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Lynn JV, Hespe GE, Akhter MF, David CM, Kung TA, Myers PL. Cross-Sectional Analysis of Insurance Coverage for Lymphedema Treatments in the United States. JAMA Surg 2023; 158:920-926. [PMID: 37285151 PMCID: PMC10248808 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Importance Lymphedema is a debilitating condition that affects approximately 1 in 1000 individuals in the United States. Complete decongestive therapy is currently the standard of care, and innovative surgical techniques have demonstrated potential to further improve outcomes. Despite the growing armamentarium of treatment options, a large proportion of patients with lymphedema continue to struggle because of limited access to care. Objective To define the current state of insurance coverage for lymphedema treatments in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional analysis of insurance reimbursement for lymphedema treatments in 2022 was designed. The top 3 insurance companies per state based on market share and enrollment data maintained by the Kaiser Family Foundation were included. Established medical policies were gathered from insurance company websites and phone interviews, and descriptive statistics were performed. Main Outcomes and Measures Treatments of interest included nonprogrammable pneumatic compression, programmable pneumatic compression, surgical debulking, and physiologic procedures. Primary outcomes included level of coverage and criteria for coverage. Results This study included 67 health insurance companies representing 88.7% of the US market share. Most insurance companies offered coverage for nonprogrammable (n = 55, 82.1%) and programmable (n = 53, 79.1%) pneumatic compression. However, few insurance companies offered coverage for debulking (n = 13, 19.4%) or physiologic (n = 5, 7.5%) procedures. Geographically, the lowest rates of coverage were seen in the West, Southwest, and Southeast. Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that in the United States, less than 12% of individuals with health insurance, and even fewer patients without health insurance, have access to pneumatic compression and surgical treatments for lymphedema. The stark inadequacy of insurance coverage must be addressed through research and lobbying efforts to mitigate health disparities and promote health equity among patients with lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V. Lynn
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | | | | - Paige L. Myers
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Benedict MD, Hespe GE, Kumar NG, Xi AS, Myers PL, Sears ED. The Impact of Social Media on Applicants' Perceptions of Plastic Surgery Training Programs. J Surg Educ 2023; 80:1179-1187. [PMID: 37349155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given recent COVID-19 restrictions on in-person visiting subinternships and interviews, this study sought to evaluate the program information that was most influential to future plastic surgery applicants as they researched residency programs on social media. DESIGN AND SETTING An electronic survey targeting medical students interested in plastic surgery was deployed to assess the importance of various information sources in forming perceptions of residency programs. Applicants were invited to participate through an Instagram "Story" (where the survey was embedded) and through an electronic survey link sent via email to interested program applicants and interviewees. PARTICIPANTS AND RESULTS There were 83 respondents, among which 92% were current medical students planning to apply to Plastic Surgery. The most utilized resources that informed program interest were: mentors (86%), peers/partners (60%), and geographic location preference (55%). Among social media content, applicants most desired posts about resident life (66%) and team bonding activities (61%). Overall, 72% of respondents agreed/strongly agreed that social media played a role in informing their interest to apply to a specific residency program. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that prospective plastic surgery applicants expect programs to have a social media presence, and thus, programs should invest time and thought in their social media strategy. While electronic sources are not the most important sources of information rated among applicants, social media plays an influential role in guiding interest in specific programs. To best inform applicant perspectives during the recruiting process, programs should prioritize content that gives a picture of "resident life" and team dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey E Hespe
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nishant G Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amanda S Xi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paige L Myers
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Erika D Sears
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Myers PL, Chung KC. Role of Health Equity Research and Policy for Diverse Populations Requiring Hand Surgery Care. Hand Clin 2023; 39:17-24. [PMID: 36402522 DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Health equity requires allocation of resources to eliminate the systematic disparities in health, imposed on marginalized groups, which adversely impact outcomes. A socioecological approach is implemented to elucidate the role of health equity research and policy for underrepresented minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Through investigation of the individual, community, institution, and public policy, we investigate problems and propose solutions to ensure fair and just treatment of all patients requiring hand surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L Myers
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2130 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kevin C Chung
