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Rajala K, Grönfors O, Hesampour M, Mikola A. Removal of microplastics from secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent by coagulation/flocculation with iron, aluminum and polyamine-based chemicals. Water Res 2020; 183:116045. [PMID: 32777592 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) removal by coagulation/flocculation followed by settling was studied in a secondary wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent matrix. MP concentration in size range <10 µm in wastewater is currently unknown due to the exclusion of this size range in many studies and due to difficulties in MP quantification. WWTP effluent samples were spiked with a known amount of polystyrene spheres of two different sizes 1 µm and 6.3 µm. The samples were treated with inorganic and organic coagulants typically used in WWTPs, i.e., ferric chloride, polyaluminum chloride, and polyamine. The effect of pH was studied with ferric chloride by changing the pH from 7.3 to 6.5. In this study, MP removal was monitored using flow cytometry. The role of chemicals in MP removal at WWTPs has not been in the focus of previously reported MP studies. Our results showed that all tested coagulants enhanced the removal of MPs with dosages applicable to tertiary treatment. The highest removal efficiency obtained was 99.4%, and ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride were more efficient than polyamine. Performances of ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride were close to each other, with a statistically significant difference at a certain dosage range. Our findings suggest that chemical coagulation plays a key role in the removal of MPs, and the process can be optimized by selecting the right coagulant and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehrdad Hesampour
- Kemira Oyj, Luoteisrinne 2, 02270, Espoo, Finland; LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, 53851, Finland
| | - Anna Mikola
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, PO Box 15200, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland.
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Reitzel K, Bennett WW, Berger N, Brownlie WJ, Bruun S, Christensen ML, Cordell D, van Dijk K, Egemose S, Eigner H, Glud RN, Grönfors O, Hermann L, Houot S, Hupfer M, Jacobs B, Korving L, Kjærgaard C, Liimatainen H, Van Loosdrecht MCM, Macintosh KA, Magid J, Maia F, Martin-Ortega J, McGrath J, Meulepas R, Murry M, Neset TS, Neumann G, Nielsen UG, Nielsen PH, O'Flaherty V, Qu H, Santner J, Seufert V, Spears B, Stringer LC, Stutter M, Verburg PH, Wilfert P, Williams PN, Metson GS. New Training to Meet the Global Phosphorus Challenge. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:8479-8481. [PMID: 31283194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Reitzel
- University of Southern Denmark , Department of Biology , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - William W Bennett
- University of Southern Denmark , Department of Biology , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Nils Berger
- EuroChem Agro GmbH , Reichskanzler-Müller-Str. 23 , 68165 Mannheim , Germany
| | - Will J Brownlie
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology in Edinburgh , Penicuik , Midlothian , Scotland, U.K. EH26 0QB
| | - Sander Bruun
- University of Copenhagen , Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Morten L Christensen
- Aalborg University , Department of Chemistry and Bioscience , Frederiks Bajers Vej 7H , 9220 Aalborg , Denmark
| | - Dana Cordell
- University of Technology Sydney , Institute for Sustainable Futures , PO Box 123 Broadway New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Kimo van Dijk
- European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform , 8 Avenue du Dirgeable , 1170 Bruxelles , Belgium
| | - Sara Egemose
- University of Southern Denmark , Department of Biology , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Herbert Eigner
- AGRANA Research & Innovation Center GmbH , Josef Reitherstraße 21-23 , 3430 Tulln an der Donau , Austria
| | - Ronnie N Glud
- University of Southern Denmark , Department of Biology , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Outi Grönfors
- Kemira Oyj , R&D and Technology EMEA, Water treatment , Luoteisrinne 2 , FI-02270 Espoo , Finland
| | - Ludwig Hermann
- Proman Management GmbH , Weingartenstrasse 92 , 2214 Auersthal , Austria
| | - Sabine Houot
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research , INRA UMR, ECOSYS, Route de la Ferme , F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon , France
| | - Michael Hupfer
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries , Department of Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry , Müggelseedamm 301 , 12587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Brent Jacobs
- University of Technology Sydney , Institute for Sustainable Futures , PO Box 123 Broadway New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Leon Korving
- Wetsus , European centre of excellence for sustainable water technology , Oostergoweg 9 , 8911 MA Leeuwarden , The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Kjærgaard
- SEGES , Danish Agriculture & Food Council F.m.b.A. Nature and Environment , Agro Food Park 15 , 8200 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- University of Oulu , Fiber and Particle Engineering , Erkki Koiso-Kanttilankatu , Oulu 90014 , Finland
