescence profile (FP) of each chromomere. The pachytene map of chromosome 9 consists of twenty-two chromomeres including four chromomeres within the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) and satellite region. The pachytene map was compared with the corresponding somatic prometaphase map and the linkage map. The differences among the three maps indicate that each map depicts specific biological information, which is difficult to be substituted by the other maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kato
- Laboratory of Rice Genetic Engineering, National Agricultural Research Center, Hokuriku Research Center, Joetsu, Japan
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38
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Shishido R, Ohmido N, Fukui K. Chromosome painting as a tool for rice genetics and breeding. Methods Cell Sci 2002; 23:125-32. [PMID: 11741149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome painting and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) are both effective methods for basic genetic research and practical breeding. These methods were applied even in the typically small chromosomes of rice. This manuscript describes in detail, highly reproducible, complete protocols for chromosome painting and GISH in rice chromosomes. Examples of useful applications of these methods are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shishido
- Department of Plant Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan
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39
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Abstract
To elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of rDNA site number in polyploid plants, we determined 5S and 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA sites for ten species of Sanguisorba (2n=14, 28, 56) and a single species of each of three outgroup genera, Agrimonia (2n=28), Rosa (2n=14), and Rubus (2n=14) by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. We also estimated phylogenetic relationships among these species using matK chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences, and reconstructed the evolutionary history of rDNA site number based on the maximum parsimony method. The 2n=14 and 2n=28 plants of all genera except Rosa carried two 5S rDNA sites, whereas Rosa and 2n=56 plants carried four sites. The 2n=14 plants had two 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA sites, whereas Sanguisorba annua and 2n=28 plants had four or six sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that polyploidization from 2n=14 to 2n=28 has occurred once or three times in Sanguisorba and Agrimonia. The 5S rDNA sites duplicated during each ancestral polyploidization were evidently lost after each polyploidization. However, the duplicated 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA sites were all conserved after each polyploidization. Thus, the duplicated 5S rDNA sites tend to have been eliminated, whereas those of 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA tend to have been conserved in Sanguisorba. In the most parsimonious hypothesis, 2n=14 in S. annua is a secondary, putatively dysploid state, reduced from 2n=28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Mishima
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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Ohmido N, Kijima K, Ashikawa I, de Jong JH, Fukui K. Visualization of the terminal structure of rice chromosomes 6 and 12 with multicolor FISH to chromosomes and extended DNA fibers. Plant Mol Biol 2001; 47:413-421. [PMID: 11587512 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011632111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on interphase and pachytene nuclei, and extended DNA fibers enabled microscopic distinction of DNA sequences less than a few thousands of base pairs apart. We applied this technique to reveal the molecular organization of telomere ends in japonica rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica), which consist of the Arabidopsis type TTTAGGG heptameric repeats and the rice specific subtelomeric tandem repeat sequence A (TrsA). Southern hybridizations of DNA digested with Bal31 and EcoRI, and FISH on chromosomes and extended DNA fibers demonstrated that (1) all chromosome ends possess the telomere tandem repeat measuring 3-4 kb; (2) the subtelomeric TrsA occurs only at the ends of the long arms of chromosomes 6 and 12, and measure 6 and 10 kb, which corresponds to 231 and 682 copies for these sites, respectively; (3) the telomere and TrsA repeats are separated by at most a few thousands of intervening nucleotide sequences. The molecular organization for a general telomere organization in plant chromosomes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ohmido
- National Agricultural Research Center, Joetsu, Japan
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41
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Henegariu O, Grober L, Haskins W, Bowers PN, State MW, Ohmido N, Bray-Ward P, Ward DC. Rapid DNA fiber technique for size measurements of linear and circular DNA probes. Biotechniques 2001; 31:246-50. [PMID: 11515354 DOI: 10.2144/01312bm01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kumekawa N, Ohmido N, Fukui K, Ohtsubo E, Ohtsubo H. A new gypsy-type retrotransposon, RIRE7: preferential insertion into the tandem repeat sequence TrsD in pericentromeric heterochromatin regions of rice chromosomes. Mol Genet Genomics 2001; 265:480-8. [PMID: 11405631 DOI: 10.1007/s004380000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A portion of an insertion sequence present in a member of the RIRE3 family of retrotransposons in Oryza sativa L. cv. IR36 was found to have an LTR sequence followed by a PBS sequence complementary to the 3'-end region of tRNAMet, indicative of another rice retrotransposon (named RIRE7). Cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified fragments that made up all parts of the RIRE7 sequence showed that RIRE7 is a gypsy-type retrotransposon with partial homology in the pol region to the rice gypsy-type retrotransposons RIRE2 and RIRE3 identified in rice previously. Interestingly, various portions of the RIRE7 sequence