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2130 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Santosa KB, Wang CS, Hu HM, Mullen CR, Brummett CM, Englesbe MJ, Bicket MC, Myers PL, Waljee JF. Opioid Coprescribing with Sedatives after Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 150:1224e-1235e. [PMID: 36103669 PMCID: PMC9712174 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle relaxants and benzodiazepines are thought to mitigate against postoperative muscle contraction. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration warn against coprescribing them with opioids because of increased risks of overdose and death. The authors evaluated the frequency of coprescribing of opioids with skeletal muscle relaxants or benzodiazepines after implant-based reconstruction. METHODS The authors examined health care claims to identify women (18 to 64 years old) who underwent implant-based breast reconstruction between January of 2008 and June of 2019 to determine the frequency of coprescribing, factors associated with coprescribing opioids and skeletal muscle relaxants or benzodiazepines, and the impact on opioid refills within 90 days of reconstruction. RESULTS A total of 86.7 percent of women ( n = 7574) who had implant-based breast reconstruction filled an opioid prescription perioperatively. Of these, 27.7 percent of women filled prescriptions for opioids and benzodiazepines, 14.4 percent for opioids and skeletal muscle relaxants, and 2.4 percent for opioids, benzodiazepines, and skeletal muscle relaxants. Risk factors for coprescribing opioids and benzodiazepines included use of acellular dermal matrix, immediate reconstruction, and history of anxiety. Women who filled prescriptions for opioids and skeletal muscle relaxants, opioids and benzodiazepines, and opioids with skeletal muscle relaxants and benzodiazepines were significantly more likely to refill opioid prescriptions, even when controlling for preoperative opioid exposure. CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of women filled an opioid prescription with a benzodiazepine, skeletal muscle relaxant, or both after implant-based breast reconstruction. Coprescribing of opioids with skeletal muscle relaxants may potentiate opioid use after surgery and should be avoided given the risks of sedation. Identifying strategies that avoid sedatives to manage pain after breast reconstruction is critical to mitigate high-risk prescribing practices. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B. Santosa
- House Officer, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine S. Wang
- House Officer, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hsou-Mei Hu
- Analyst, Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network (Michigan OPEN), University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Connor R. Mullen
- House Officer, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chad M. Brummett
- Professor, Division of Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael J. Englesbe
- Professor of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark C. Bicket
- Assistant Professor, Division of Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paige L. Myers
- Assistant Professor, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer F. Waljee
- Associate Professor, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System; 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Nelson JA, Shamsunder MG, Myers PL, Polanco TO, Coriddi MR, McCarthy CM, Matros E, Dayan JH, Disa JJ, Mehrara BJ, Pusic AL, Allen RJ. Matched Preliminary Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes following Autologous and Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:5266-5275. [PMID: 35366702 PMCID: PMC9253052 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-11504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparisons of autologous breast reconstruction (ABR) and implant-based breast reconstruction (IBR) involve unavoidable confounders, which are often adjusted for in post hoc regression analyses. This study compared patient-reported outcomes between ABR patients and IBR patients by using propensity score matching to control for confounding variables upfront. METHODS Propensity score matching analysis (2:1 nearest-neighbor matching with replacement) was performed for patients who underwent ABR or IBR without radiotherapy. Matched covariates included age, body mass index, history of psychiatric diagnosis, race-ethnicity, smoking status, and laterality of reconstruction. Outcomes of interest were BREAST-Q questionnaire scores for breast satisfaction and well-being. RESULTS Of the 2334 patients identified, 427 were included in the final analysis: 159 who underwent ABR and 268 who underwent IBR. The ABR group matched the IBR group in the selected characteristics. ABR patients did not differ significantly from IBR patients in breast satisfaction or well-being at either 1 or 2 years after reconstructive surgery. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary analysis of immediate breast reconstruction patients not requiring radiation therapy with similar propensities for ABR or IBR suggests comparable levels of breast satisfaction and well-being within 2 years after reconstructive surgery. Further research is needed with larger sample sizes, statistical power, and follow-up to better understand patient reported outcomes in this population, as the current findings differ from studies where patients were not matched on baseline characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas A Nelson
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Meghana G Shamsunder
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paige L Myers
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thais O Polanco
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle R Coriddi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colleen M McCarthy
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan Matros
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph H Dayan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph J Disa
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea L Pusic
