1
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Ohkawa Y, Wade A, Lindberg OR, Chen KY, Tran VM, Brown SJ, Kumar A, Kalita M, James CD, Phillips JJ. Heparan Sulfate Synthesized by Ext1 Regulates Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling and Promotes Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors in GBM. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:150-161. [PMID: 33028660 PMCID: PMC7785678 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) contributes to therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma (GBM). Heparan sulfate (HS), present on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix, regulates cell signaling via several mechanisms. To investigate the role for HS in promoting RTK signaling in GBM, we generated neural progenitor cells deficient for HS by knockout of the essential HS-biosynthetic enzyme Ext1, and studied tumor initiation and progression. HS-null cells had decreased proliferation, invasion, and reduced activation of multiple RTKs compared with control. In vivo tumor establishment was significantly decreased, and rate of tumor growth reduced with HS-deficient cells implanted in an HS-poor microenvironment. To investigate if HS regulates RTK activation through platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) signaling, we removed cell surface HS in patient-derived GBM lines and identified reduced cell surface PDGF-BB ligand. Reduced ligand levels were associated with decreased phosphorylation of PDGFRα, suggesting HS promotes ligand-receptor interaction. Using human GBM tumorspheres and a murine GBM model, we show that ligand-mediated signaling can partially rescue cells from targeted RTK inhibition and that this effect is regulated by HS. Indeed, tumor cells deficient for HS had increased sensitivity to EGFR inhibition in vitro and in vivo. IMPLICATIONS: Our study shows that HS expressed on tumor cells and in the tumor microenvironment regulates ligand-mediated signaling, promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and these factors contribute to decreased tumor cell response to targeted RTK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Wade
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katharine Y Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Vy M Tran
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Spencer J Brown
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mausam Kalita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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2
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McKinney A, Lindberg OR, Engler JR, Chen KY, Kumar A, Gong H, Lu KV, Simonds EF, Cloughesy TF, Liau LM, Prados M, Bollen AW, Berger MS, Shieh JTC, James CD, Nicolaides TP, Yong WH, Lai A, Hegi ME, Weiss WA, Phillips JJ. Mechanisms of Resistance to EGFR Inhibition Reveal Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Human GBM. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1565-1576. [PMID: 31270152 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) represents one of the most commonly observed genetic lesions in glioblastoma (GBM); however, therapies targeting this signaling pathway have failed clinically. Here, using human tumors, primary patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and a murine model for GBM, we demonstrate that EGFR inhibition leads to increased invasion of tumor cells. Further, EGFR inhibitor-treated GBM demonstrates altered oxidative stress, with increased lipid peroxidation, and generation of toxic lipid peroxidation products. A tumor cell subpopulation with elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) levels was determined to comprise a significant proportion of the invasive cells observed in EGFR inhibitor-treated GBM. Our analysis of the ALDH1A1 protein in newly diagnosed GBM revealed detectable ALDH1A1 expression in 69% (35/51) of the cases, but in relatively low percentages of tumor cells. Analysis of paired human GBM before and after EGFR inhibitor therapy showed an increase in ALDH1A1 expression in EGFR-amplified tumors (P < 0.05, n = 13 tumor pairs), and in murine GBM ALDH1A1-high clones were more resistant to EGFR inhibition than ALDH1A1-low clones. Our data identify ALDH levels as a biomarker of GBM cells with high invasive potential, altered oxidative stress, and resistance to EGFR inhibition, and reveal a therapeutic target whose inhibition should limit GBM invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McKinney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jane R Engler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katharine Y Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Henry Gong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kan V Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Erin F Simonds
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linda M Liau
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew W Bollen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph T C Shieh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - C David James
- Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Theodore P Nicolaides
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Albert Lai
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Monika E Hegi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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3