| | - Mark C M Van Loosdrecht
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Biotechnology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Katrina A Macintosh
- The Queen's University of Belfast , School of Biological Sciences and the Institute for Global Food Security , 19 Chlorine Gardens , Belfast , BT9 5DL , Northern Ireland
| | - Jakob Magid
- University of Copenhagen , Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Frederico Maia
- Smallmatek, Lda , Rua dos Canhas , 3810-075 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Julia Martin-Ortega
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , LS2 9JT Leeds , UK
| | - John McGrath
- The Queen's University of Belfast , School of Biological Sciences and the Institute for Global Food Security , 19 Chlorine Gardens , Belfast , BT9 5DL , Northern Ireland
| | - Roel Meulepas
- Wetsus , European centre of excellence for sustainable water technology , Oostergoweg 9 , 8911 MA Leeuwarden , The Netherlands
| | - Michael Murry
- NVP energy ltd , Galway Technology Center , Mervue Business Park , Mervue, Galway , Irland
| | - Tina-Simone Neset
- Linköping University , Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change , SE-58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Günter Neumann
- University of Hohenheim , Institute of Crop Science (340h) , Fruwirthstr. 20 , 70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ulla G Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Per H Nielsen
- Aalborg University , Department of Chemistry and Bioscience , Frederiks Bajers Vej 7H , 9220 Aalborg , Denmark
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , Ireland H91 TK33
| | - Haiyan Qu
- University of Southern Denmark , Department of Chemical engineering, Biotechnology- and Environmental Technology , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jakob Santner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , Institute of Agronomy , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24 , 3430 Tulln an der Donau , Vienna , Austria
| | - Verena Seufert
- VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies , De Boelelaan 1087 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Bryan Spears
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology in Edinburgh , Penicuik , Midlothian , Scotland, U.K. EH26 0QB
| | - Lindsay C Stringer
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , LS2 9JT Leeds , UK
| | - Marc Stutter
- The James Hutton Institute , Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group , Aberdeen , AB15 8QH , Scotland, U.K
| | - Peter H Verburg
- VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies , De Boelelaan 1087 , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Wilfert
- IPP-Kiel , Rendsburger Landstraße 196-198 , D-24113 Kiel , Germany
| | - Paul N Williams
- The Queen's University of Belfast , School of Biological Sciences and the Institute for Global Food Security , 19 Chlorine Gardens , Belfast , BT9 5DL , Northern Ireland
| | - Geneviève S Metson
- Linköping University , Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Fysikhuset, Rum 3D.306 SE-58183 Linköping , Sweden
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Tirronen E, Salmi T, Lehtonen J, Vuori A, Grönfors O, Kaljula K. Kinetics and Mass Transfer of Organic Liquid-Phase Reactions in the Presence of a Sparingly Soluble Solid Phase. Org Process Res Dev 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/op0000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esko Tirronen
- Kemira Agro Oy, Espoo Research Centre, P.O. BOX 44, FIN-22071 Espoo, Finland, Åbo Akademi, Process Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, FIN-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland, and Neste Engineering, P.O. BOX 310, FIN-06191, Porvoo, Finland
| | - Tapio Salmi
- Kemira Agro Oy, Espoo Research Centre, P.O. BOX 44, FIN-22071 Espoo, Finland, Åbo Akademi, Process Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, FIN-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland, and Neste Engineering, P.O. BOX 310, FIN-06191, Porvoo, Finland
| | - Juha Lehtonen
- Kemira Agro Oy, Espoo Research Centre, P.O. BOX 44, FIN-22071 Espoo, Finland, Åbo Akademi, Process Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, FIN-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland, and Neste Engineering, P.O. BOX 310, FIN-06191, Porvoo, Finland
| | - Antti Vuori
- Kemira Agro Oy, Espoo Research Centre, P.O. BOX 44, FIN-22071 Espoo, Finland, Åbo Akademi, Process Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, FIN-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland, and Neste Engineering, P.O. BOX 310, FIN-06191, Porvoo, Finland
| | - Outi Grönfors
- Kemira Agro Oy, Espoo Research Centre, P.O. BOX 44, FIN-22071 Espoo, Finland, Åbo Akademi, Process Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, FIN-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland, and Neste Engineering, P.O. BOX 310, FIN-06191, Porvoo, Finland
| | - Kai Kaljula
- Kemira Agro Oy, Espoo Research Centre, P.O. BOX 44, FIN-22071 Espoo, Finland, Åbo Akademi, Process Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, FIN-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland, and Neste Engineering, P.O. BOX 310, FIN-06191, Porvoo, Finland
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