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Allen
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Nelson JA, Shamsunder MG, Myers PL, Polanco TO, Coriddi MR, McCarthy CM, Matros E, Dayan JH, Disa JJ, Mehrara BJ, Pusic AL, Allen RJ. A Matched Preliminary Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes After Autologous and Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:5278-5279. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-11569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
The gold standard for autologous reconstruction in the post-mastectomy patient remains the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, although many women may not be candidates for abdominally based free tissue transfer. In this scenario, there are several other donor site options based from the thigh (transverse and diagonal upper gracilis flaps, profunda artery perforator flap, lateral thigh flap) and trunk (lumbar artery perforator flap, superior and inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps). This study will review the history, relevant anatomy, surgical technique and outcomes for alternative flaps in autologous reconstruction. Additionally, preoperative imaging (CTA, MRA) and novel applications (stacking flaps, neurotization) in breast reconstructive microsurgery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L Myers
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonas A Nelson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Allen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Brown RD, Myers PL, Smith HM, Khouri JS, Fink JA. The Index Finger Metacarpal Tubercle. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online 2020; 2:150-154. [PMID: 35415489 PMCID: PMC8991432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The region of the index finger metacarpophalangeal joint is a common source of hand pain with variable, well-known etiologies. We have identified the tubercle at the dorsoradial neck of the index finger metacarpal as a distinct and specific site of pain in a subset of patients who presented with a chief report of index finger pain. Although experienced hand surgeons may recognize this clinical entity, we found no previous description within the literature. Methods After institutional review board approval, we performed a retrospective review of all patients presenting to a single surgeon practice with severe pain at the dorsoradial tubercle of the index finger metacarpal unattributable to known etiologies. Patients underwent initial management of steroid injection followed by surgical excision if conservative measures failed. Results Steroid injection was administered as initial management in 9 of 10 afflicted hands. Five of these hands experienced complete resolution of pain at 4 weeks after injection whereas 4 developed recurrence at an average of 3 months after injection. Among patients with recurrence, one patient opted for a second injection that led to pain resolution 4 weeks later, whereas the remaining 3 hands had surgical excision. All patients who underwent surgical excision reported minimal discomfort and marked improvement in pain after surgery. Conclusions We identified the tubercle at the dorsoradial neck of the index finger metacarpal as a distinct and specific site of pain in a subset of patients. We postulate that the pathophysiology of pain at the prominent index finger metacarpal tubercle may be related to a subacute radial collateral ligament injury. Steroid injection to the tubercle is a reasonable initial treatment option and satisfactory results may also be obtained with surgical excision. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D. Brown
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Corresponding author: Ronald D. Brown, MD, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 661, Rochester, NY 14642.
| | - Paige L. Myers
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hannah M. Smith
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Joseph S. Khouri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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Myers PL, Park RH, Sherina V, Bossert RP. Knowledge is power: Providing previsit insurance coverage information of body contouring procedures to improve understanding and satisfaction in the massive weight loss patient. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 73:571-575. [PMID: 31796263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because of the prevalence of obesity worldwide, the rates of bariatric surgery are increasing. Bariatric surgery is covered by insurance; however, often, a surgery to correct massive weight loss surgeries is not covered despite patient perception. METHODS One hundred patients were identified by their initial visit to the institutional Life After Weight Loss center. Fifty of them were randomized into receiving previsit educational materials about their individual insurance plans. All the patients were surveyed to assess whether this education improved their understanding and overall consultation experience. RESULTS Although a majority of patients believed "panniculectomy" would be covered by insurance, most subjects overestimated insurance coverage for other procedures. Nearly all respondents (93.8%) agreed that previsit educational material improved their understanding and the satisfaction of the visit. CONCLUSION Many patients believe body contouring procedures to be covered by insurance, although most are not. By providing patients with their individualized insurance plans, patients report improved understanding and overall satisfaction with the consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L Myers
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14642, United States
| | - Rachel H Park
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14642, United States
| | - Valeriia Sherina
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, United States
| | - Ronald P Bossert
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14642, United States.
