1
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Zhou C, Martin OJF, Charbon E. Planar 16-band metasurface-enhanced spectral filter for integrated image sensing. Opt Express 2024; 32:7463-7472. [PMID: 38439425 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We study theoretically and demonstrate experimentally a 16-band narrow band wavelength selective filter in the near-infrared range. The combination of a pair of distributed Bragg reflectors with a sub-wavelength grating metasurface embedded in the intra-cavity provides a narrow response which can be tuned by adjusting the geometry of the sub-wavelength grating metasurface. The key advantage of this approach is its ease of fabrication, where the spectral response is tuned by merely changing the grating period, resulting in a perfectly planar geometry that can be easily integrated with a broad variety of photodetectors, thus enabling attractive applications such as bio-imaging, time-of-flight sensors and LiDAR. The experimental results are supported by numerical simulations and effective medium theory that unveil the mechanisms that lead to the optical response of the device. It is also shown how the polarization dependence of the structure can be used to determine very accurately the polarization of incoming light.
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2
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Achouri K, Chung M, Kiselev A, Martin OJF. Multipolar Pseudochirality-Induced Optical Torque. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:3275-3282. [PMID: 37743946 PMCID: PMC10515695 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed that achiral nanoparticles, such as flat helices, may be subjected to an optical torque even when illuminated by normally incident linearly polarized light. However, the origin of this fascinating phenomenon has so far remained mostly unexplained. We therefore propose an exhaustive discussion that provides a clear and rigorous explanation for the existence of such a torque. Using multipolar theory and taking into account nonlocal interactions, we find that this torque stems from multipolar pseudochiral responses that generate both spin and orbital angular momenta. We also show that the nature of these peculiar responses makes them particularly dependent on the asymmetry of the particles. By elucidating the origin of this type of torque, this work may prove instrumental for the design of high-performance nano-rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Achouri
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mintae Chung
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Kiselev
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Tiukuvaara V, Martin OJF, Achouri K. Quadrupolar susceptibility modeling of substrated metasurfaces with application to the generalized Brewster effect. Opt Express 2023; 31:22982-22996. [PMID: 37475394 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
We derive generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) including dipoles and quadrupoles, using generalized functions (distributions). This derivation verifies that the GSTCs are valid for metasurfaces in non-homogeneous environments, such as for practical metasurfaces fabricated on a substrate. The inclusion of quadrupoles and modeling of spatial dispersion provides additional hyper-susceptibility components which serve as degrees of freedom for wave transformations. We leverage them to demonstrate a generalized Brewster effect with multiple angles of incidence at which reflection is suppressed, along with an "anti-Brewster" effect where transmission is suppressed.
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4
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Lipp C, Jacquillat A, Migliozzi D, Wang HC, Bertsch A, Glushkov E, Martin OJF, Renaud P. Aperture-Controlled Fabrication of All-Dielectric Structural Color Pixels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37385597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
While interference colors have been known for a long time, conventional color filters have large spatial dimensions and cannot be used to create compact pixelized color pictures. Here we report a simple yet elegant interference-based method of creating microscopic structural color pixels using a single-mask process using standard UV photolithography on an all-dielectric substrate. The technology makes use of the varied aperture-controlled physical deposition rate of low-temperature silicon dioxide inside a hollow cavity to create a thin-film stack with the controlled bottom layer thickness. The stack defines which wavelengths of the reflected light interfere constructively, and thus the cavities act as micrometer-scale pixels of a predefined color. Combinations of such pixels produce vibrant colorful pictures visible to the naked eye. Being fully CMOS-compatible, wafer-scale, and not requiring costly electron-beam lithography, such a method paves the way toward large scale applications of structural colors in commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Lipp
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Jacquillat
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Migliozzi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hsiang-Chu Wang
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-NAM, Station 11, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Evgenii Glushkov
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-NAM, Station 11, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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5
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Herle D, Kiselev A, Villanueva LG, Martin OJF, Quack N. Broadband Mechanically Tunable Metasurface Reflectivity Modulator in the Visible Spectrum. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:1882-1889. [PMID: 37363628 PMCID: PMC10288533 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Reflectivity modulation is a critical feature for applications in telecommunications, 3D imaging and printing, advanced laser machining, or portable displays. Tunable metasurfaces have recently emerged as a promising implementation for miniaturized and high-performance tunable optical components. Commonly, metasurface response tuning is achieved by electro-optical effects. In this work, we demonstrate reflectivity modulation based on a nanostructured, mechanically tunable, metasurface, consisting of an amorphous silicon nanopillar array and a suspended amorphous silicon membrane with integrated electrostatic actuators. With a membrane displacement of only 150 nm, we demonstrate reflectivity modulation by Mie resonance enhanced absorption in the pillar array, leading to a reflectivity contrast ratio of 1:3 over the spectral range from 400-530 nm. With fast, low-power electrostatic actuation and a broadband response in the visible spectrum, this mechanically tunable metasurface reflectivity modulator could enable high frame rate dynamic reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Herle
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Advanced Nano-Mechanical Systems
Laboratory, EPFL STI IGM NEMS, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Kiselev
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, EPFL STI IMT NAM, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Advanced Nano-Mechanical Systems
Laboratory, EPFL STI IGM NEMS, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, EPFL STI IMT NAM, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niels Quack
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Advanced Nano-Mechanical Systems
Laboratory, EPFL STI IGM NEMS, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School
of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
(J07), University of Sydney, Blackwattle Creek Ln, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
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6
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Boroviks S, Kiselev A, Achouri K, Martin OJF. Demonstration of a Plasmonic Nonlinear Pseudodiode. Nano Lett 2023; 23:3362-3368. [PMID: 37043888 PMCID: PMC10141562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a nonlinear plasmonic metasurface that exhibits strongly asymmetric second-harmonic generation: nonlinear scattering is efficient upon excitation in one direction, and it is substantially suppressed when the excitation direction is reversed, thus enabling a diode-like functionality. A significant (approximately 10 dB) extinction ratio of SHG upon opposite excitations is measured experimentally, and those findings are substantiated with full-wave simulations. This effect is achieved by employing a combination of two commonly used metals─aluminum and silver─producing a material composition asymmetry that results in a bianisotropic response of the system, as confirmed by performing homogenization analysis and extracting an effective susceptibility tensor. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results from the more fundamental perspectives of reciprocity and time-reversal asymmetry.