were homologous to several DNA segments present in the centromere regions of cereal chromosomes. Further cloning and nucleotide sequencing of fragments flanking RIRE7 copies showed that RIRE7 was inserted into a site within a tandem repeat sequence that has a unit length of 155 bp. The tandem repeat sequence, named TrsD, was homologous to tandem repeat sequences RCS2 and CentC, previously identified in the centromeric regions of rice and maize chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of the metaphase chromosomes of O. sativa cv. Nipponbare showed that both RIRE7 and TrsD sequences were present in the centromere regions of the chromosomes. The presence of RIRE7 and the TrsD sequences in the centromere regions of several chromosomes was confirmed by the identification of several YAC clones whose chromosomal locations are known. Further FISH analysis of rice pachytene chromosomes showed that the TrsD sequences were located in a pericentromeric heterochromatin region. These findings strongly suggest that RIRE7 and TrsD are components of the pericentromeric heterochromatin of rice chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kumekawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Akiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Ohmido N, Ohshima M, Fukui K. Estimation of the Nuclear DNA Content of Strawberries (Fragaria spp.) Compared with Arabidopsis thaliana by Using Dual-step Flow Cytometry. CYTOLOGIA 2001. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.66.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Akiyama
- Japan Science and Technology Corporation
- Laboratory of Rice Genetic Engineering, Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station
| | | | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Laboratory of Rice Genetic Engineering, Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Laboratory of Rice Genetic Engineering, Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School cf Osaka University
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44
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Sakamoto K, Ohmido N, Fukui K, Kamada H, Satoh S. Site-specific accumulation of a LINE-like retrotransposon in a sex chromosome of the dioecious plant Cannabis sativa. Plant Mol Biol 2000; 44:723-32. [PMID: 11202435 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026574405717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Male-associated DNA sequences were analysed in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. A male-associated DNA sequence in C. sativa (MADC1) and its flanking sequence encoded a reverse transcriptase that was strongly homologous to those of LINE-like retrotransposons from various plants and other organisms, as well as another open reading frame (ORF). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with MADC1 as probe, which yielded strong signals specific for male genomic DNA in gel blot analysis, generated a clear doublet signal at the end of the long arm of the Y chromosome. FISH using pachytene chromosomes of pollen mother cells at meiotic prophase I revealed that pairing of X and Y chromosomes occurred at the short arm of the Y chromosome where MADC1 was not present. Furthermore, FISH using extended DNA fibers, with MADC1 and its flanking DNA as probes, revealed that 100 to 200 copies of the retrotransposon were located in tandem on the Y chromosome. These results support the hypothesis that accumulation of a specific LINE-like retrotransposon at the terminal region of the long arm of the Y chromosome might be one cause of heteromorphism of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakamoto
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Ohmido N, Kijima K, Akiyama Y, de Jong JH, Fukui K. Quantification of total genomic DNA and selected repetitive sequences reveals concurrent changes in different DNA families in indica and japonica rice. Mol Gen Genet 2000; 263:388-94. [PMID: 10821172 DOI: 10.1007/s004380051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of three different repetitive sequence families, which were mapped to mitotic metaphase chromosomes and extended DNA fibers (EDFs) of the two subspecies of rice (OrYza sativa), indica and japonica (2n = 2x = 24). The repeat families studied were (1) the tandem repeat sequence A (TrsA), a functionally non-significant repeat; (2) the [TTTA-GGG]n telomere sequence, a non-transcribed, tandemly repeated but functionally significant repeat; and (3) the 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rDNA). FISH of the TrsA repeat to metaphase chromosomes of indica and japonica cultivars revealed clear signals at the distal ends of twelve and four chromosomes, respectively. As shown in a previous report, the 17S ribosomal RNA genes (17S rDNA) are located at the nucleolus organizers (NORs) on chromosomes 9 and 10 of the indica cultivar. However, the japonica rice lacked the rDNA signals on chromosome 10. The size of the 5S rDNA repeat block, which was mapped on the chromosome 11 of both cultivars, was 1.22 times larger in the indica than in the japonica genome. The telomeric repeat arrays at the distal ends of all chromosome arms were on average three times longer in the indica genome than in the japonica genome. Flow cytometric measurements revealed that the nuclear DNA content of indica rice is 9.7% higher than that of japonica rice. Our data suggest that different repetitive sequence families contribute significantly to the variation in genome size between indica and japonica rice, though to different extents. The increase or decrease in the copy number of several repetitive sequences examined here may indicate the existence of a directed change in genome size in rice. Possible reasons for this phenomenon of concurrent evolution of various repeat families are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ohmido
- Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Joetsu, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Ito
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Laboratory of Rice Genetic Engineering, Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - Yukio Akiyama
- Laboratory of Rice Genetic Engineering, Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station