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Griveau A, Seano G, Shelton SJ, Kupp R, Jahangiri A, Obernier K, Krishnan S, Lindberg OR, Yuen TJ, Tien AC, Sabo JK, Wang N, Chen I, Kloepper J, Larrouquere L, Ghosh M, Tirosh I, Huillard E, Alvarez-Buylla A, Oldham MC, Persson AI, Weiss WA, Batchelor TT, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Suvà ML, Phillips JJ, Aghi MK, Mehta S, Jain RK, Rowitch DH. A Glial Signature and Wnt7 Signaling Regulate Glioma-Vascular Interactions and Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:874-889.e7. [PMID: 29681511 PMCID: PMC6211172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas comprise heterogeneous malignant glial and stromal cells. While blood vessel co-option is a potential mechanism to escape anti-angiogenic therapy, the relevance of glial phenotype in this process is unclear. We show that Olig2+ oligodendrocyte precursor-like glioma cells invade by single-cell vessel co-option and preserve the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Conversely, Olig2-negative glioma cells form dense perivascular collections and promote angiogenesis and BBB breakdown, leading to innate immune cell activation. Experimentally, Olig2 promotes Wnt7b expression, a finding that correlates in human glioma profiling. Targeted Wnt7a/7b deletion or pharmacologic Wnt inhibition blocks Olig2+ glioma single-cell vessel co-option and enhances responses to temozolomide. Finally, Olig2 and Wnt7 become upregulated after anti-VEGF treatment in preclinical models and patients. Thus, glial-encoded pathways regulate distinct glioma-vascular microenvironmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Griveau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Giorgio Seano
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Samuel J Shelton
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Kupp
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Saint Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Arman Jahangiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shanmugarajan Krishnan
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tracy J Yuen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - An-Chi Tien
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Sabo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ivy Chen
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonas Kloepper
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Louis Larrouquere
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mitrajit Ghosh
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- ICM Brain and Spine Institute, 47 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mario L Suvà
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shwetal Mehta
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Saint Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AN, UK.
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4
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Ilkhanizadeh S, Sabelström H, Miroshnikova YA, Frantz A, Zhu W, Idilli A, Lakins JN, Schmidt C, Quigley DA, Fenster T, Yuan E, Trzeciak JR, Saxena S, Lindberg OR, Mouw JK, Burdick JA, Magnitsky S, Berger MS, Phillips JJ, Arosio D, Sun D, Weaver VM, Weiss WA, Persson AI. Antisecretory Factor-Mediated Inhibition of Cell Volume Dynamics Produces Antitumor Activity in Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:777-790. [PMID: 29431617 PMCID: PMC5932284 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) presents a barrier to drug uptake in solid tumors, including the aggressive primary brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM). It remains unclear how fluid dynamics impacts tumor progression and can be targeted therapeutically. To address this issue, a novel telemetry-based approach was developed to measure changes in IFP during progression of GBM xenografts. Antisecretory factor (AF) is an endogenous protein that displays antisecretory effects in animals and patients. Here, endogenous induction of AF protein or exogenous administration of AF peptide reduced IFP and increased drug uptake in GBM xenografts. AF inhibited cell volume regulation of GBM cells, an effect that was phenocopied in vitro by the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (SLC12A2/NKCC1) inhibitor bumetanide. As a result, AF induced apoptosis and increased survival in GBM models. In vitro, the ability of AF to reduce GBM cell proliferation was phenocopied by bumetanide and NKCC1 knockdown. Next, AF's ability to sensitize GBM cells to the alkylating agent temozolomide, standard of care in GBM patients, was evaluated. Importantly, combination of AF induction and temozolomide treatment blocked regrowth in GBM xenografts. Thus, AF-mediated inhibition of cell volume regulation represents a novel strategy to increase drug uptake and improve outcome in GBM. Mol Cancer Res; 16(5); 777-90. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hanna Sabelström
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Aaron Frantz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aurora Idilli
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR and FBK, Trento, Italy
- CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Jon N Lakins
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David A Quigley
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Trenten Fenster
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Edith Yuan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jacqueline R Trzeciak
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Supna Saxena
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Janna K Mouw
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergey Magnitsky
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniele Arosio
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR and FBK, Trento, Italy
- CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) at the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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5