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7
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Kim J, Martin OJF. Trap-and-Track for Characterizing Surfactants at Interfaces. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062859. [PMID: 36985832 PMCID: PMC10058797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of surfactants at interfaces is crucial for many applications in materials science and chemistry. Optical tweezers combined with trajectory analysis can become a powerful tool for investigating surfactant characteristics. In this study, we perform trap-and-track analysis to compare the behavior of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) at water-glass interfaces. We use optical tweezers to trap a gold nanoparticle and statistically analyze the particle's movement in response to various surfactant concentrations, evidencing the rearrangement of surfactants adsorbed on glass surfaces. Our results show that counterions have a significant effect on surfactant behavior at the interface. The greater binding affinity of bromide ions to CTA+ micelle surfaces reduces the repulsion among surfactant head groups and enhances the mobility of micelles adsorbed on the interface. Our study provides valuable insights into the behavior of surfactants at interfaces and highlights the potential of optical tweezers for surfactant research. The development of this trap-and-track approach can have important implications for various applications, including drug delivery and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyeon Kim
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Riccardi M, Martin OJF. Electromagnetic Forces and Torques: From Dielectrophoresis to Optical Tweezers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1680-1711. [PMID: 36719985 PMCID: PMC9951227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic forces and torques enable many key technologies, including optical tweezers or dielectrophoresis. Interestingly, both techniques rely on the same physical process: the interaction of an oscillating electric field with a particle of matter. This work provides a unified framework to understand this interaction both when considering fields oscillating at low frequencies─dielectrophoresis─and high frequencies─optical tweezers. We draw useful parallels between these two techniques, discuss the different and often unstated assumptions they are based upon, and illustrate key applications in the fields of physical and analytical chemistry, biosensing, and colloidal science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Riccardi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-NAM, Station 11, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-NAM, Station 11, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a versatile tool for the precise microscale manipulation of a broad range of substances. To unleash the full potential of DEP for the manipulation of complex molecular-sized particulates such as proteins requires the development of appropriate theoretical models and their comprehensive experimental verification. Here, we construct an original DEP platform and test the Hölzel-Pethig empirical model for protein DEP. Three different proteins are studied: lysozyme, BSA, and lactoferrin. Their molecular Clausius-Mossotti function is obtained by detecting their trapping event via the measurement of the fluorescence intensity to identify the minimum electric field gradient required to overcome dispersive forces. We observe a significant discrepancy with published theoretical data and, after a very careful analysis to rule out experimental errors, conclude that more sophisticated theoretical models are required for the response of molecular entities in DEP fields. The developed experimental platform, which includes arrays of sawtooth metal electrode pairs with varying gaps and produces variations of the electric field gradient, provides a versatile tool that can broaden the utilization of DEP for molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Zavatski
- Nanophotonics
and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne1015, Switzerland,,
| | - Hanna Bandarenka
- The
Polytechnic School, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona85212, United States
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics
and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne1015, Switzerland,
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10
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Wang HC, Martin OJF. Pitfalls in the spectral measurements of polarization-altering metasurfaces. Appl Opt 2022; 61:8100-8107. [PMID: 36255932 DOI: 10.1364/ao.469399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The optical characterization of metasurfaces and nanostructures that alter the polarization of light is tricky and can lead to unphysical results, such as reflectance beyond unity. We track the origin of such pitfalls to the response of some typical optical components used in a commercial microscope or a custom-made setup. In particular, the beam splitter and some mirrors have different responses for both polarizations and can produce wrong results. A simple procedure is described to correct these erroneous results, based on the optical characterization of the different components in the optical setup. With this procedure, the experimental results match the numerical simulations perfectly. The methodology described here is simple and will enable the accurate spectral measurements of nanostructures and metasurfaces that alter the polarization of the incoming light.
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11
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Kiselev A, Achouri K, Martin OJF. Electromagnetic forces in the time domain. Opt Express 2022; 30:32215-32229. [PMID: 36242288 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We look beyond the standard time-average approach and investigate optical forces in the time domain. The formalism is developed for both the Abraham and Minkowski momenta, which appear to converge in the time domain. We unveil an extremely rich - and by far unexplored - physics associated with the dynamics of the optical forces, which can even attain negative values over short time intervals or produce low frequency dynamics that can excite mechanical oscillations in macroscopic objects under polychromatic illumination. The magnitude of this beating force is tightly linked to the average one. Implications of this work for transient optomechanics are discussed.
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12
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Wang HC, Achouri K, Martin OJF. Robustness Analysis of Metasurfaces: Perfect Structures Are Not Always the Best. ACS Photonics 2022; 9:2438-2447. [PMID: 35880076 PMCID: PMC9307052 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces rely on subwavelength scale nanostructures, which puts significant constraints on nanofabrication accuracies. These constraints are becoming increasingly important, as metasurfaces are maturing toward real applications that require the fabrication of very large area samples. Here, we focus on beam steering gradient metasurfaces and show that perfect nanofabrication does not necessarily equate with best performances: metasurfaces with missing elements can actually be more efficient than intact metasurfaces. Both plasmonic metasurfaces in reflection and dielectric metasurfaces in transmission are investigated. These findings are substantiated by experiments on purposely misfabricated metasurfaces and full-wave calculations. A very efficient quasi-analytical model is also introduced for the design and simulations of metasurfaces; it agrees very well with full-wave calculations. Our findings indicate that the substrate properties play a key role in the robustness of a metasurface and the smoothness of the approximated phase gradient controls the device efficiency.
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13
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Ray D, Wang HC, Kim J, Santschi C, Martin OJF. A Low-Temperature Annealing Method for Alloy Nanostructures and Metasurfaces: Unlocking a Novel Degree of Freedom. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2108225. [PMID: 35167722 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The material and exact shape of a nanostructure determine its optical response, which is especially strong for plasmonic metals. Unfortunately, only a few plasmonic metals are available, which limits the spectral range where these strong optical effects can be utilized. Alloying different plasmonic metals can overcome this limitation, at the expense of using a high-temperature alloying process, which adversely destroys the nanostructure shape. Here, a low-temperature alloying process is developed where the sample is heated at only 300 °C for 8 h followed by 30 min at 450 °C and Au-Ag nanostructures with a broad diversity of shapes, aspect ratios, and stoichiometries are fabricated. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirm the homogeneous alloying through the entire sample. Varying the alloy stoichiometry tunes the optical response and controls spectral features, such as Fano resonances. Binary metasurfaces that combine nanostructures with different stoichiometries are fabricated using multiple-step electron-beam lithography, and their optical function as a hologram or a Fresnel zone plate is demonstrated at the visible wavelength of λ = 532 nm. This low-temperature annealing technique provides a versatile and cost-effective way of fabricating complex Au-Ag nanostructures with arbitrary stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdatta Ray
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Hsiang-Chu Wang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jeonghyeon Kim
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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14
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Kiselev A, Achouri K, Martin OJF. Dynamics of the optical forces in nanosystems. EPJ Web Conf 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226605007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate optical forces in the time domain, instead of using the time-average Maxwell stress tensor. We demonstrate first that a plane wave causes on a physical object an optical pressure that fluctuates at optical frequency in the time domain. The analytical formula for the optical force dynamics is presented for this case. The case for two-wave illumination with slightly different frequencies is considered next. It is shown that in this case the optical force acquires a component at the beating frequency. The analytical expression for the transient force is deduced and its relation with average force explained in detail.
