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Li W, Partridge SC, Newitt DC, Steingrimsson J, Marques HS, Bolan PJ, Hirano M, Bearce BA, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Boss MA, Teng X, Zhang J, Cai J, Kontos D, Cohen EA, Mankowski WC, Liu M, Ha R, Pellicer-Valero OJ, Maier-Hein K, Rabinovici-Cohen S, Tlusty T, Ozery-Flato M, Parekh VS, Jacobs MA, Yan R, Sung K, Kazerouni AS, DiCarlo JC, Yankeelov TE, Chenevert TL, Hylton NM. Breast Multiparametric MRI for Prediction of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer: The BMMR2 Challenge. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2024; 6:e230033. [PMID: 38180338 PMCID: PMC10825718 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To describe the design, conduct, and results of the Breast Multiparametric MRI for prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy Response (BMMR2) challenge. Materials and Methods The BMMR2 computational challenge opened on May 28, 2021, and closed on December 21, 2021. The goal of the challenge was to identify image-based markers derived from multiparametric breast MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, along with clinical data for predicting pathologic complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant treatment. Data included 573 breast MRI studies from 191 women (mean age [±SD], 48.9 years ± 10.56) in the I-SPY 2/American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) 6698 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01042379). The challenge cohort was split into training (60%) and test (40%) sets, with teams blinded to test set pCR outcomes. Prediction performance was evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared with the benchmark established from the ACRIN 6698 primary analysis. Results Eight teams submitted final predictions. Entries from three teams had point estimators of AUC that were higher than the benchmark performance (AUC, 0.782 [95% CI: 0.670, 0.893], with AUCs of 0.803 [95% CI: 0.702, 0.904], 0.838 [95% CI: 0.748, 0.928], and 0.840 [95% CI: 0.748, 0.932]). A variety of approaches were used, ranging from extraction of individual features to deep learning and artificial intelligence methods, incorporating DCE and DWI alone or in combination. Conclusion The BMMR2 challenge identified several models with high predictive performance, which may further expand the value of multiparametric breast MRI as an early marker of treatment response. Clinical trial registration no. NCT01042379 Keywords: MRI, Breast, Tumor Response Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Savannah C. Partridge
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - David C. Newitt
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Jon Steingrimsson
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Helga S. Marques
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Patrick J. Bolan
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Michael Hirano
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Benjamin Aaron Bearce
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Michael A. Boss
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Xinzhi Teng
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Jiang Zhang
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Jing Cai
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Despina Kontos
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Eric A. Cohen
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Walter C. Mankowski
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Michael Liu
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Richard Ha
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Oscar J. Pellicer-Valero
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Klaus Maier-Hein
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Simona Rabinovici-Cohen
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Tal Tlusty
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Michal Ozery-Flato
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Vishwa S. Parekh
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Michael A. Jacobs
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Ran Yan
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Kyunghyun Sung
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Anum S. Kazerouni
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Julie C. DiCarlo
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Thomas L. Chenevert
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
| | - Nola M. Hylton
- From the Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (W.L., D.C.N.,
N.M.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 (S.C.P., M.H., A.S.K.);
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI (J.S.,
H.S.M.); Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn (P.J.B.); Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Harvard University, Charlestown, Mass (B.A.B., J.K.C.); Center for Research and
Innovation, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pa (M.A.B.); Department
of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung
Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (X.T., J.Z., J.C.); Department of Radiology,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (D.K., E.A.C., W.C.M.); Department
of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.L., R.H.);
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg,
Germany (O.J.P.V., K.M.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (K.M.H.); IBM Research-Israel, Haifa
University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel (S.R.C., T.T., M.O.F.);
University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center and Department
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Md (V.S.P.); The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
(V.S.P., M.A.J.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UT Health
at Houston, Houston, Tex (M.A.J.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y.,
K.S.); Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering,
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif (R.Y., K.S.); Livestrong Cancer
Institutes (J.C.D., T.E.Y.), Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic
Medicine, and Oncology (T.E.Y.), and The Oden Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex
(J.C.D., T.E.Y.); Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (T.E.Y.); and Department of Radiology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (T.L.C.)
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