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Blinova E, Samishina E, Deryabina O, Blinov D, Roshchin D, Shich E, Tumutolova O, Fedoseykin I, Epishkina A, Barakat H, Kaprin A, Zhandarov K, Perepechin D, Merinov D, Brykin G, Arutiunian K, Serebrianyi S, Mirontsev A, Kozdoba A. Expression of p53 Protein Associates with Anti-PD-L1 Treatment Response on Human-Derived Xenograft Model of GATA3/CR5/6-Negative Recurrent Nonmuscular Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9856. [PMID: 34576020 PMCID: PMC8465184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possible involvement of p53 signaling, FGFR3 expression, and FGFR3 mutation rates in the prediction of the NMIBC anti-PD-L1 treatment response needs to be clarified. The main aim of our study was to explore predictive value of p53 expression, FGFR3 expression, and its gene mutation status for the therapeutic success of anti-PD-L1 treatment in the patient-derived murine model of recurrent high-PD-L1(+) GATA3(-)/CR5/6(-) high-grade and low-grade NMIBC. METHODS twenty lines of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of relapsed high-PD-L1(+) double-negative NMIBC were developed, of which 10 lines represented high-grade tumors and the other ones-low-grade bladder cancer. Acceptors of each grade-related branch received specific anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Animals' survival, tumor-doubling time, and remote metastasis were followed during the post-interventional period. PD-L1, GATA3, CR5/6, and p53 protein expressions in engrafted tumors were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The FGFR3 expression and FGFR3 mutations in codons 248 and 249 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The expression of p53 protein is an independent factor affecting the animals' survival time [HR = 0.036, p = 0.031] of anti-PD-L1-treated mice with low-grade high-PD-L1(+) double-negative NMIBC PDX. The FGFR3 expression and FGFR3 mutation rate have no impact on the anti-PD-L1 treatment response in the interventional groups. CONCLUSIONS p53 expression may be considered as a prognostic factor for the anti-PD-L1 treatment efficacy of low-grade high-PD-L1-positive GATA3(-)/CR5/6(-)-relapsed noninvasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Blinova
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutic Technology, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (E.S.); (I.F.); (A.E.); (K.Z.); (G.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPHI, 31, Kashirskoe Highway, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Samishina
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, 23 Kirova Street, 142450 Staraja Kupavna, Russia;
| | - Olga Deryabina
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (O.D.); (O.T.)
| | - Dmitry Blinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, 23 Kirova Street, 142450 Staraja Kupavna, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Trials and Scientific Research, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1 Samory Mashela Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Roshchin
- Department of Oncological Urology, Russian National Research Medical Center of Radiology, Botkinsky Proezd, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (A.K.); (D.P.); (D.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Evgeniia Shich
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutic Technology, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (E.S.); (I.F.); (A.E.); (K.Z.); (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Oxana Tumutolova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (O.D.); (O.T.)
| | - Ilya Fedoseykin
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutic Technology, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (E.S.); (I.F.); (A.E.); (K.Z.); (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Epishkina
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutic Technology, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (E.S.); (I.F.); (A.E.); (K.Z.); (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Haydar Barakat
- Department of Propaedeutic of Dental Diseases, People’s Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey Kaprin
- Department of Oncological Urology, Russian National Research Medical Center of Radiology, Botkinsky Proezd, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (A.K.); (D.P.); (D.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Kirill Zhandarov
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutic Technology, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (E.S.); (I.F.); (A.E.); (K.Z.); (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Dmitrij Perepechin
- Department of Oncological Urology, Russian National Research Medical Center of Radiology, Botkinsky Proezd, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (A.K.); (D.P.); (D.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Dmitrij Merinov
- Department of Oncological Urology, Russian National Research Medical Center of Radiology, Botkinsky Proezd, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (A.K.); (D.P.); (D.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Gordey Brykin
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutic Technology, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (E.S.); (I.F.); (A.E.); (K.Z.); (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Karen Arutiunian
- Department of Urology, Andrology and Oncology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Stanislav Serebrianyi
- Department of Oncological Urology, Russian National Research Medical Center of Radiology, Botkinsky Proezd, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (A.K.); (D.P.); (D.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Artem Mirontsev
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutic Technology, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (E.S.); (I.F.); (A.E.); (K.Z.); (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrew Kozdoba
- Department of Urology, Andrology and Oncology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.); (A.K.)