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15
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Abasahl B, Santschi C, Raziman TV, Martin OJF. Fabrication of plasmonic structures with well-controlled nanometric features: a comparison between lift-off and ion beam etching. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:475202. [PMID: 34348240 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1a93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
After providing a detailed overview of nanofabrication techniques for plasmonics, we discuss in detail two different approaches for the fabrication of metallic nanostructures based on e-beam lithography. The first approach relies on a negative e-beam resist, followed by ion beam milling, while the second uses a positive e-beam resist and lift-off. Overall, ion beam etching provides smaller and more regular features including tiny gaps between sub-parts, that can be controlled down to about 10 nm. In the lift-off process, the metal atoms are deposited within the resist mask and can diffuse on the substrate, giving rise to the formation of nanoclusters that render the nanostructure outline slightly fuzzy. Scattering cross sections computed for both approaches highlight some spectral differences, which are especially visible for structures that support complex resonances, such as Fano resonances. Both techniques can produce useful nanostructures and the results reported therein should guide the researcher to choose the best suited approach for a given application, depending on the available technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abasahl
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T V Raziman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Ray D, Kiselev A, Martin OJF. Multipolar scattering analysis of hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructures. Opt Express 2021; 29:24056-24067. [PMID: 34614658 DOI: 10.1364/oe.427911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We perform a systematic study showing the evolution of the multipoles along with the spectra for a hybrid metal-dielectric nanoantenna, a Si cylinder and an Ag disk stacked one on top of another, as its dimensions are varied one by one. We broaden our analysis to demonstrate the "magnetic light" at energies above 1 eV by varying the height of the Ag on the Si cylinder and below 1 eV by introducing insulating spacing between them. We also explore the appearance of the anapole state along with some exceptionally narrow spectral features by varying the radius of the Ag disk.
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17
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Riccardi M, Martin OJF. Role of electric currents in the Fano resonances of connected plasmonic structures. Opt Express 2021; 29:11635-11644. [PMID: 33984940 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use finite elements simulations to study the far field properties of two plasmonic structures, namely a dipole antenna and a cylinder dimer, connected to a pair of nanorods. We show that electrical, rather than near field, coupling between the modes of these structures results in a characteristic Fano lineshape in the far field spectra. This insight provides a way of tailoring the far field properties of such systems to fit specific applications, especially maintaining the optical properties of plasmonic antennas once they are connected to nanoelectrodes. This work extends the previous understanding of Fano resonances as generated by a simple near field coupling and provides a route to an efficient design of functional plasmonic electrodes.
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18
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Wang J, Baudrion AL, Béal J, Horneber A, Tang F, Butet J, Martin OJF, Meixner AJ, Adam PM, Zhang D. Hot carrier-mediated avalanche multiphoton photoluminescence from coupled Au-Al nanoantennas. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074701. [PMID: 33607882 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avalanche multiphoton photoluminescence (AMPL) is observed from coupled Au-Al nanoantennas under intense laser pumping, which shows more than one order of magnitude emission intensity enhancement and distinct spectral features compared with ordinary metallic photoluminescence. The experiments are conducted by altering the incident laser intensity and polarization using a home-built scanning confocal optical microscope. The results show that AMPL originates from the recombination of avalanche hot carriers that are seeded by multiphoton ionization. Notably, at the excitation stage, multiphoton ionization is shown to be assisted by the local electromagnetic field enhancement produced by coupled plasmonic modes. At the emission step, the giant AMPL intensity can be evaluated as a function of the local field environment and the thermal factor for hot carriers, in accordance with a linear relationship between the power law exponent coefficient and the emitted photon energy. The dramatic change in the spectral profile is explained by spectral linewidth broadening mechanisms. This study offers nanospectroscopic evidence of both the potential optical damages for plasmonic nanostructures and the underlying physical nature of light-matter interactions under a strong laser field; it illustrates the significance of the emerging topics of plasmonic-enhanced spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Baudrion
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Jérémie Béal
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Feng Tang
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructures have recently gained prominence because they combine strong field enhancement of plasmonic metals and the several low-loss radiation channels of dielectric resonators, which are qualities pertaining to the best of both worlds. In this work, an array of such hybrid nanoantennas is successfully fabricated over a large area and utilized for bulk refractive index sensing with a sensitivity of 208 nm/RIU. Each nanoantenna combines a Si cylinder with an Al disk, separated by a SiO2 spacer. Its optical response is analyzed in detail using the multipoles supported by its subparts and their mutual coupling. The nanoantenna is further modified experimentally with an undercut in the SiO2 region to increase the interaction of the electric field with the background medium, which augments the sensitivity to 245 nm/RIU. A detailed multipole analysis of the hybrid nanoantenna supports our experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdatta Ray
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T V Raziman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dordaneh Etezadi
- Bionanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hatice Altug
- Bionanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Kiselev A, Achouri K, Martin OJF. Multipole interplay controls optical forces and ultra-directional scattering. Opt Express 2020; 28:27547-27560. [PMID: 32988046 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the superposition of Cartesian multipoles to reveal the mechanisms underlying the origin of optical forces. We show that a multipolar decomposition approach significantly simplifies the analysis of this problem and leads to a very intuitive explanation of optical forces based on the interference between multipoles. We provide an in-depth analysis of the radiation coming from the object, starting from low-order multipole interactions up to quadrupolar terms. Interestingly, by varying the phase difference between multipoles, the optical force as well as the total radiation directivity can be well controlled. The theory developed in this paper may also serve as a reference for ultra-directional light steering applications.
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21
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Blanchard-Dionne AP, Martin OJF. Teaching optics to a machine learning network. Opt Lett 2020; 45:2922-2925. [PMID: 32412502 DOI: 10.1364/ol.390600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate how harmonic oscillator equations can be integrated in a neural network to improve the spectral response prediction for an optical system. We use the optical properties of a one-dimensional nanoslit array for a practical implementation of the study. This method allows to build more generalizable relations between the input parameters of the array and its optical properties, showing a 20-fold improvement for parameters outside the range used for the training. We also show how this model generates the output spectrum from phenomenological relationships between the input parameters and the output spectrum, indicating how it grasps the physical mechanisms of the optical response of the structure.
