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Hoang J, Patil SL, Srinoi P, Liu T, Marquez MD, Khantamat O, Tuntiwechapikul W, Gunaratne PH, Lee TR. Transfection of Unmodified MicroRNA Using Monolayer-Coated Au Nanoparticles as Gene-Delivery Vehicles. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:230-237. [PMID: 38133569 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a monolayer-coated gold nanoparticle-based transfection system for the delivery of microRNA (miRNA) into human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells. Two distinct ammonium-terminated adsorbates were used in this study, which provided a platform for ionic bonding of the miRNA onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The custom-designed monolayer-coated gold nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, gel mobility shift assay, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The miRNA-loaded gold nanoparticles were transfected, and the level of intracellular miRNA delivered and taken up by cells was measured by Taqman qPCR. The overall analysis indicated a successful delivery of miRNA into the HOS cells at an ∼11,000-fold increase compared to nontreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Hoang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5001, United States
| | - Sagar L Patil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5001, United States
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Pannaree Srinoi
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Tingting Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Maria D Marquez
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Orawan Khantamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wirote Tuntiwechapikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Preethi H Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5001, United States
| | - T Randall Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Tantipaiboonwong P, Pintha K, Chaiwangyen W, Suttajit M, Khanaree C, Khantamat O. Bioefficacy of Nga-Mon ( Perilla frutescens) Fresh and Dry Leaf: Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimutagenicity, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12112210. [PMID: 37299189 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perilla leaves are known to be a rich source of polyphenols, which have been shown to exhibit various biological effects. This study aimed to compare the bioefficacies and bioactivities of fresh (PLEf) and dry (PLEd) Thai perilla (Nga-mon) leaf extracts. Phytochemical analysis indicated that both PLEf and PLEd were abundant in rosmarinic acid and bioactive phenolic compounds. PLEd, which had higher levels of rosmarinic acid but lower levels of ferulic acid and luteolin than PLEf, exhibited greater effectiveness in a free radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, both extracts were found to suppress intracellular ROS generation and exhibit antimutagenic activity against food-borne carcinogens in S. typhimurium. They also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the expression of nitric oxide, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through the suppression of NF-κB activation and translocation. However, PLEf exhibited a higher ability to suppress cellular ROS production and higher antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory activities than PLEd, which can be attributed to its combination of phytochemical components. Overall, PLEf and PLEd have the potential to serve as natural bioactive antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory agents to achieve potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Komsak Pintha
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Maitree Suttajit
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Chakkrit Khanaree
- School of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Orawan Khantamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Khantamat O, Dukaew N, Karinchai J, Chewonarin T, Pitchakarn P, Temviriyanukul P. Safety and bioactivity assessment of aqueous extract of Thai Henna ( Lawsonia inermis Linn.) Leaf. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2021; 84:298-312. [PMID: 33375906 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1866129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide demand for a natural dye by the cosmetic and food industry has recently gained interest. To provide scientific data supporting the usage of Thai henna leaf as a natural colorant, the phytochemical constituents, safety, and bioactivity of aqueous extract of the henna leaf by autoclave (HAE) and hot water (HHE) were determined. HAE contained a higher amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents than HHE. The major constituents in both extracts were ferulic acid, gallic acid, and luteolin. The extracts displayed no marked mutagenic activity both in vitro and in vivo mammalian-like biotransformation. HAE and HHE also exhibited non-cytotoxicity to human immortalized keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line with IC20 and IC50 > 200 μg/ml. The extracts exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity as evidenced by significant scavenging of ABTS and DPPH radicals and decreasing NO levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts might be attributed to their phenolic and flavonoid contents. In conclusion, the traditional use of henna as a natural dye appears not to exert toxic effects and seems biosecure. Regarding safety, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, the aqueous extract of Thai henna leaf might thus serve as a readily available source for utilization in commercial health industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Khantamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nahathai Dukaew