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11
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Park RH, Myers PL, Langstein HN. Beliefs and trends of aesthetic surgery in South Korean young adults. Arch Plast Surg 2019; 46:612-616. [PMID: 31079443 PMCID: PMC6882691 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2018.01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Park
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paige L. Myers
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Howard N. Langstein
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Myers PL, Bossert RP. Arm Contouring in the Massive-Weight-Loss Patient. Clin Plast Surg 2018; 46:85-90. [PMID: 30447832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Brachioplasty is an increasingly popular procedure performed for improved arm contour in the massive-weight-loss population. There are challenging deformities presented in this population, such as redundant skin, posterior arm lipodystrophy, and loosening of fascial layers of the upper arm and chest wall that must be addressed to achieve successful contour of the arms. Common complications can be minimized with meticulous technique and knowledge of surgical anatomy. Additionally, brachioplasty can be combined with liposuction of the posterior arm as a safe and effective method for arm contouring without a higher risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L Myers
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 661, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ronald P Bossert
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 661, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abstract
Lumbar hernias are rare occurrences, with only 300 cases reported in the literature. We present a unique case of a superior lumbar hernia secondary to penetrating trauma to the right flank. We performed a herniorrhaphy using porcine mesh, and provided additional support by mobilizing the external oblique and latissimus dorsi into the defect. At follow up three months after repair, the patient was asymptomatic and exam revealed an intact lumbar abdominal wall with normal contour. Although literature displays a consensus on the need for lumbar hernia repair, specific repair techniques must be tailored to defect etiology, size, location, and contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena J Day
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Paige L Myers
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
| | - Derek E Bell
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
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Storer R, Ashton CJ, Baxter AD, Hann MM, Marr CL, Mason AM, Mo CL, Myers PL, Noble SA, Penn CR, Weir NG, Woods JM, Coe PL. The synthesis and antiviral activity of 4-fluoro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide. Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999; 18:203-16. [PMID: 10067273 DOI: 10.1080/15257779908043068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluoropyrazole ribonucleoside has been shown to have significant anti-influenza activity in vitro. The compound is compared and contrasted with the structurally-related compound ribavirin in attempts to identify factors having significant bearing on the mode of action of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Storer
- GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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Abstract
Over the next decade, the impact of library synthesis will play a major role in shortening the lead optimization phase of drug discovery. The prognosis for combinatorial chemistry to discover fundamentally different new classes of therapeutically active small molecules against some of the more difficult biological targets is less certain. Expectations are high because the technology potentially allows us to sample available drug space by synthesizing all possible small molecule ligands (variously estimated to be between 10(30)-10(50) compounds). Some caution is advised, however, since, despite recent increases in high-throughput screening of substantially greater numbers of synthetic compounds and natural products, we are not routinely finding a plethora of new structures. The outcome may be that combinational chemistry offers us the ability to work faster on finding ligands for well-established tractable targets, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels or proteases, rather than, say, the more complex protein-protein interactions which from the majority of targets in signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Myers
- CombiChem, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Willson TM, Henke BR, Momtahen TM, Myers PL, Sugg EE, Unwalla RJ, Croom DK, Dougherty RW, Grizzle MK, Johnson MF, Queen KL, Rimele TJ, Yingling JD, James MK. 3-[2-(N-phenylacetamide)]-1,5-benzodiazepines: orally active, binding selective CCK-A agonists. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3030-4. [PMID: 8709137 DOI: 10.1021/jm960205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of modifications were made to the C-3 substituent of the 1,5-benzodiazepine CCK-A agonist 1. Replacement of the inner urea NH and addition of a methyl group to generate a C-3 quaternary carbon resulted in acetamide 6, which showed CCK-A receptor binding selectivity and sub-micromolar agonist activity in vitro. Benzodiazepine 6 was active in an in vivo mouse gallbladder emptying assay and represents a novel orally active, binding selective CCK-A agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Willson
- Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Cheng S, Tarby CM, Comer DD, Williams JP, Caporale LH, Myers PL, Boger DL. A solution-phase strategy for the synthesis of chemical libraries containing small organic molecules: a universal and dipeptide mimetic template. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:727-37. [PMID: 8804539 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(96)00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A general approach to the solution phase, parallel synthesis of chemical libraries, which allows the preparation of multi-milligram quantities of each individual member, is exemplified with both a universal and dipeptide mimetic template. In each step of the sequence, the reactants, unreacted starting material, reagents and their byproducts are removed by simple liquid/ liquid or liquid/solid extractions providing the desired intermediates and final compounds in high purities (> or = 90-100%) independent of the reaction yields and without deliberate reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cheng