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Lindberg OR, McKinney A, Engler JR, Koshkakaryan G, Gong H, Robinson AE, Ewald AJ, Huillard E, David James C, Molinaro AM, Shieh JT, Phillips JJ. GBM heterogeneity as a function of variable epidermal growth factor receptor variant III activity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79101-79116. [PMID: 27738329 PMCID: PMC5346701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) due to a deletion of exons 2-7 of EGFR (EGFRvIII) is a common alteration in glioblastoma (GBM). While this alteration can drive gliomagenesis, tumors harboring EGFRvIII are heterogeneous. To investigate the role for EGFRvIII activation in tumor phenotype we used a neural progenitor cell-based murine model of GBM driven by EGFR signaling and generated tumor progenitor cells with high and low EGFRvIII activation, pEGFRHi and pEGFRLo. In vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies suggested a direct association between EGFRvIII activity and increased tumor cell proliferation, decreased tumor cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and altered progenitor cell phenotype. Time-lapse confocal imaging of tumor cells in brain slice cultures demonstrated blood vessel co-option by tumor cells and highlighted differences in invasive pattern. Inhibition of EGFR signaling in pEGFRHi promoted cell differentiation and increased cell-matrix adhesion. Conversely, increased EGFRvIII activation in pEGFRLo reduced cell-matrix adhesion. Our study using a murine model for GBM driven by a single genetic driver, suggests differences in EGFR activation contribute to tumor heterogeneity and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle R Lindberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew McKinney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jane R Engler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gayane Koshkakaryan
- Touro University California, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Henry Gong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron E Robinson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Departments of Cell Biology, Oncology, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) UMR-S975, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, Paris, France
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Ohkawa Y, Wade A, Lindberg OR, Chen K, Tran VM, Phillips JJ. CSIG-14. HEPARAN SULFATE MODULATES CELL SIGNALING BY RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES IN HUMAN AND MURINE GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox168.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Saidi D, Cheray M, Osman AM, Stratoulias V, Lindberg OR, Shen X, Blomgren K, Joseph B. Glioma-induced SIRT1-dependent activation of hMOF histone H4 lysine 16 acetyltransferase in microglia promotes a tumor supporting phenotype. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1382790. [PMID: 29308302 PMCID: PMC5749650 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1382790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are malignant aggressive primary brain tumors with limited therapeutic options, and dismal prognosis for patients. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are recruited and reprogrammed into tumor-supporting cells by glioma cells, which in turn positively influence tumor expansion and infiltration into surrounding brain tissues. Here, we report that glioma-induced microglia conversion is coupled to an increase of histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16) acetylation level in microglia, through increased nuclear localization of the deacetylase SIRT1, which in turn results in deacetylation of the H4K16 acetyltransferase hMOF and its recruitment to the chromatin at promoter regions of microglial target genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that manipulation of the microglial H4K16 acetylation level, taking advantage of the intrinsic H4K16 deacetylase or acetyltransferase activities of SIRT1 and hMOF, respectively, modulated the tumor-supporting function of microglia. This study provides evidence that post-translational modifications of histones and the histone-modifying enzymes controlling them, such as H4K16 acetylation regulated by hMOF and SIRT1, are part of the microglial pro-tumoral activation pathway initiated by glioma cancer cells and represent potentially novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalel Saidi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathilde Cheray
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed M Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vassilis Stratoulias
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xianli Shen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Tran VM, Wade A, McKinney A, Chen K, Lindberg OR, Engler JR, Persson AI, Phillips JJ. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans in Glioblastoma Promote Tumor Invasion. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1623-1633. [PMID: 28778876 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor of adults and confers a poor prognosis due, in part, to diffuse invasion of tumor cells. Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans, present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, regulate cell signaling pathways and cell-microenvironment interactions. In GBM, the expression of HS glycosaminoglycans and the enzymes that regulate their function are altered, but the actual HS content and structure are unknown. However, inhibition of HS glycosaminoglycan function is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for some cancers. In this study, we use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis to demonstrate differences in HS disaccharide content and structure across four patient-derived tumorsphere lines (GBM1, 5, 6, 43) and between two murine tumorsphere lines derived from murine GBM with enrichment of mesenchymal and proneural gene expression (mMES and mPN, respectively) markers. In GBM, the heterogeneous HS content and structure across patient-derived tumorsphere lines suggested diverse functions in the GBM tumor microenvironment. In GBM5 and mPN, elevated expression of sulfatase 2 (SULF2), an extracellular enzyme that alters ligand binding to HS, was associated with low trisulfated HS disaccharides, a substrate of SULF2. In contrast, other primary tumorsphere lines had elevated expression of the HS-modifying enzyme heparanase (HPSE). Using gene editing strategies to inhibit HPSE, a role for HPSE in promoting tumor cell adhesion and invasion was identified. These studies characterize the heterogeneity in HS glycosaminoglycan content and structure across GBM and reveal their role in tumor cell invasion.Implications: HS-interacting factors promote GBM invasion and are potential therapeutic targets. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1623-33. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy M Tran