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22
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Wang J, Butet J, Bernasconi GD, Baudrion AL, Lévêque G, Horrer A, Horneber A, Martin OJF, Meixner AJ, Fleischer M, Adam PM, Zhang D. Strong second-harmonic generation from Au-Al heterodimers. Nanoscale 2019; 11:23475-23481. [PMID: 31799534 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is investigated from three kinds of lithographically fabricated plasmonic systems: Al monomers, Au monomers and Au-Al heterodimers with nanogaps of 20 nm. Spectrally integrated SHG intensities and the linear optical responses are recorded and compared. The results show that for the monomer nanoantennas, the SHG signal depends sensitively on the linear excitation of the plasmon resonance by the fundamental wavelength. For Au-Al heterodimer nanoantennas, apart from fundamental resonant excitation, nonlinear optical factors such as SH driving fields and phase interferences need to be taken into account, which play significant roles at the excitation and scattering stages of SHG radiation. It is interesting to note that a possible energy transfer process could take place between the two constituting nanoparticles (NPs) in the Au-Al heterodimers. Excited at the linear plasmon resonance, the Au NP transfers the absorbed energy from the fundamental field to the nearby Al NP, which efficiently scatters SHG to the far-field, giving rise to an enhanced SHG intensity. The mechanisms reported here provide new approaches to boost the far-field SHG radiation by taking full advantage of strongly coupled plasmonic oscillations and the synergism from materials of different compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, 310024 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China and Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, 310024 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel David Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Baudrion
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France.
| | - Gaëtan Lévêque
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN, CNRS-8520), Cité Scientifique, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Andreas Horrer
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France. and Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Fleischer
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France.
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Kiselev A, Bernasconi GD, Martin OJF. Modes interplay and dynamics in the second harmonic generation of plasmonic nanostructures. Opt Express 2019; 27:38708-38720. [PMID: 31878633 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The full wave surface integral equation computation of the second harmonic generation (SHG) dynamics for metal spheres and nanorods - presented as multimedia files - is performed to reveal the dynamics of the modes supported by the nanostructure. We demonstrate that the interplay between different modes controls the nonlinear response and that the size-induced redshift of the eigenmodes can be manipulated by adjusting the nanostructure geometry, so that the SHG signal can be boosted at specified frequencies. We show that the SHG radiation is not necessarily quadrupolar in spherical nanoparticles, as it is often assumed. Finally, we introduce an efficient way to reduce the SHG calculation time.
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24
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Kim J, Martin OJF. Studying the different coupling regimes for a plasmonic particle in a plasmonic trap. Opt Express 2019; 27:38670-38682. [PMID: 31878630 DOI: 10.1364/oe.379435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic antennas improve the stiffness and resolution of optical tweezers by producing a strong near-field. When the antenna traps metallic objects, the optically-resonant object affects the near-field trap, and this interaction should be examined to estimate the optical force accurately. We study this effect in detail by evaluating the force using both Maxwell's stress tensor and the dipole approximation. In spite of the strong optical interaction between the particle and the antenna, the results show that the dipole approximation remains accurate for calculating forces on Rayleigh particles. For particles whose sizes exceed the dipole limit, we observe different coupling regimes where the force becomes either attractive or repulsive. The distributions of field amplitudes and polarization charges explain such a behavior.
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25
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Kiss M, Graziosi T, Toros A, Scharf T, Santschi C, Martin OJF, Quack N. High-quality single crystal diamond diffraction gratings fabricated by crystallographic etching. Opt Express 2019; 27:30371-30379. [PMID: 31684285 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method for fabricating single crystal diamond diffraction gratings based on crystallographic etching that yields high-quality diffraction gratings from commercially available <100> diamond plates. Both V-groove and rectangular gratings were fabricated and characterised using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, revealing angles of 57° and 87° depending on the crystal orientation, with mean roughness below Ra = 5 nm on the sidewalls. The gratings were also optically characterised, showing good agreement with simulated results. The fabrication method demonstrated in this contribution shows the way for manufacturing high-quality diamond diffractive components that surpass existing devices both in quality and manufacturability.
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26
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Alexander DTL, Forrer D, Rossi E, Lidorikis E, Agnoli S, Bernasconi GD, Butet J, Martin OJF, Amendola V. Electronic Structure-Dependent Surface Plasmon Resonance in Single Au-Fe Nanoalloys. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5754-5761. [PMID: 31348861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between composition and plasmonic properties in noble metal nanoalloys is still largely unexplored. Yet, nanoalloys of noble metals, such as gold, with transition elements, such as iron, have unique properties and a number of potential applications, ranging from nanomedicine to magneto-plasmonics and plasmon-enhanced catalysis. Here, we investigate the localized surface plasmon resonance at the level of the single Au-Fe nanoparticle by applying a strategy that combines experimental measurements using near field electron energy loss spectroscopy with theoretical studies via a full wave numerical analysis and density functional theory calculations of electronic structure. We show that, as the iron fraction increases, the plasmon resonance is blue-shifted and significantly damped, as a consequence of the changes in the electronic band structure of the alloy. This allows the identification of three relevant phenomena to be considered in the design and realization of any plasmonic nanoalloy, specifically: the appearance of new states around the Fermi level; the change in the free electron density of the metal; and the blue shift of interband transitions. Overall, this study provides new opportunities for the control of the optical response in Au-Fe and other plasmonic nanoalloys, which are useful for the realization of magneto-plasmonic devices for molecular sensing, thermo-plasmonics, bioimaging, photocatalysis, and the amplification of spectroscopic signals by local field enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan T L Alexander
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME), Institute of Physics (IPHYS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Forrer
- CNR-ICMATE , 35127 Padova , Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Enrico Rossi
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Elefterios Lidorikis
- Department Materials Science and Engineering , University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina , Greece
| | - Stefano Agnoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Gabriel D Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Amendola
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
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27
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Thangamuthu M, Santschi C, Martin OJF. Photocatalytic ammonia production enhanced by a plasmonic near-field and hot electrons originating from aluminium nanostructures. Faraday Discuss 2019; 214:399-415. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00146d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on plasmonic near-field and hot electron enhanced ammonia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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28