- CombiChem, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Luzzio MJ, Besterman JM, Emerson DL, Evans MG, Lackey K, Leitner PL, McIntyre G, Morton B, Myers PL, Peel M. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel water soluble derivatives of camptothecin as specific inhibitors of topoisomerase I. J Med Chem 1995; 38:395-401. [PMID: 7853331 DOI: 10.1021/jm00003a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and antitumor activities of the novel water soluble camptothecin derivatives 7-[(4-methylpiperazino)methyl]-10,11-(methylenedioxy)-(20S)-campto thecin trifluoroacetate (6) and 7-[(4-methylpiperazino)methyl]-10,11-(ethylenedioxy)-(20S)-camptot hecin trifluoroacetate (7) are described. The solubilities of compounds 6 and 7 were measured to be 4.5 and 5.8 mg/mL, respectively, in pH 5 acetate buffer in contrast to < 0.003 mg/mL for camptothecin in the same buffer. In the purified topoisomerase I cleavable complex enzyme assay, compounds 6 and 7 demonstrated potent inhibition of topoisomerase I with IC50's of 300 and 416 nM, respectively, in comparison to 679 nM for camptothecin and 1028 nM for topotecan. In human tumor cell cytotoxicity assays, compounds 6 and 7 demonstrated potent antitumor activity against ovarian (SKOV3), ovarian with upregulated MDRp-glycoprotein (SKVLB), melanoma (LOX), breast (T47D), and colon (HT29) with IC50's ranging from 0.5 to 102 nM. Compounds 6 and 7 induced tumor regressions in the HT29 human colon tumor xenograft model and demonstrated similar rank order of potency compared to in vitro assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Luzzio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Glaxo Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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19
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Dickens JP, Ellames GJ, Hare NJ, Lawson KR, McKay WR, Metters AP, Myers PL, Pope AM, Upton RM. 2-Chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-phenylpropan-1-one hydrochloride, a novel, nonmutagenic antibacterial with specific activity against anaerobic bacteria. J Med Chem 1991; 34:2356-60. [PMID: 1875335 DOI: 10.1021/jm00112a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-phenylpropen-1-one (2) is identified as a potent antibacterial agent. A compound, 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-2-phenylpropan++ +-1-one (5) has been designed with the intention of its acting as a pro-drug, liberating the lethal species 2 specifically within the target anaerobic bacterial cell following bioreduction by bacterial ferredoxin or related electron transfer proteins. The synthesis and biological activity of 5 is described and compared with the activities of the analogous alpha-bromo ketone 6 and alpha-fluoro ketone 7. Synthesis of 6, 7, and the corresponding alpha-hydroxy ketone 11 is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dickens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Searle Research and Development, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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20
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Chapleo CB, Butler RC, England DC, Myers PL, Roach AG, Smith CF, Stillings MR, Tulloch IF. Heteroaromatic analogues of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor partial agonist clonidine. J Med Chem 1989; 32:1627-30. [PMID: 2567783 DOI: 10.1021/jm00127a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 1,4-dioxane analogue (1) of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor partial agonist clonidine (2) has previously been shown to possess an interesting but complex pharmacological profile. In this study, from a series of other heterocyclic analogues of clonidine, the 1,4-oxazines 6 and 12 were found to resemble 1 in that they are partial alpha 2-agonists in the periphery and are excluded from the central nervous system. However, when given directly into the brain, they behave as pure alpha 2-antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Chapleo
- Department of Pharmacology, Reckitt & Colman plc, Pharmaceutical Division, Kingston-upon-Hull, U.K
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21
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22
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Abstract
Two different structural types of 2-aryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole amidines were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. Enhancement of the inherent anticonvulsant activity therein and separation of this activity from the accompanying sedative action of these compounds were attempted. The most potent compounds occurred in the 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl series of type 3 amidines, but they also possessed a relatively high level of neurotoxicity and sedation as demonstrated in the rotorod test.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Chapleo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Reckitt and Colman plc, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom
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23
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Chapleo CB, Myers PL, Smith AC, Tulloch IF, Turner S, Walter DS. Substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with anticonvulsant activity. 3. Guanidines. J Med Chem 1987; 30:951-4. [PMID: 3572984 DOI: 10.1021/jm00388a038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of a number of 2-aryl-5-guanidino-1,3,4 thiadiazoles are described. The unsubstituted guanidine 2a was found to possess potent anticonvulsant properties; considerable reduction or loss of activity however was observed with the majority of the substituted guanidines. Incorporation of the guanidine group into an imidazoline ring also resulted in a loss of activity. Secondary pharmacological evaluation confirmed the anticonvulsant properties of 2a but also revealed that the compound exhibited a considerable degree of sedative activity.