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Blinova E, Pakhomov D, Shimanovsky D, Kilmyashkina M, Mazov Y, Demura T, Drozdov V, Blinov D, Deryabina O, Samishina E, Butenko A, Skachilova S, Sokolov A, Vasilkina O, Alkhatatneh BA, Vavilova O, Sukhov A, Shmatok D, Sorokvasha I, Tumutolova O, Lobanova E. Cerium-Containing N-Acetyl-6-Aminohexanoic Acid Formulation Accelerates Wound Reparation in Diabetic Animals. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060834. [PMID: 34205061 PMCID: PMC8230275 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The main goal of our study was to explore the wound-healing property of a novel cerium-containing N-acethyl-6-aminohexanoate acid compound and determine key molecular targets of the compound mode of action in diabetic animals. Methods: Cerium N-acetyl-6-aminohexanoate (laboratory name LHT-8-17) as a 10 mg/mL aquatic spray was used as wound experimental topical therapy. LHT-8-17 toxicity was assessed in human skin epidermal cell culture using (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A linear wound was reproduced in 18 outbred white rats with streptozotocin-induced (60 mg/kg i.p.) diabetes; planar cutaneous defect was modelled in 60 C57Bl6 mice with streptozotocin-induced (200 mg/kg i.p.) diabetes and 90 diabetic db/db mice. Firmness of the forming scar was assessed mechanically. Skin defect covering was histologically evaluated on days 5, 10, 15, and 20. Tissue TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 levels were determined by quantitative ELISA. Oxidative stress activity was detected by Fe-induced chemiluminescence. Ki-67 expression and CD34 cell positivity were assessed using immunohistochemistry. FGFR3 gene expression was detected by real-time PCR. LHT-8-17 anti-microbial potency was assessed in wound tissues contaminated by MRSA. Results: LHT-8-17 4 mg twice daily accelerated linear and planar wound healing in animals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The formulated topical application depressed tissue TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative reaction activity along with sustaining both the IL-10 concentration and antioxidant capacity. LHT-8-17 induced Ki-67 positivity of fibroblasts and pro-keratinocytes, upregulated FGFR3 gene expression, and increased tissue vascularization. The formulation possessed anti-microbial properties. Conclusions: The obtained results allow us to consider the formulation as a promising pharmacological agent for diabetic wound topical treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Topical
- Aminocaproates/administration & dosage
- Aminocaproates/metabolism
- Animals
- Cerium/administration & dosage
- Cerium/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Rats
- Wound Healing/drug effects
- Wound Healing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Blinova
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
- Department of Morphology, National Research Nuclear University MEPHI, 31 Kashirskoe Highway, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Pakhomov
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (D.P.); (M.K.); (O.D.); (O.V.); (B.A.A.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Denis Shimanovsky
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Marina Kilmyashkina
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (D.P.); (M.K.); (O.D.); (O.V.); (B.A.A.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Yan Mazov
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Tatiana Demura
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Vladimir Drozdov
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Dmitry Blinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, 23 Kirova Street, 142450 Staraya Kupavna, Russia; (E.S.); (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-927-197-1422
| | - Olga Deryabina
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (D.P.); (M.K.); (O.D.); (O.V.); (B.A.A.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Elena Samishina
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, 23 Kirova Street, 142450 Staraya Kupavna, Russia; (E.S.); (S.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Butenko
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Sofia Skachilova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, 23 Kirova Street, 142450 Staraya Kupavna, Russia; (E.S.); (S.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Alexey Sokolov
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Olga Vasilkina
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (D.P.); (M.K.); (O.D.); (O.V.); (B.A.A.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Bashar A. Alkhatatneh
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (D.P.); (M.K.); (O.D.); (O.V.); (B.A.A.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Olga Vavilova
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrey Sukhov
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8/1 Trubetzkaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.S.); (Y.M.); (T.D.); (V.D.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (O.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniil Shmatok
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (D.P.); (M.K.); (O.D.); (O.V.); (B.A.A.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Ilya Sorokvasha