- Japan Science and Technology Corporation
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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Sone T, Fujisawa M, Takenaka M, Nakagawa S, Yamaoka S, Sakaida M, Nishiyama R, Yamato KT, Ohmido N, Fukui K, Fukuzawa H, Ohyama K. Bryophyte 5S rDNA was inserted into 45S rDNA repeat units after the divergence from higher land plants. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 41:679-85. [PMID: 10645727 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006398419556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The 5S ribosomal RNA genes (5S rDNA) are located independently from the 45S rDNA repeats containing 18S, 5.8S and 26S ribosomal RNA genes in higher eukaryotes. Southern blot and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that the 5S rDNAs are encoded in the 45S rDNA repeat unit of a liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, in contrast to higher plants. Sequencing analyses revealed that a single-repeat unit of the M. polymorpha nuclear rDNA, which is 16,103 bp in length, contained a 5S rDNA downstream of 18S, 5.8S and 26S rDNA. To our knowledge, this is the first report on co-localization of the 5S and 45S rDNAs in the rDNA repeat of land plants. Furthermore, we detected a 5S rDNA in the rDNA repeat of a moss, Funaria hygrometrica, by a homology search in a database. These findings suggest that there has been structural re-organization of the rDNAs after divergence of the bryophytes from the other plant species in the course of evolution.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA, Plant/analysis
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genes, rRNA/genetics
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Variation
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Phylogeny
- Plant Cells
- Plants/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sone
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Japan
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Ha S, Moore PH, Heinz D, Kato S, Ohmido N, Fukui K. Quantitative chromosome map of the polyploid Saccharum spontaneum by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and imaging methods. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 39:1165-73. [PMID: 10380803 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006133804170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Somatic chromosomes of a wild relative of sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum L.) anther culture-derived clone (AP 85-361, 2n = 32) were identified and characterized by computer-aided imaging technology and molecular cytological methods. The presence of four satellite chromosomes and four nearly identical chromosome sets suggests that the clone is a tetrahaploid with the basic number x = 8. A quantitative chromosome map, or idiogram, was developed using image analysis of the condensation pattern (CP) at the prometaphase stage of somatic chromosomes. The 45S and 5S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) loci were simultaneously visualized by multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (McFISH) and precisely localized to the regions of 3p3.1 and 6q1.3 on the idiogram. The simultaneous visualization of two sets of four ribosomal RNA genes confirms tetraploidy of this clone. This conclusion is consistent with results of molecular marker mapping. The quantitative chromosome map produced will become the foundation for genome analyses based on chromosome identity and structure. Previously impossible identification of small chromosomes and untestable hypotheses about the polyploid nature of plants can now be settled with these two approaches of quantitative karyotyping and FISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ha
- Department of Genetics & Pathology, Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, Aiea, 96701, USA
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Miyamoto J, Ohmido N, Fukui K. Physical Mapping of 18S rDNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) in the Three Species of the Genus Paris L., Liliacea. CYTOLOGIA 1999. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.64.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Miyamoto
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Laboratory of Rice Genetic Engineering, Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - Kiichi Fukui
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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Abstract
A physical mapping method for unique nucleotide sequences on specific chromosomal regions was developed combining objective chromosome identification and highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Four unique nucleotide sequences cloned from rice genomic DNAs, varying in size from 1.3 to 400 kb, were mapped on a rice chromosome map. A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clone with a 399 kb insert of rice genomic DNA was localised at the distal end of the long arm of rice chromosome (1q2.1) and a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone (180 kb) containing the rice leaf blast-resistant gene (Pi-b) was shown to occur at the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q2.1). A cosmid (35 kb) with the resistance gene (Xa-21) against bacterial leaf blight was mapped on the interstitial region of the long arm on chromosome 11 (11q1.3). Furthermore a single RFLP marker, 1.29 kb in size, was mapped successfully to the distal region of the long arm of rice chromosome 4 (4q2.1). For precise localisation of the nucleotide sequences within the chromosome region, image analyses were effective. The BAC clone was localised to the specific region, 2q2.1:96.16, by image analysis. The result was compared with the known location of the BAC clone on the genetic map and the consistency was confirmed. The effectiveness and reliability in physically mapping nucleotide sequences on small plant chromosomes achieved by the FISH method using a variety of probes was unequivocally demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ohmido
- Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Joetsu, Japan
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