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24
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Chapleo CB, Myers M, Myers PL, Saville JF, Smith AC, Stillings MR, Tulloch IF, Walter DS, Welbourn AP. Substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with anticonvulsant activity. 1. Hydrazines. J Med Chem 1986; 29:2273-80. [PMID: 3783589 DOI: 10.1021/jm00161a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of a series of 2-aryl-5-hydrazino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles are described. The combination of preferred aromatic substituents in the 2-position coupled with alkyl substitution on the hydrazine moiety led to a number of potent compounds lacking sedation, ataxia, or lethality. 5-(2-Biphenylyl)-2-(1-methylhydrazino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (4m) represents a new class of anticonvulsant agent and compares favorably with the standard drugs phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine.
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25
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Welbourn AP, Chapleo CB, Lane AC, Myers PL, Roach AG, Smith CF, Stillings MR, Tulloch IF. Alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 4. Resolution of some potent selective prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists. J Med Chem 1986; 29:2000-3. [PMID: 2876101 DOI: 10.1021/jm00160a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The resolution of three 2-substituted derivatives of idazoxan is described. The enantiomers show large separations in activity in a variety of in vitro and in vivo tests, and the active isomers are all potent and selective antagonists at the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor. The significance of these results in relation to those published on the enantiomers of idazoxan and to those on optically active alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists is discussed.
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26
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Myers PL, Skvirsky RC, Greenberg ML, Greer H. Negative regulatory gene for general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:3150-5. [PMID: 3537730 PMCID: PMC367050 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.9.3150-3155.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, many amino acid biosynthetic pathways are coregulated by a complex general control system: starvation for a single amino acid results in the derepression of amino acid biosynthetic genes in multiple pathways. Derepression of these genes is mediated by positive (GCN) and negative (GCD) regulatory genes. In this paper we describe the isolation and characterization of a previously unreported negative regulatory gene, GCD3. A gcd3 mutation is recessive to wild type, confers resistance to multiple amino acid analogs, and results in overproduction and partially constitutive elevation of mRNA levels for amino acid biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, a gcd3 mutation can overcome the derepression-deficient phenotype of mutations in the positive regulatory GCN1, GCN2, and GCN3 genes. However, the gcd3 mutation cannot overcome the derepression-deficient phenotype of a gcn4 mutation, suggesting that GCD3 acts as a negative regulator of the important GCN4 gene. Northern blot analysis confirmed this conclusion, in that the steady-state levels of GCN4 mRNA are greatly increased in a gcd3 mutant. Thus, the negative regulatory gene GCD3 plays a central role in derepression of amino acid biosynthetic genes.
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27
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Greenberg ML, Myers PL, Skvirsky RC, Greer H. New positive and negative regulators for general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:1820-9. [PMID: 3537709 PMCID: PMC367712 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.5.1820-1829.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of most amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is coregulated. Starvation for a single amino acid results in the derepression of amino acid biosynthetic enzymes in many unrelated pathways. This phenomenon, known as general control, is mediated by both positive (GCN) and negative (GCD) regulatory genes. In this paper we describe the identification and characterization of several new regulatory genes for this system, GCN6, GCN7, GCN8, GCN9, and GCD5. A mutation in the negative regulator GCD5 was isolated on the basis of its suppression of a gcn2 mutation. The effect of gcd5 is a posttranscriptional increase in histidine biosynthetic enzyme activity. Suppressors of gcd5 which are deficient in derepression were in turn isolated. Eight such mutations, defining four new positive regulatory genes (GCN6 through GCN9), were obtained. These mutations are recessive, confer sensitivity to multiple amino acid analogs, and result in decreased mRNA levels for genes under general control. The GCN6 and GCN7 gene products were shown to be positive regulators for transcription of the GCN4 gene, the most direct-acting positive regulator thus far identified. The interaction of GCN6 and GCN7 with GCN4 is fundamentally different from that of previously isolated GCN genes. It should also be noted that these gcn selections gave a completely different nonoverlapping set of mutations from earlier selections which relied on analog sensitivity. Thus, we may have identified a new class of GCN genes which are functionally distinct from GCN1 through GCN5.