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Wade
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew McKinney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katharine Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jane R Engler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Sandler Neurosciences Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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9
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Lindberg OR, Brederlau A, Kuhn HG. Epidermal growth factor treatment of the adult brain subventricular zone leads to focal microglia/macrophage accumulation and angiogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:440-8. [PMID: 24749069 PMCID: PMC3986663 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major components of the subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenic niche is the specialized vasculature. The SVZ vasculature is thought to be important in regulating progenitor cell proliferation and migration. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a mitogen with a wide range of effects. When stem and progenitor cells in the rat SVZ are treated with EGF, using intracerebroventricular infusion, dysplastic polyps are formed. Upon extended infusion, blood vessels are recruited into the polyps. In the current study we demonstrate how polyps develop through distinct stages leading up to angiogenesis. As polyps progress, microglia/macrophages accumulate in the polyp core concurrent with increasing cell death. Both microglia/macrophage accumulation and cell death peak during angiogenesis and subsequently decline following polyp vascularization. This model of inducible angiogenesis in the SVZ neurogenic niche suggests involvement of microglia/macrophages in acquired angiogenesis and can be used in detail to study angiogenesis in the adult brain. EGF-induced growth of polyps leads to vessel recruitment and angiogenesis Four distinct stages are discernible in polyp development (I–IV) Microglia/macrophages and dying cells progressively accumulate in the polyp core Microglia/macrophages and dying cells are reduced after polyp vascularization
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle R Lindberg
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Anke Brederlau
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
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10
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Persson A, Lindberg OR, Kuhn HG. Radixin inhibition decreases adult neural progenitor cell migration and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:161. [PMID: 24065889 PMCID: PMC3781578 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal progenitors capable of long distance migration are produced throughout life in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Migration from the SVZ is carried out along a well-defined pathway called the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Our recent finding of the specific expression of the cytoskeleton linker protein radixin in neuroblasts suggests a functional role for radixin in RMS migration. The ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of proteins is capable of regulating migration through interaction with the actin cytoskeleton and transmembrane proteins. The ERM proteins are differentially expressed in the RMS with radixin and moesin localized to neuroblasts, and ezrin expression confined to astrocytes of the glial tubes. Here, we inhibited radixin function using the quinocarmycin analog DX52-1 which resulted in reduced neuroblast migration in vitro, while glial migration remained unaltered. Furthermore, the morphology of neuroblasts was distorted resulting in a rounded shape with no or short polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule positive processes. Intracerebroventricular infusion of the radixin inhibitor resulted in accumulation of neuroblasts in the anterior SVZ. Neuroblast chains were short and intermittently interrupted in the SVZ and considerably disorganized in the RMS. Moreover, we studied the proliferation activity in the RMS after radixin inhibition, since concentrated radixin expression has been demonstrated in the cleavage furrow of dividing cells, which indicates a role of radixin in cell division. Radixin inhibition decreased neuroblast proliferation, whereas the proliferation of other cells in the RMS was not affected. Our results demonstrate a significant role for radixin in neuroblast proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Persson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Hanrieder J, Malmberg P, Lindberg OR, Fletcher JS, Ewing AG. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry based molecular histology of human spinal cord tissue and motor neurons. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8741-8. [PMID: 23947367 DOI: 10.1021/ac401830m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry is a powerful method for imaging biological samples with high spatial resolution. Whole section time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) scans and multivariate data analysis have been performed on the human spinal cord in order to delineate anatomical regions of interest based on their chemical distribution pattern. TOF-SIMS analysis of thoracic spinal cord sections was performed at 5 μm resolution within 2 h. Multivariate image analysis by means of principal component analysis and maximum auto correlation factor analysis resulted in detection of more than 400 m/z peaks that were found to be significantly changed. Here, the results show characteristic biochemical distributions that are well in line with major histological regions, including gray and white matter. As an approach for iterative segmentation, we further evaluated previously outlined regions of interest as identified by multivariate image analysis. Here, further discrimination of the gray matter into ventral, lateral, and dorsal neuroanatomical regions was observed. TOF-SIMS imaging has been carried out at submicrometer resolution obtaining localization and characterization of spinal motor neurons based on their chemical fingerprint, including neurotransmitter precursors that serve as molecular indicators for motor neuron integrity. Thus, TOF-SIMS can be used as an approach for chemical histology and pathology. TOF-SIMS holds immense potential for investigating the subcellular mechanisms underlying spinal cord related diseases including chronic pain and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hanrieder
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Gothenburg University and Chalmers University of Technology , Sweden
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12
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Lindberg OR, Persson Å, Brederlau A, Shabro A, Kuhn HG. EGF-induced expansion of migratory cells in the rostral migratory stream. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46380. [PMID: 23029503 PMCID: PMC3460866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of neural stem cells in the adult brain is currently widely accepted and efforts are made to harness the regenerative potential of these cells. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the anterior lateral ventricles, are considered the main loci of adult neurogenesis. The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the structure funneling SVZ progenitor cells through the forebrain to their final destination in the olfactory bulb. Moreover, extensive proliferation occurs in the RMS. Some evidence suggest the presence of stem cells in the RMS, but these cells are few and possibly of limited differentiation potential. We have recently demonstrated the specific expression of the cytoskeleton linker protein radixin in neuroblasts in the RMS and in oligodendrocyte progenitors throughout the brain. These cell populations are greatly altered after intracerebroventricular infusion of epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the current study we investigate the effect of EGF infusion on the rat RMS. We describe a specific increase of radixin+/Olig2+ cells in the RMS. Negative for NG2 and CNPase, these radixin+/Olig2+ cells are distinct from typical oligodendrocyte progenitors. The expanded Olig2+ population responds rapidly to EGF and proliferates after only 24 hours along the entire RMS, suggesting local activation by EGF throughout the RMS rather than migration from the SVZ. In addition, the radixin+/Olig2+ progenitors assemble in chains in vivo and migrate in chains in explant cultures, suggesting that they possess migratory properties within the RMS. In summary, these results provide insight into the adaptive capacity of the RMS and point to an additional stem cell source for future brain repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hans Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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13
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Lindberg OR, Brederlau A, Jansson A, Nannmark U, Cooper-Kuhn C, Kuhn HG. Characterization of epidermal growth factor-induced dysplasia in the adult rat subventricular zone. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1356-66. [PMID: 21740235 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a mitogen widely used when culturing adult neural stem cells in vitro. Although proliferative effects can also be observed in vivo, intracerebroventricular infusion of EGF has been found to counteract neuronal determination and promote glial differentiation instead. However, EGF receptor activation has different effects on the subventricular zone (SVZ) in mice and rats, possibly because of species differences in SVZ cell composition. Specifically in the rat, EGF stimulation of the SVZ induces the formation of hyperplastic polyps. The present study aims at molecular and morphological characterization of these subventricular polyps. Using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and gene expression analysis, we demonstrate in hyperplastic EGF-induced polyps an upregulation in protein expression of Sox2, Olig2, GFAP, nestin, and vimentin. We found polyp-specific dysplastic changes in the form of coexpression of Sox2 and Olig2. This highly proliferative, Sox2/Olig2 coexpressing dysplastic cell type is >10-fold enriched in the hyperplastic polyps compared with control SVZ and most likely causes the polyp formation. Unique ultrastructural features of the polyps include a lack of ependymal cell lining as well as a large number of cells with large, light, ovoid nuclei and a cytoplasm with abundant ribosomes, whereas other polyp cells contain invaginated nuclei but fewer ribosomes. EGF also induced changes in the expression of Id genes Id1, Id2, and Id4 in the SVZ. Taken together, we here demonstrate dysplastic, structural, and phenotypical changes in the rat SVZ following EGF stimulation, which are specific to hyperplastic polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle R Lindberg
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Hellström NA, Lindberg OR, Ståhlberg A, Swanpalmer J, Pekny M, Blomgren K, Kuhn HG. Unique gene expression patterns indicate microglial contribution to neural stem cell recovery following irradiation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 46:710-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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