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Sanz Diez P, Gisbert S, Bosco A, Fattori P, Wahl S. Biases in the spectral amplitude distribution of a natural scene modulate horizontal size perception. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1247687. [PMID: 38125858 PMCID: PMC10731976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1247687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Visual perception is a complex process that involves the analysis of different spatial and temporal features of the visual environment. One critical aspect of this process is adaptation, which allows the visual system to adjust its sensitivity to specific features based on the context of the environment. Numerous theories highlight the significance of the visual scene and its spectral properties in perceptual and adaptation mechanisms. For example, size perception is known to be influenced by the spatial frequency content of the visual scene. Nonetheless, several inquiries still exist, including how specific spectral properties of the scene play a role in size perception and adaptation mechanisms. Methods In this study, we explore aftereffects on size perception following adaptation to a natural scene with a biased spectral amplitude distribution. Twenty participants had to manually estimate the horizontal size of a projected rectangle after adaptation to three visually biased conditions: vertical-biased, non-biased, and horizontal-biased. Size adaptation aftereffects were quantified by comparing the perceptual responses from the non-biased condition with the vertical- and horizontal-biased conditions. Results We found size perception shifts which were contingent upon the specific orientation and spatial frequency distribution inherent in the amplitude spectra of the adaptation stimuli. Particularly, adaptation to vertical-biased produced a horizontal enlargement, while adaptation to horizontal-biased generated a decrease in the horizontal size perception of the rectangle. On average, size perception was modulated by 5-6%. Discussion These findings provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis that the neural mechanisms responsible for processing spatial frequency channels are involved in the encoding and perception of size information. The implications for neural mechanisms underlying spatial frequency and size information encoding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Sandra Gisbert
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Annalisa Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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Sanz Diez P, Ohlendorf A, Barraza-Bernal MJ, Kratzer T, Wahl S. Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related home confinement on the refractive error of school-aged children in Germany: a cross-sectional study based on data from 414 eye care professional centres. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071833. [PMID: 37989374 PMCID: PMC10668271 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at evaluating refractive changes in German school-aged children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING 414 eye care professional centres from Germany. PARTICIPANTS Refractive data from 59 926 German children aged 6-15 years were examined over a 7-year period (2015-2021). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Spherical equivalent refraction was assessed as a function of year, age and gender. The refractive values concerning 2020 and 2021 were compared with those assigned to prior years (2015-2019). RESULTS The refractive data associated with 2020 and 2021 showed a myopic refractive shift of approximately -0.20D compared with the 2015-2019 range. The refractive change was statistically considerable in the 6 to 11-year range (p<0.05), while from 12 to 15 years was negligible (p≥0.10). Percentage of myopes was also impacted in 2021 (p=0.002), but not in 2020 (p=0.25). From 6 to 11 years, the percentage of myopes in 2021 increased significantly by 6.02% compared with the 2015-2019 range (p≤0.04). The highest percentage increase occurred at 8 and 10 years of age, showing a rise of 7.42% (p=0.002) and 6.62% (p=0.005), respectively. From 12 to 15 years, there was no significant increase in the percentage of myopes in 2021 (p≥0.09). Percentage of myopes in 2020 was not influenced at any age (p≥0.06). CONCLUSION Disruption of normal lifestyle due to pandemic-related home confinement appears to lead to a myopic refractive shift in children aged 6-11 years in Germany. The greater effect observed at younger ages seems to emphasise the importance of refractive development in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Technology and Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Technology and Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | | | - Timo Kratzer
- Technology and Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Technology and Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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Barraza-Bernal MJ, Ohlendorf A, Sanz Diez P, Feng X, Yang LH, Lu MX, Wahl S, Kratzer T. Prediction of refractive error and its progression: a machine learning-based algorithm. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2023; 8:e001298. [PMID: 37793703 PMCID: PMC10551949 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myopia is the refractive error that shows the highest prevalence for younger ages in Southeast Asia and its projection over the next decades indicates that this situation will worsen. Nowadays, several management solutions are being applied to help fight its onset and development, nonetheless, the applications of these techniques depend on a clear and reliable assessment of risk to develop myopia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this study, population-based data of Chinese children were used to develop a machine learning-based algorithm that enables the risk assessment of myopia's onset and development. Cross-sectional data of 12 780 kids together with longitudinal data of 226 kids containing age, gender, biometry and refractive parameters were used for the development of the models. RESULTS A combination of support vector regression and Gaussian process regression resulted in the best performing algorithm. The Pearson correlation coefficient between prediction and measured data was 0.77, whereas the bias was -0.05 D and the limits of agreement was 0.85 D (95% CI: -0.91 to 0.80D). DISCUSSION The developed algorithm uses accessible inputs to provide an estimate of refractive development and may serve as guide for the eye care professional to help determine the individual best strategy for management of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Technology and Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | | | - Xiancai Feng
