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Goltermann O, Alagöz G, Molz B, Fisher SE. Neuroimaging genomics as a window into the evolution of human sulcal organization. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae078. [PMID: 38466113 PMCID: PMC10926775 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Primate brain evolution has involved prominent expansions of the cerebral cortex, with largest effects observed in the human lineage. Such expansions were accompanied by fine-grained anatomical alterations, including increased cortical folding. However, the molecular bases of evolutionary alterations in human sulcal organization are not yet well understood. Here, we integrated data from recently completed large-scale neuroimaging genetic analyses with annotations of the human genome relevant to various periods and events in our evolutionary history. These analyses identified single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability enrichments in fetal brain human-gained enhancer (HGE) elements for a number of sulcal structures, including the central sulcus, which is implicated in human hand dexterity. We zeroed in on a genomic region that harbors DNA variants associated with left central sulcus shape, an HGE element, and genetic loci involved in neurogenesis including ZIC4, to illustrate the value of this approach for probing the complex factors contributing to human sulcal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Goltermann
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gökberk Alagöz
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Molz
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hofmann SM, Beyer F, Lapuschkin S, Goltermann O, Loeffler M, Müller KR, Villringer A, Samek W, Witte AV. Towards the Interpretability of Deep Learning Models for Multi-modal Neuroimaging: Finding Structural Changes of the Ageing Brain. Neuroimage 2022; 261:119504. [PMID: 35882272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-age (BA) estimates based on deep learning are increasingly used as neuroimaging biomarker for brain health; however, the underlying neural features have remained unclear. We combined ensembles of convolutional neural networks with Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) to detect which brain features contribute to BA. Trained on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of a population-based study (n=2637, 18-82 years), our models estimated age accurately based on single and multiple modalities, regionally restricted and whole-brain images (mean absolute errors 3.37-3.86 years). We find that BA estimates capture aging at both small and large-scale changes, revealing gross enlargements of ventricles and subarachnoid spaces, as well as white matter lesions, and atrophies that appear throughout the brain. Divergence from expected aging reflected cardiovascular risk factors and accelerated aging was more pronounced in the frontal lobe. Applying LRP, our study demonstrates how superior deep learning models detect brain-aging in healthy and at-risk individuals throughout adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Hofmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Institute Heinrich Hertz, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Frauke Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lapuschkin
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Institute Heinrich Hertz, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Goltermann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Max Planck School of Cognition, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Korea (the Republic of); Brain Team, Google Research, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Informatics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; BIFOLD - Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; MindBrainBody Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wojciech Samek
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Institute Heinrich Hertz, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany; BIFOLD - Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Büsel C, Sachse P, Goltermann O, Ansorge U. Sense and Sensitivity - Using Spatial Response-Compatibility Effects to Investigate Ambiguous Word Meaning. Exp Psychol 2020; 67:327-334. [PMID: 33345651 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated sensitivity for the vertical meaning of the German particle ab by means of stimulus-response compatibility effects. In German, the particle ab is ambiguous and can take on a vertical meaning (downward) as in Auf und Ab (engl. up and down), but it can also take on nonvertical or nonspatial meanings as in Ab und An (engl. from time to time). We show that the particle ab only creates a spatial compatibility effect relative to the German particle auf (Experiment 1) but not relative to the particle an (Experiment 2). Furthermore, as participants executed upward versus downward responses in both Experiments 1 and 2, the mere vertical antagonism of the responses was insufficient to instill a verticality-based compatibility effect. In addition, the compatibility effect was restricted to the transparent version of the particle. If a letter sequence corresponding to the particles was presented in a semantically and morphologically opaque way (e.g., the letters ab were embedded in the German word knabe, engl. boy), no compatibility effect was found, underlining that the effect was due to word meanings rather than visual features. The results underscore the boundary conditions for using compatibility effects in investigating lexical and semantic spatial processing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büsel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Sachse
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ole Goltermann
- Institute of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Ansorge
- Institute of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria.,Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Austria.,Research Platform Mediatised Lifeworlds, University of Vienna, Austria
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