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, 23 Kirova Street, 142450 Staraya Kupavna, Russia; (E.S.); (S.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Oxana Tumutolova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevistskaya Street, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (D.P.); (M.K.); (O.D.); (O.V.); (B.A.A.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Elena Lobanova
- Department of Pharmacology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 20/1 Delegatskaya Street, 127473 Moscow, Russia;
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Blinova E, Buzdin A, Enikeev D, Roshchin D, Suntsova M, Samyshina E, Drobyshev A, Deryabina O, Demura T, Blinov D, Shich E, Barakat H, Borger P, Merinov D, Kachmazov A, Serebrianyi S, Tumutolova O, Potoldykova N, Zhdanov P, Grigoryan V, Perepechin D. Prognostic Role of FGFR3 Expression Status and Tumor-Related MicroRNAs Level in Association with PD-L1 Expression in Primary Luminal Non-Muscular Invasive Bladder Carcinoma. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110305. [PMID: 33238591 PMCID: PMC7700587 DOI: 10.3390/life10110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND bladder cancer is one of the most common urinary tract malignancies. Establishment of robust predictors of disease progression and outcome is important for personalizing treatment of non-muscular invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC). In this study we evaluated association of PD-L1 expression with other prognostic biomarkers, such as expression of miRNA-145 and miRNA-200a, FGFR3 gene expression, and mutation status in tissue specimens of the luminal subtype of newly diagnosed high and low grade NMIBC. METHODS twenty patients with primary luminal NMIBC were enrolled in the study. Tumor grade and risk level were determined in accordance with European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) guidelines and World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Neoplasm molecular subtype and PD-L1 expression level were assessed by immunohistochemistry. We used real-time PCR to evaluate the expression of microRNAs and FGFR3. We detected FGFR3 hotspot mutations in codons 248 and 249 by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS high grade primary luminal NMIBC showed comparatively higher expression of PD-L1 and microRNA-145 than a low grade tumor, whereas the latter had a higher FGFR3 expression and hotspot mutation rate. The tumor grade (HR = 571.72 [11.03-2.96] p = 0.002), PD-L1 expression (HR = 2.33 [0.92-1.92] p = 0.012), and FGFR3 expression (HR = 0.08 [0.17-0.42] p = 0.003) were associated with relapse-free survival. CONCLUSIONS tumor grade in association with PD-L1 and FGFR3 expression can be considered as a complex predictor for primary luminal NMIBC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Blinova
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.E.); (T.D.); (E.S.); (N.P.); (P.Z.); (V.G.)
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.D.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Enikeev
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.E.); (T.D.); (E.S.); (N.P.); (P.Z.); (V.G.)
| | - Dmitry Roshchin
- Russian National Research Center of Radiology, Department of Oncological Urology, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (D.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Maria Suntsova
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Elena Samyshina
- All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, 142450 Staraja Kupavna, Russia;
| | - Aleksey Drobyshev
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Deryabina
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (O.D.); (O.T.)
| | - Tatiana Demura
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.E.); (T.D.); (E.S.); (N.P.); (P.Z.); (V.G.)
| | - Dmitry Blinov
- All-Union Research Center for Biological Active Compounds Safety, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Design, 142450 Staraja Kupavna, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-927-197-1422
| | - Evgenia Shich
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.E.); (T.D.); (E.S.); (N.P.); (P.Z.); (V.G.)
| | - Haydar Barakat
- Department of Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, People’s Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pieter Borger
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Dmitrij Merinov
- Russian National Research Center of Radiology, Department of Oncological Urology, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (D.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Aleksandr Kachmazov
- Russian National Research Center of Radiology, Department of Oncological Urology, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (D.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Stanislav Serebrianyi
- Russian National Research Center of Radiology, Department of Oncological Urology, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (D.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Oxana Tumutolova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (O.D.); (O.T.)
| | - Natalia Potoldykova
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.E.); (T.D.); (E.S.); (N.P.); (P.Z.); (V.G.)
| | - Pavel Zhdanov
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.E.); (T.D.); (E.S.); (N.P.); (P.Z.); (V.G.)
| | - Vagarshak Grigoryan
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.E.); (T.D.); (E.S.); (N.P.); (P.Z.); (V.G.)
| | - Dmitrij Perepechin
- Russian National Research Center of Radiology, Department of Oncological Urology, 125284 Moscow, Russia; (D.R.); (D.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (D.P.)
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