- Myopia Prevention and Management, Carl Zeiss Shanghai Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Xia Lu
- Wuhan Commission of Experts for the Prevention and Control of Adolescent Poor Vision, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Timo Kratzer
- Technology and Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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Bosco A, Sanz Diez P, Filippini M, Fattori P. The influence of action on perception spans different effectors. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1145643. [PMID: 37205054 PMCID: PMC10185787 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1145643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception and action are fundamental processes that characterize our life and our possibility to modify the world around us. Several pieces of evidence have shown an intimate and reciprocal interaction between perception and action, leading us to believe that these processes rely on a common set of representations. The present review focuses on one particular aspect of this interaction: the influence of action on perception from a motor effector perspective during two phases, action planning and the phase following execution of the action. The movements performed by eyes, hands, and legs have a different impact on object and space perception; studies that use different approaches and paradigms have formed an interesting general picture that demonstrates the existence of an action effect on perception, before as well as after its execution. Although the mechanisms of this effect are still being debated, different studies have demonstrated that most of the time this effect pragmatically shapes and primes perception of relevant features of the object or environment which calls for action; at other times it improves our perception through motor experience and learning. Finally, a future perspective is provided, in which we suggest that these mechanisms can be exploited to increase trust in artificial intelligence systems that are able to interact with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Annalisa Bosco
| | - Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tüebingen, Tüebingen, Germany
| | - Matteo Filippini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Sanz Diez P, Yang LH, Lu MX, Kiess W, Wahl S. LMS parameters, percentile, and Z-score growth curves for axial length in Chinese schoolchildren in Wuhan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4850. [PMID: 35318391 PMCID: PMC8941183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ocular structural changes are fundamental to defining strategies for myopia prevention and management. This study aimed to establish age-gender specific normative LMS parameters for axial length to generate percentile and Z-score growth curves in a population of Chinese schoolchildren. A total of 14,760 individuals aged 6 to 15 years from Wuhan, central China, contributed to this study. The LMS method was used for the calculation of LMS parameters and the generation of percentile and Z-score growth curves for axial length. Growth curves derived from the LMS parameters were compared with those originally calculated. Axial elongation was age- and percentile-dependent. The highest elongation rate occurred at the 98th percentile in the range 6 to 9 years, being up to 1.46 mm in boys and 1.42 mm in girls. The largest differences between original and newly generated growth curves were detected at the 98th percentile at age 15; 0.78 mm (females) and 0.63 mm (males). Multinomial logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed Z-scores as a good predictor for estimating high myopia development. The axial length growth curves presented in this study provide a technically solid instrument that depicts the best description of physiological eye growth for Chinese schoolchildren aged 6 to 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstrasse 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany.
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Xia Lu
- Wuhan Commission of Experts for the Prevention and Control of Adolescent Poor Vision, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstrasse 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany
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Sanz Diez P, Bosco A, Fattori P, Wahl S. Horizontal target size perturbations during grasping movements are described by subsequent size perception and saccade amplitude. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264560. [PMID: 35290373 PMCID: PMC8923441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception and action are essential in our day-to-day interactions with the environment. Despite the dual-stream theory of action and perception, it is now accepted that action and perception processes interact with each other. However, little is known about the impact of unpredicted changes of target size during grasping actions on perception. We assessed whether size perception and saccade amplitude were affected before and after grasping a target that changed its horizontal size during the action execution under the presence or absence of tactile feedback. We have tested twenty-one participants in 4 blocks of 30 trials. Blocks were divided into two experimental tactile feedback paradigms: tactile and non-tactile. Trials consisted of 3 sequential phases: pre-grasping size perception, grasping, and post-grasping size perception. During pre- and post-phases, participants executed a saccade towards a horizontal bar and performed a manual size estimation of the bar size. During grasping phase, participants were asked to execute a saccade towards the bar and to make a grasping action towards the screen. While grasping, 3 horizontal size perturbation conditions were applied: non-perturbation, shortening, and lengthening. 30% of the trials presented perturbation, meaning a symmetrically shortened or lengthened by 33% of the original size. Participants’ hand and eye positions were assessed by a motion capture system and a mobile eye-tracker, respectively. After grasping, in both tactile and non-tactile feedback paradigms, size estimation was significantly reduced in lengthening (p = 0.002) and non-perturbation (p<0.001), whereas shortening did not induce significant adjustments (p = 0.86). After grasping, saccade amplitude became significantly longer in shortening (p<0.001) and significantly shorter in lengthening (p<0.001). Non-perturbation condition did not display adjustments (p = 0.95). Tactile feedback did not generate changes in the collected perceptual responses, but horizontal size perturbations did so, suggesting that all relevant target information used in the movement can be extracted from the post-action target perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (PSD); (AB)