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Czaplicki R, Kiviniemi A, Huttunen MJ, Zang X, Stolt T, Vartiainen I, Butet J, Kuittinen M, Martin OJF, Kauranen M. Less Is More: Enhancement of Second-Harmonic Generation from Metasurfaces by Reduced Nanoparticle Density. Nano Lett 2018; 18:7709-7714. [PMID: 30423245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) from metasurfaces where noncentrosymmetric V-shaped gold nanoparticles are ordered into regular array configurations. In contrast to expectations, a substantial enhancement of the SHG signal is observed when the number density of the particles in the array is reduced. More specifically, by halving the number density, we obtain over 5-fold enhancement in SHG intensity. This striking result is attributed to favorable interparticle interactions mediated by the lattice, where surface-lattice resonances lead to spectral narrowing of the plasmon resonances. Importantly, however, the results cannot be explained by the improved quality of the plasmon resonance alone. Instead, the lattice interactions also lead to further enhancement of the local fields at the particles. The experimental observations agree very well with results obtained from numerical simulations including lattice interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Czaplicki
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692 , FI-33101 Tampere , Finland
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Informatics , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Grudziadzka 5/7 , 87-100 Torun , Poland
| | - Antti Kiviniemi
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692 , FI-33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Mikko J Huttunen
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692 , FI-33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Xiaorun Zang
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692 , FI-33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Timo Stolt
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692 , FI-33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Ismo Vartiainen
- Institute of Photonics , University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 111 , FI-80101 Joensuu , Finland
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM) , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Markku Kuittinen
- Institute of Photonics , University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 111 , FI-80101 Joensuu , Finland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM) , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Martti Kauranen
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692 , FI-33101 Tampere , Finland
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29
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Butet J, Bernasconi GD, Martin OJF. Silencing the second harmonic generation from plasmonic nanodimers: A comprehensive discussion. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:2674-2683. [PMID: 30416919 PMCID: PMC6204770 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The silencing of the second harmonic generation process from plasmonic nanostructures corresponds to the limited far-field second harmonic radiation despite the huge fundamental electric field enhancement in the interstice between two plasmonic nanoparticles forming a nanodimer. In this article, we report a comprehensive investigation of this effect using a surface integral equation method. Various geometries are considered, including nanoantennas with cylindrical and rectangular arms as well as nanodimers with surface defects. The existence of the silencing of the second harmonic generation from plasmonic nanogaps is first confirmed, and the problem of the origin of the second harmonic light from these plasmonic nanostructures is addressed in detail. Our results show that the distribution of the second harmonic sources, especially on the arm sides, plays a non-negligible role in the overall second harmonic emission. This contribution is induced by retardation effects at the pump wavelength and results in a dipolar second harmonic emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel D Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Mader S, Martin OJF. Mechanisms of perfect absorption in nano-composite systems. Opt Express 2018; 26:27089-27100. [PMID: 30469783 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it was noted that losses in plasmonics can also enable several useful optical functionalities. One class of structures that can maximize absorption are metal insulator metal systems. Here, we study 3-layer systems with a nano-composite metal layer as top layer. These systems can absorb almost 100% of light at visible frequencies, even though they contain only dielectrics and highly reflecting metals. We elucidate the underlying physical phenomenon that leads to this extraordinary high and broadband absorption. A comprehensive study of the particle material and shape, mirror material and dielectric spacer thickness is provided to identify their influence on the overall absorption. Thus, we can provide detailed design guidelines for realizing optical functionalities that require near-perfect absorption over specific wavelength bands. Our results reveal the strong role of lossy Fabry-Perot interference within these systems despite their thickness being well below half a wavelength.
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Thangamuthu M, Gabriel WE, Santschi C, Martin OJF. Electrochemical Sensor for Bilirubin Detection Using Screen Printed Electrodes Functionalized with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene. Sensors (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29518901 PMCID: PMC5876756 DOI: 10.3390/s18030800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Practice oriented point-of-care diagnostics require easy-to-handle, miniaturized, and low-cost analytical tools. In a novel approach, screen printed carbon electrodes (SPEs), which were functionalized with nanomaterials, are employed for selective measurements of bilirubin, which is an important biomarker for jaundice. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene separately deposited on SPEs provide the core of an electrochemical sensor for bilirubin. The electrocatalytic activity towards bilirubin oxidation (bilirubin to biliverdin) was observed at +0.25 V. In addition, a further peak corresponding to the electrochemical conversion of biliverdin into purpurin appeared at +0.48 V. When compared to MWCNT, the graphene type shows a 3-fold lower detection limit (0.3 ± 0.022 nM and 0.1 ± 0.018 nM, respectively), moreover, the graphene type exhibits a larger linear range (0.1-600 µM) than MWCNT (0.5-500 µM) with a two-fold better sensitivity, i.e., 30 nA µM-1 cm-2, and 15 nA µM-1 cm-2, respectively. The viability is validated through measurements of bilirubin in blood serum samples and the selectivity is ensured by inhibiting common interfering biological substrates using an ionic nafion membrane. The presented approach enables the design and implementation of low cost and miniaturized electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Willimann Eric Gabriel
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Raziman TV, Duenas JA, Milne WI, Martin OJF, Dawson P. Origin of enhancement in Raman scattering from Ag-dressed carbon-nanotube antennas: experiment and modelling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5827-5840. [PMID: 29412206 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06416k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The D- and G-band Raman signals from random arrays of vertically aligned, multi-walled carbon nanotubes are significantly enhanced (up to ∼14×) while the signal from the underlying Si substrate is simultaneously attenuated (up to ∼6×) when the nanotubes are dressed, either capped or coated, with Ag. These Ag-induced counter-changes originate with the difference in geometry of the nanotubes and planar Si substrate and contrast in the Ag depositions on the substrate (essentially thin film) and the nanotube (nano-particulate). The surface integral equation technique is used to perform detailed modelling of the electromagnetic response of the system in a computationally efficient manner. Within the modelling the overall antenna response of the Ag-dressed nanotubes is shown to underpin the main contribution to enhancement of the nanotube Raman signal with hot-spots between the Ag nanoparticles making a subsidiary contribution on account of their relatively weak penetration into the nanotube walls. Although additional hot-spot activity likely accounts for a shortfall in modelling relative to experiment it is nonetheless the case that the significant antenna-driven enhancement stands in marked contrast to the hot-spot dominated enhancement of the Raman spectra from molecules adsorbed on the same Ag-dressed structures. The Ag-dressing procedure for amplifying the nanotube Raman output not only allows for ready characterisation of individual nanotubes, but also evidences a small peak at ∼1150 cm-1 (not visible for the bare, undressed nanotube) which is suggested to be due to the presence of trans-polyacetylene in the structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Raziman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bellido EP, Bernasconi GD, Rossouw D, Butet J, Martin OJF, Botton GA. Self-Similarity of Plasmon Edge Modes on Koch Fractal Antennas. ACS Nano 2017; 11:11240-11249. [PMID: 29083865 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the plasmonic behavior of Koch snowflake fractal geometries and their possible application as broadband optical antennas. Lithographically defined planar silver Koch fractal antennas were fabricated and characterized with high spatial and spectral resolution using electron energy loss spectroscopy. The experimental data are supported by numerical calculations carried out with a surface integral equation method. Multiple surface plasmon edge modes supported by the fractal structures have been imaged and analyzed. Furthermore, by isolating and reproducing self-similar features in long silver strip antennas, the edge modes present in the Koch snowflake fractals are identified. We demonstrate that the fractal response can be obtained by the sum of basic self-similar segments called characteristic edge units. Interestingly, the plasmon edge modes follow a fractal-scaling rule that depends on these self-similar segments formed in the structure after a fractal iteration. As the size of a fractal structure is reduced, coupling of the modes in the characteristic edge units becomes relevant, and the symmetry of the fractal affects the formation of hybrid modes. This analysis can be utilized not only to understand the edge modes in other planar structures but also in the design and fabrication of fractal structures for nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson P Bellido