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jirarat Karinchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutritional Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Li CH, Khantamat O, Liu T, Arnob MMP, Lin L, Jamison AC, Shih WC, Lee TC, Lee TR. Optically Tunable Tin Oxide-Coated Hollow Gold-Silver Nanorattles for Use in Solar-Driven Applications. ACS Omega 2020; 5:23769-23777. [PMID: 32984696 PMCID: PMC7513368 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Core@shell metal nanoparticles have emerged as promising photocatalysts because of their strong and tunable plasmonic properties; however, marked improvements in photocatalytic efficiency are needed if these materials are to be widely used in practical applications. Accordingly, the design of new and functional light-responsive nanostructures remains a central focus of nanomaterial research. To this end, we report the synthesis of nanorattles comprising hollow gold-silver nanoshells encapsulated within vacuous tin oxide shells of adjustable thicknesses (∼10 and ∼30 nm for the two examples prepared in this initial report). These composite nanorattles exhibited broad tunable optical extinctions ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared spectral regions (i.e., 300-745 nm). Zeta potential measurements showed a large negative surface charge of approximately -35 mV, which afforded colloidal stability to the nanorattles in aqueous solution. We also characterized the nanorattles structurally and compositionally using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Futhermore, finite-difference time-domain simulation and photoluminescence properties of the composited nanoparticles were investigated. Collectively, these studies indicate that our tin oxide-coated hollow gold-silver nanorattles are promising candidates for use in solar-driven applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Li
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Orawan Khantamat
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Md Masud Parvez Arnob
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Andrew C. Jamison
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Tai-Chou Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National
Central University, Jhongli City 32001, Taiwan
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Chumphukam O, Pintha K, Khanaree C, Chewonarin T, Chaiwangyen W, Tantipaiboonwong P, Suttajit M, Khantamat O. Potential anti-mutagenicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capacities of the extract from perilla seed meal. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Orada Chumphukam
- Division of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
| | - Komsak Pintha
- Division of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
| | - Chakkrit Khanaree
- Division of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Division of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
| | - Payungsak Tantipaiboonwong
- Division of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
| | - Maitree Suttajit
- Division of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
| | - Orawan Khantamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
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Khantamat O, Li CH, Liu SP, Liu T, Lee HJ, Zenasni O, Lee TC, Cai C, Lee TR. Broadening the photoresponsive activity of anatase titanium dioxide particles via decoration with partial gold shells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 513:715-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Khantamat O, Li CH, Yu F, Jamison AC, Shih WC, Cai C, Lee TR. Gold nanoshell-decorated silicone surfaces for the near-infrared (NIR) photothermal destruction of the pathogenic bacterium E. faecalis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:3981-93. [PMID: 25611157 DOI: 10.1021/am506516r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-related infections (CRIs) are associated with the formation of pathogenic biofilms on the surfaces of silicone catheters, which are ubiquitous in medicine. These biofilms provide protection against antimicrobial agents and facilitate the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The application of photothermal agents on catheter surfaces is an innovative approach to overcoming biofilm-generated CRIs. Gold nanoshells (AuNSs) represent a promising photothermal tool, because they can be used to generate heat upon exposure to near-infrared (NIR) radiation, are biologically inert at physiological temperatures, and can be engineered for the photothermal ablation of cells and tissue. In this study, AuNSs functionalized with carboxylate-terminated organosulfur ligands were attached to model catheter surfaces and tested for their effectiveness at killing adhered Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) bacteria. The morphology of the AuNSs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the elemental composition was characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, optical and photothermal properties were acquired by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and thermographic imaging with an infrared camera, respectively. Bacterial survival studies on AuNS-modified surfaces irradiated with and without NIR light were evaluated using a colony-formation assay. These studies demonstrated that AuNS-modified surfaces, when illuminated with NIR light, can effectively kill E. faecalis on silicone surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Khantamat
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Abstract
The 170 kDa plasma membrane P-glycoprotein (Pgp) causes the efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs from cells and is believed to be an important mechanism in multidrug resistance (MDR) in human cancer. This study demonstrates that some putative flavonoids, i.e., flavonols (quercetin and kaempferol) and isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) markedly increase the sensitivity of the multidrug-resistant human cervical carcinoma KB-V1 cells (high Pgp expression) to vinblastine and paclitaxel dose-dependently, and also decrease the relative resistance of these anti-cancer-drugs in KB-V1 cells. None of the flavonoids had a significant effect on vinblastine and paclitaxel cytotoxicity in wildtype drug-sensitive KB-3-1 cells (lacking Pgp). These flavonoids also caused an increase in intracellular accumulation, and reduced the efflux of Rh123 and 3[H]vinblastine in KB-V1 cells, but not in KB-3-1 cells. The flavonols increased the inhibitory effectiveness of Pgp activity in MDR KB-V1 cells more than isoflavones. Only treatment with flavonols up to 48 h was able to significantly decrease the Pgp expression in a dose-dependent manner in KB-V1 cells. These findings provide evidence that flavonols reduced Pgp expression and function resulting in the inhibition of Pgp activity, but isoflavones modulated intracellular drug levels by inhibiting Pgp function with no effect on Pgp expression. Among the flavonoids tested, flavonols, particularly kaempferol, exhibit the most potent MDR reversing property in KB-V1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Limtrakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Banjerdpongchai R, Kongtawelert P, Khantamat O, Srisomsap C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Subhasitanont P, Svasti J. Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways cooperate in zearalenone-induced apoptosis of human leukemic cells. J Hematol Oncol 2010; 3:50. [PMID: 21190589 PMCID: PMC3018374 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-3-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zearalenone (ZEA) is a phytoestrogen from Fusarium species. The aims of the study was to identify mode of human leukemic cell death induced by ZEA and the mechanisms involved. METHODS Cell cytotoxicity of ZEA on human leukemic HL-60, U937 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed by using 3-(4,5-dimethyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Reactive oxygen species production, cell cycle analysis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential reduction was determined by employing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, propidium iodide and 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide and flow cytometry, respectively. Caspase-3 and -8 activities were detected by using fluorogenic Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (DEVD-AMC) and Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (IETD-AMC) substrates, respectively. Protein expression of cytochrome c, Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL was performed by Western blot. The expression of proteins was assessed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis (PAGE) coupled with LC-MS2 analysis and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach. RESULTS ZEA was cytotoxic to U937 > HL-60 > PBMCs and caused subdiploid peaks and G1 arrest in both cell lines. Apoptosis of human leukemic HL-60 and U937 cell apoptosis induced by ZEA was via an activation of mitochondrial release of cytochrome c through mitochondrial transmembrane potential reduction, activation of caspase-3 and -8, production of reactive oxygen species and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Bax was up regulated in a time-dependent manner and there was down regulation of Bcl-xL expression. Two-dimensional PAGE coupled with LC-MS2 analysis showed that ZEA treatment of HL-60 cells produced differences in the levels of 22 membrane proteins such as apoptosis inducing factor and the ER stress proteins including endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, heat shock protein 90 and calreticulin, whereas only ERp29 mRNA transcript increased. CONCLUSION ZEA induced human leukemic cell apoptosis via endoplasmic stress and mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Banjerdpongchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Orawan Khantamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chantragan Srisomsap
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | | | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Limtrakul P, Khantamat O, Pintha K. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity and reversal of cancer multidrug resistance by Momordica charantia extract. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 54:525-30. [PMID: 15248030 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multidrug resistance (MDR) is known as a problem limiting the success of therapy in patients treated long term with chemotherapeutic drugs. The drug resistance is mainly due to the overexpression of the 170 kDa P-glycoprotein (Pgp), which causes a reduction in drug accumulation in the cancer cells. In this study, novel chemical modulator(s) from bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) extracts obtained from leaves, fruits and tendrils were tested for their abilities to modulate the function of Pgp and the MDR phenotype in the multidrug-resistant human cervical carcinoma KB-V1 cells (high Pgp expression) in comparison with wildtype drug-sensitive KB-3-1 cells (lacking Pgp). METHODS The KB-V1 and KB-3-1 cells were exposed to bitter melon extracts in the presence of various concentrations of vinblastine, and cytotoxicity was assessed by means of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Relative resistance was calculated as the ratio of the IC50 value of the KB-V1 cells to the IC50 value of the KB-3-1 cells. Accumulation and efflux of vinblastine in KB-V1 and KB-3-1 cells were measured using a [3H]-vinblastine incorporation assay. RESULTS The leaf extracts increased the intracellular accumulation of [3H]-vinblastine in KB-V1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but extracts from the fruits and tendrils had no effect. By modulating Pgp-mediated vinblastine efflux, the leaf extracts decreased the [3H]-vinblastine efflux in KB-V1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but not in KB-3-1 cells. Treatment of drug-resistant KB-V1 cells with bitter melon leaf extracts increased their sensitivity to vinblastine, but similar treatment of KB-3-1 cells showed no modulating effect. The fruit and tendril extracts did not affect the MDR phenotype in either cell line. CONCLUSION The leaf extracts from bitter melon were able to reverse the MDR phenotype, which is consistent with an increase in intracellular accumulation of the drug. The exact nature of the active components of bitter melon leaf extracts remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornngarm Limtrakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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