| | - Annalisa Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail: (PSD); (AB)
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Sanz Diez P, Bosco A, Fattori P, Wahl S. Motor adaptations for object size perception and grasping. J Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.9.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen
| | - Annalisa Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen
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Truckenbrod C, Meigen C, Brandt M, Vogel M, Sanz Diez P, Wahl S, Jurkutat A, Kiess W. Longitudinal analysis of axial length growth in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:532-540. [PMID: 33792977 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To generate continuous growth curves for axial length (AL) in German children. We hypothesise that percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure of myopia. METHODS In this longitudinal and cross-sectional LIFE Child Study, children's non-cycloplegic refraction data was collected using the Zeiss i.Profiler plus while AL was measured using the Haag-Streit Lenstar. Reference growth curves were estimated as a continuous non-parametric function of age. RESULTS Data from 4511 visits of 1965 participants (1021 boys and 944 girls) between 3 and 18 years of age were analysed. For all ages and percentiles, the estimated AL was higher in boys than girls. AL differences between boys and girls were most pronounced in the 98th percentile at 3 years of age, being 0.93 mm longer eyes in boys. This difference decreased to 0.21 mm at 18 years of age. While the lower percentiles of AL reach their final value around age 13, the 50th percentile was still increasing by 0.05 mm per year until the end of the observation period. While, in general, children with longer eyes are more likely to develop myopia, this relationship is weaker between the ages of 5 and 8. CONCLUSION The LIFE Child Study data provides European AL data. In both Germany and China, AL has comparable growth rates when the baseline ALs are compared as percentiles. Thus, percentile curves of AL can be used as a predictive measure for the likelihood of developing as well as the progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Truckenbrod
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christof Meigen
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Brandt
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pablo Sanz Diez
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Anne Jurkutat
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Sanz Diez P, Ohlendorf A, Schaeffel F, Wahl S. Effect of spatial filtering on accommodation. Vision Res 2019; 164:62-68. [PMID: 31356834 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new method that uses natural images to investigate the influence of their spatial frequency content on the accommodation response (AR). Furthermore, the minimum spatial frequency content was determined that was necessary to induce an AR. Blur of the images was manipulated digitally in the Fourier domain by filtering with a Sinc function. Fourteen young subjects participated in the experiment. A 2-step procedure was used: (1) verifying that a high amount of Sinc-blur does not evoke accommodation, (2) increasing the width of the Sinc-blur filter in logarithmic steps until an AR was evoked. AR was continuously monitored using eccentric infrared photorefraction at 60 Hz sampling rate under monocular viewing conditions. Under condition (1), Sinc-blur of λ = 1 cpd did not evoke accommodation, while under condition (2) an average (mean ± standard deviation) Sinc-blur of λ = 5.57 ± 4.67 cpd (median: 4 cpd, interquartile range: 2-7 cpd) evoked accommodation. Dividing the subjects into myopes and emmetropes revealed that the myopic group required higher amounts of λ (higher spatial frequencies) to stimulate their accommodation (mean λ = 9.33 ± 4.99 cpd, for myopes; and mean λ = 2.75 ± 0.97 cpd, for emmetropes). Our results support the notion that the AR is most effectively stimulated at mid-spatial frequencies and that myopes may require higher spatial frequencies to elicit a comparable AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Sanz Diez P, Wahl S, Ohlendorf A. The standardized definition of high myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1807-1808. [PMID: 31203519 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology & Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany.
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology & Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology & Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Sanz Diez P, Yang LH, Lu MX, Wahl S, Ohlendorf A. Growth curves of myopia-related parameters to clinically monitor the refractive development in Chinese schoolchildren. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1045-1053. [PMID: 30903312 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To produce a clinical model for the prediction of myopia development based on the creation of percentile curves of axial length in school-aged children from Wuhan in central China. METHODS Data of 12,554 children (6054 girls and 6500 boys) were collected and analyzed for the generation of the axial length growth curves. A second data set with 226 children and three yearly successive measurements was used to verify the predictive power of the axial length growth percentile curves. Percentile curves were calculated for both gender groups and four age groups (6, 9, 12, and 15 years). The second data set was used to verify the efficacy of identifying the refractive error of the children using the axial length curves, based on their spherical refractive error from the third visit. RESULTS From 6 to 15 years of age, all percentiles showed a growth trend in axial length, except for the percentiles below the first quartile, which appear to stabilize after the age of 12 (- 0.10; 95%CI, - 0.36-0.16; P = 0.23 for girls; - 0.16; 95%CI, - 0.70-0.39; P = 0.34 for boys); however, the growth continued for the remaining 75% of cases. The second data set showed that the likelihood of suffering high myopia (spherical refractive error ≤- 5.00D) during adolescent years increased when axial length values were above the first quartile, for both genders. CONCLUSIONS The data from the current study provide a tool to observe the annual growth rates of axial length and can be considered as an approach to predict the refractive development at school ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany. .,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Mei-Xia Lu
- Wuhan Commission of Experts for the Prevention and Control of Adolescent Poor Vision, Wuhan, 430015, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology and Innovation, Turnstraße 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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