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Gabriel D Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Rossouw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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Oliva N, Casu EA, Yan C, Krammer A, Rosca T, Magrez A, Stolichnov I, Schueler A, Martin OJF, Ionescu AM. Van der Waals MoS 2/VO 2 heterostructure junction with tunable rectifier behavior and efficient photoresponse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14250. [PMID: 29079744 PMCID: PMC5660225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctions between n-type semiconductors of different electron affinity show rectification if the junction is abrupt enough. With the advent of 2D materials, we are able to realize thin van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures based on a large diversity of materials. In parallel, strongly correlated functional oxides have emerged, having the ability to show reversible insulator-to-metal (IMT) phase transition by collapsing their electronic bandgap under a certain external stimulus. Here, we report for the first time the electronic and optoelectronic characterization of ultra-thin n-n heterojunctions fabricated using deterministic assembly of multilayer molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) on a phase transition material, vanadium dioxide (VO2). The vdW MoS2/VO2 heterojunction combines the excellent blocking capability of an n-n junction with a high conductivity in on-state, and it can be turned into a Schottky rectifier at high applied voltage or at temperatures higher than 68 °C, exploiting the metal state of VO2. We report tunable diode-like current rectification with a good diode ideality factor of 1.75 and excellent conductance swing of 120 mV/dec. Finally, we demonstrate unique tunable photosensitivity and excellent junction photoresponse in the 500/650 nm wavelength range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló Oliva
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory (NanoLab), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Emanuele Andrea Casu
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory (NanoLab), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chen Yan
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Krammer
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teodor Rosca
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory (NanoLab), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Magrez
- Istitut de Physique (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Igor Stolichnov
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory (NanoLab), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schueler
- Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Mihai Ionescu
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory (NanoLab), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Abstract
Electromagnetic metasurfaces with strong nonlinear responses and angular selectivity could offer many new avenues for designing ultrathin optics components. We investigated the optical second harmonic generation from plasmonic metasurfaces composed of aligned gold nanopillars with a pronounced out-of-plane tilt using a flexible nonlinear Fourier microscope. The experimental and computational results demonstrate that these samples function as wavevector-selective nonlinear metasurfaces, that is, the coherent second harmonic signal does not only depend on the polarization and wavelength of the excitation beam, but also of its direction of incidence, in spite of the subwavelength thickness of the active layer. Specifically, we observe that the nonlinear response can vary by almost two orders-of-magnitude when the incidence angle is changed from positive to negative values compared to the surface normal. Further, it is demonstrated that these metasurfaces act as a directional nonlinear mirrors, paving the way for new design of directional meta-mirrors in the nonlinear regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yu Yang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruggero Verre
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chen Yan
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz J Antosiewicz
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikael Käll
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Wang X, Santschi C, Martin OJF. Strong Improvement of Long-Term Chemical and Thermal Stability of Plasmonic Silver Nanoantennas and Films. Small 2017; 13:1700044. [PMID: 28544304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) nanostructures and thin films are advantageous plasmonic materials as they have significantly lower losses than gold (Au). Unfortunately, Ag nanostructures suffer from poor chemical and thermal stability, which limit their applications. Here, the mechanisms leading to the deterioration of Ag nanostructures are clarified. It is first shown that oxygen alone cannot oxidize Ag nanostructures. Then, experiments using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the amount of sulfur in ambient air is too low for efficient tarnishing of the Ag surface. Finally, water is found to be the most critical factor for the degradation of Ag nanostructures and thin films. At high relative humidity, adsorbed water forms a thin film enabling the migration of Ag ions at the Ag/air interface, which deteriorates the Ag nanostructures. A dehydration treatment is developed which alters the morphology of the deposited silver, leading to an improved chemical and thermal stability of the Ag nanostructures and films, which then remain stable for more than 14 weeks under ambient laboratory conditions. In addition, dehydration also improves significantly the root-mean-square roughness for Ag thin films deposited on a glass substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Yan C, Yang KY, Martin OJF. Fano-resonance-assisted metasurface for color routing. Light Sci Appl 2017; 6:e17017. [PMID: 30167273 PMCID: PMC6062224 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the phase of an electromagnetic field using plasmonic nanostructures provides a versatile way to manipulate light at the nanoscale. Broadband phase modulation has been demonstrated using inhomogeneous metasurfaces with different geometries; however, for many applications such as filtering, hyperspectral imaging and color holography, narrowband frequecy selectivity is a key functionality. In this work, we demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, a narrowband metasurface that relies on Fano resonances to control the propagation of light. By geometrically tuning the sub-radiant modes with respect to a fixed super-radiant resonance, we can create a phase modulation along the surface within a narrow spectral range. The resulting anomalous reflection measured for such a Fano-resonant metasurface exhibits a 100 nm bandwidth and a color routing efficiency of up to 81% at a central wavelength of λ=750 nm. The design flexibility provided by this Fano-assisted metasurface for color-selective light manipulation is further illustrated by demonstrating a highly directional color-routing effect between two channels, at λ=532 and 660 nm, without any crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yan
- Institute of Microengineering, Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kuang-Yu Yang
- Institute of Microengineering, Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Institute of Microengineering, Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Abstract
Plasmonic effects associated with metallic nanostructures have been widely studied for color generation. It became apparent that highly saturated and bright colors are hard to obtain, and very small nanostructures need to be fabricated. To address this issue, in this study, we employ metal-insulator-metal sandwich nanodisks that support enhanced in-phase electric dipole modes, which are blue-shifted with respect to a single metal disk. The blue shift enables the generation of short wavelength colors with larger nanostructures. The radiation modes hybridize with the Wood's anomaly in periodic structures, creating narrow and high-resonance peaks in the reflection and deep valleys in the transmission spectra, thus producing vivid complementary colors in both cases. Full colors can be achieved by tuning the radius of the nanodisks and the periodicity of the arrays. Good agreement between simulations and experiments is demonstrated and analyzed in CIE1931, sRGB, and HSV color spaces. The presented method has potential for applications in imaging, data storage, ultrafine displays, and plasmon-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chen Yan
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Flauraud V, Bernasconi GD, Butet J, Alexander DTL, Martin OJF, Brugger J. Mode Coupling in Plasmonic Heterodimers Probed with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3485-3495. [PMID: 28290663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While plasmonic antennas composed of building blocks made of the same material have been thoroughly studied, recent investigations have highlighted the unique opportunities enabled by making compositionally asymmetric plasmonic systems. So far, mainly heterostructures composed of nanospheres and nanodiscs have been investigated, revealing opportunities for the design of Fano resonant nanostructures, directional scattering, sensing and catalytic applications. In this article, an improved fabrication method is reported that enables precise tuning of the heterodimer geometry, with interparticle distances made down to a few nanometers between Au-Ag and Au-Al nanoparticles. A wide range of mode energy detuning and coupling conditions are observed by near field hyperspectral imaging performed with electron energy loss spectroscopy, supported by full wave analysis numerical simulations. These results provide direct insights into the mode hybridization of plasmonic heterodimers, pointing out the influence of each dimer constituent in the overall electromagnetic response. By relating the coupling of nondipolar modes and plasmon-interband interaction with the dimer geometry, this work facilitates the development of plasmonic heterostructures with tailored responses, beyond the possibilities offered by homodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Flauraud
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microtechnique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel D Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duncan T L Alexander
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microtechnique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Abstract
Plasmonic antennas and planar structures have been undergoing intensive developments in order to control the scattering and absorption of light. One specific class, extrinsic chiral surfaces, that does not possess 2-fold rotational symmetry exhibits strong asymmetric transmission for different circular polarizations under obliquely incident illumination. In this work, we show that the design of those surfaces can be optimized with complex multipolar resonances in order to twist the fluorescence emission from nearby molecules. While this emission is usually dipolar and linearly polarized, the interaction with these resonances twists it into a multipolar radiation pattern with opposite helicity in different directions. The proposed structure maximizes this effect and provides control over the polarization of light. Splitting of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light is experimentally obtained in the backward direction. These results highlight the intricate interplay between the near-field absorption and the far-field scattering of a plasmonic nanostructure and are further used for modifying the emission of incoherent quantum sources. Our finding can potentially lead to the development of polarization- and angle-resolved ultracompact optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yan
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T V Raziman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Portela A, Yano TA, Santschi C, Martin OJF, Tabata H, Hara M. Highly sensitive SERS analysis of the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide ligands of cells using nanogap antennas. J Biophotonics 2017; 10:294-302. [PMID: 27135779 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic RGD (cRGD) peptide ligands of cells have become widely used for treating several cancers. We report a highly sensitive analysis of c(RGDfC) using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using single dimer nanogap antennas in aqueous environment. Good agreement between characteristic peaks of the SERS and the Raman spectra of bulk c(RGDfC) with its peptide's constituents were observed. The exhibited blinking of the SERS spectra and synchronization of intensity fluctuations, suggest that the SERS spectra acquired from single dimer nanogap antennas was dominated by the spectrum of single to a few molecules. SERS spectra of c(RGDfC) could be used to detect at the nanoscale, the cells' transmembrane proteins binding to its ligand. SERS of cyclic RGD on nanogap antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Portela
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Yano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hitoshi Tabata
- Bioengineering Department, Engineering School, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hara
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
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42
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Flauraud V, Mastrangeli M, Bernasconi GD, Butet J, Alexander DTL, Shahrabi E, Martin OJF, Brugger J. Nanoscale topographical control of capillary assembly of nanoparticles. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:73-80. [PMID: 27694849 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Predetermined and selective placement of nanoparticles onto large-area substrates with nanometre-scale precision is essential to harness the unique properties of nanoparticle assemblies, in particular for functional optical and electro-optical nanodevices. Unfortunately, such high spatial organization is currently beyond the reach of top-down nanofabrication techniques alone. Here, we demonstrate that topographic features comprising lithographed funnelled traps and auxiliary sidewalls on a solid substrate can deterministically direct the capillary assembly of Au nanorods to attain simultaneous control of position, orientation and interparticle distance at the nanometre level. We report up to 100% assembly yield over centimetre-scale substrates. We achieve this by optimizing the three sequential stages of capillary nanoparticle assembly: insertion of nanorods into the traps, resilience against the receding suspension front and drying of the residual solvent. Finally, using electron energy-loss spectroscopy we characterize the spectral response and near-field properties of spatially programmable Au nanorod dimers, highlighting the opportunities for precise tunability of the plasmonic modes in larger assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Flauraud
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microtechnique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Mastrangeli
- Department of Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gabriel D Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duncan T L Alexander
- Interdisciplinary Center for Electron Microscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elmira Shahrabi
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microtechnique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microtechnique and Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Koman VB, Santschi C, Martin OJF. Maximal absorption regime in random media. Opt Express 2016; 24:A1306-A1320. [PMID: 27828518 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.0a1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient optical energy transfer is key to many technologies, ranging from biosensing to photovoltaics. Here, for the first time we show that by introducing a random medium with appropriate filling factor, absorption in a specific volume can be maximized. Using both numerical simulations and an analytical diffusion model, we identify design rules to maximize absorption in the system with different geometrical and scattering properties. By combining a random medium with an open photonic cavity, we numerically demonstrate a 23-fold enhancement of the absorbed energy. We also show how absorption as high as 99% can be reached in a device as thin as 500 μm for normal incidence illumination. Finally, our data indicate that introducing a non-absorbing random medium into a light trapping system for thin solar cells can enhance absorption of energy by a factor of 2.2. This absorption enhancement, caused by the random medium, is broadband and wide-angle and can help design efficient solar cells, light trapping devices, biosensors and random lasers.
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44
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Zheng Y, Bian J, Wang XL, Liu JX, Feng P, Ge HX, Martin OJF, Zhang WH. Revisiting Newton's rings with a plasmonic optical flat for high-accuracy surface inspection. Light Sci Appl 2016; 5:e16156. [PMID: 30167123 PMCID: PMC6059834 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two parallel optical surfaces often exhibit colorful fringes along the lines of equal thickness because of the interference of light. This simple phenomenon allows one to observe subwavelength corrugations on a reflective surface by simply placing on it a flat reference dielectric surface, a so-called optical flat, and inspecting the resultant interference pattern. In this work, we extend this principle from dielectric surfaces to two-dimensional plasmonic nanostructures. Optical couplings between an Au nanodisk array and an Au thin film were measured quantitatively using two different techniques, namely, the classical Newton's rings method and a closed-loop nano-positioning system. Extremely high spectral sensitivity to the inter-surface distance was observed in the near-field coupling regime, where a 1-nm change in distance could alter the resonance wavelength by almost 10 nm, >40 times greater than the variation in the case without near-field coupling. With the help of a numerical fitting technique, the resonance wavelength could be determined with a precision of 0.03 nm, corresponding to a distance precision as high as 0.003 nm. Utilizing this effect, we demonstrated that a plasmonic nanodisk array can be utilized as a plasmonic optical flat, with which nanometer-deep grooves can be directly visualized using a low-cost microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jie Bian
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ju-Xiu Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Peng Feng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hai-Xiong Ge
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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45
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Butet J, Raziman TV, Yang KY, Bernasconi GD, Martin OJF. Controlling the nonlinear optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles with the phase of their linear response. Opt Express 2016; 24:17138-17148. [PMID: 27464164 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.017138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the second harmonic generation from different plasmonic systems and evidence the key role played in their nonlinear response by the phase at the fundamental wavelength. In the case of a single plasmonic nanorod, the interference between the second harmonic dipolar and quadrupolar emission modes depends on their relative phase, which is deeply related to the excitation wavelength. The knowledge obtained in this simple case is then used to describe and understand the nonlinear response from a more complex structure, namely a gold nanodolmen. The complex phase evolution associated with a Fano resonance arising at the fundamental wavelength enables dramatically modifying the second harmonic emission patterns from plasmonic metamolecules within minute wavelength shifts. These results emphasize the importance of the phase in the nonlinear optical processes arising in plasmonic nanostructures, in addition to the increase in conversion yield associated with the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances.
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46
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Koman VB, von Moos NR, Santschi C, Slaveykova VI, Martin OJF. New insights into ROS dynamics: a multi-layered microfluidic chip for ecotoxicological studies on aquatic microorganisms. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1041-50. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1144826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr B. Koman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadia R. von Moos
- Department of Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute F.-a. Forel, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vera I. Slaveykova
- Department of Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute F.-a. Forel, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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von Moos N, Koman VB, Santschi C, Martin OJF, Maurizi L, Jayaprakash A, Bowen P, Slaveykova VI. Pro-oxidant effects of nano-TiO2on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during short-term exposure. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first continuous quantification of abiotic and biotic nano-TiO2– stimulated H2O2revealing that measured extracellular and intracellular pro-oxidant endpoints inC. reinhardtiican differ significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia von Moos
- Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences
- School of Earth and Environmental Science
- University of Geneva
- Uni Carl Vogt
| | - Volodymyr B. Koman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Lionel Maurizi
- Powder Technology Laboratory
- Institute of Materials
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland; ; Tel: +41 21 69 36902
| | - Amarnath Jayaprakash
- Powder Technology Laboratory
- Institute of Materials
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland; ; Tel: +41 21 69 36902
| | - Paul Bowen
- Powder Technology Laboratory
- Institute of Materials
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland; ; Tel: +41 21 69 36902
| | - Vera I. Slaveykova
- Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences
- School of Earth and Environmental Science
- University of Geneva
- Uni Carl Vogt
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Butet J, Brevet PF, Martin OJF. Optical Second Harmonic Generation in Plasmonic Nanostructures: From Fundamental Principles to Advanced Applications. ACS Nano 2015; 9:10545-62. [PMID: 26474346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics has emerged as an important research field in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Recently, significant attention has been devoted to the observation and the understanding of nonlinear optical processes in plasmonic nanostructures, giving rise to the new research field called nonlinear plasmonics. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the physical mechanisms of one of these nonlinear optical processes, namely, second harmonic generation (SHG), with an emphasis on the main differences with the linear response of plasmonic nanostructures. The main applications, ranging from the nonlinear optical characterization of nanostructure shapes to the optimization of laser beams at the nanoscale, are summarized and discussed. Future directions and developments, made possible by the unique combination of SHG surface sensitivity and field enhancements associated with surface plasmon resonances, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-François Brevet
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , 69622 Cedex, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lütolf F, Martin OJF, Gallinet B. Fano-resonant aluminum and gold nanostructures created with a tunable, up-scalable process. Nanoscale 2015; 7:18179-18187. [PMID: 26478572 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An up-scalable approach for creating Fano-resonant nanostructures on large surfaces at visible wavelengths is demonstrated. The use of processes suitable for high throughput fabrication and the choice of aluminum as a cost-efficient plasmonic material ensure that the presented insights are valuable even in consideration of typical industrial constraints. In particular, wafer-scale fabrication and the process compatibility with roll-to-roll embossing are demonstrated. It is shown that through adjustment of readily accessible evaporation parameters, the shape and position of the optical resonance can be tuned within a spectral band of more than 70 nm. The experimental data are complemented with rigorous coupled wave analysis and surface integral equation simulations. Calculated electric fields as well as surface charges shed light onto the physics behind the present resonances. In particular, a surface plasmon polariton is found to couple to a localized plasmonic mode with a hexapolar charge distribution, leading to a Fano-like resonance. Further understanding of the interactions at hand is gained by considering both aluminum and gold nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lütolf
- CSEM Muttenz, Tramstrasse 99, Muttenz, 4132, Switzerland. and Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Station 11, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - O J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Station 11, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - B Gallinet
- CSEM Muttenz, Tramstrasse 99, Muttenz, 4132, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Using full-wafer processing, we demonstrate a sophisticated nanotechnology for the realization of an ultrahigh sensitive cavity-coupled plasmonic device that combines the advantages of Fabry-Perot microcavities with those of metallic nanostructures. Coupling the plasmonic nanostructures to a Fabry-Perot microcavity creates compound modes, which have the characteristics of both Fabry-Perot and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes, boosting the sensitivity and figure-of-merit of the structure. The significant trait of the proposed device is that the sample to be measured is located in the substrate region and is probed by the compound modes. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity of the compound modes is much higher than that of LSPR of plasmonic nanostructures or the pure Fabry-Perot modes of the optical microcavity. The response of the device is also investigated numerically and the agreement between measurements and calculations is excellent. The key features of the device introduced in this work are applicable for the realization of ultrahigh sensitive plasmonic devices for biosensing, optoelectronics, and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahramipanah
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shourya Dutta-Gupta
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Banafsheh Abasahl
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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