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28
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Abstract
Enzyme levels in multiple amino acid biosynthetic pathways in yeast are coregulated. This control is effected largely at the transcriptional level by a number of regulatory genes. We report the isolation and characterization of a new negative regulatory gene, GCD4, for this general control system. GCD4 mutations are recessive and define a single Medelian gene on chromosome III. A gcd4 mutation results in resistance to different amino acid analogs and elevated, but fully inducible, mRNA levels of genes under general control. Epistasis analysis indicates that GCD4 acts more directly than the positive regulators GCN1, GCN2, GCN3 and GCN5, but less directly than GCN4, on the transcription of the amino acid biosynthetic genes. These data imply that GCD4 is a negative regulator of the positive effector, GCN4. Although GCD4 occupies the same position relative to the GCN genes as other GCD genes, it produces a unique phenotype. These results illustrate the diversity of function of negative regulators in general control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Skvirsky
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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29
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Stillings MR, Chapleo CB, Butler RC, Davis JA, England CD, Myers M, Myers PL, Tweddle N, Welbourn AP, Doxey JC. Alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 3. Synthesis of some 2-substituted 1,4-benzodioxans as selective presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists. J Med Chem 1985; 28:1054-62. [PMID: 2862284 DOI: 10.1021/jm00146a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and pharmacological activity of a series of 2-substituted derivatives of the selective alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist idazoxan (RX 781094) is described. Substitution in this position by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, and alkoxy groups in many cases gives compounds whose potencies and selectivities are significantly greater than those of the parent compound.
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30
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Stillings MR, Freeman S, Myers PL, Readhead MJ, Welbourn AP, Rance MJ, Atkinson DC. Substituted 5H-dibenz[b,g]-1,4-oxazocines and related amino acids with antiinflammatory activity. J Med Chem 1985; 28:225-33. [PMID: 3968687 DOI: 10.1021/jm00380a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During an investigation of the antiinflammatory properties of a number of tetracyclic derivatives of 6,8-dichlorodibenz[b,f]oxepin-10(11H)-one, the ring-expanded 1,3-dichloro-5H-dibenz[b,g]-1,4-oxazocine (9) was prepared and found to be considerable pharmacological interest. It was subsequently found that the corresponding ring-opened amino acid 66, a close analogue of the antiinflammatory agent fenclofenac, also possessed significant antiinflammatory activity, superior both to the dibenzoxazocine and to fenclofenac. These findings prompted extensive synthetic programs in both areas, and a number of derivatives in the amino acid series showed potencies considerably in excess of the standard compound. These phenylacetic acids, however, were significantly more ulcerogenic than fenclofenac whereas the corresponding dibenzoxazocines showed few signs of ulcerogenicity at doses up to 1 g/kg.
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31
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Chapleo CB, Myers PL, Butler RC, Davis JA, Doxey JC, Higgins SD, Myers M, Roach AG, Smith CF, Stillings MR. Alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 2. Effects of modification of the 1,4-benzodioxan ring system on alpha-adrenoreceptor activity. J Med Chem 1984; 27:570-6. [PMID: 6143826 DOI: 10.1021/jm00371a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Modification of the 1,4-benzodioxan ring present in RX 781094 has not previously been considered. This paper describes a number of analogues of this ring system, including compounds in which one of the oxygen atoms has been replaced by a methylene group and also those in which the ring size has been changed to give, for example, furan and thiophene derivatives. The dihydrobenzofuranylimidazoline compound 7 is the only analogue possessing presynaptic antagonist potency potency and selectivity comparable to that of 1. In view of this result, a number of derivatives was prepared to determine the structure-activity relationships within this series. Many derivatives, as well as the parent compound 7, were found to possess presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist and postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoreceptor partial agonist properties. Two of the selective presynaptic antagonists, 13 and 14 possess greater potency and selectivity than that possessed by 1. The 5-chloro derivative 25 is twice as potent as after oral administration but only about half as potent when given intravenously.
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32
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Atkinson DC, Godfrey KE, Myers PL, Phillips NC, Stillings MR, Welbourn AP. Substituted (2-phenoxyphenyl)acetic acids with antiinflammatory activity. 2. J Med Chem 1983; 26:1361-4. [PMID: 6620298 DOI: 10.1021/jm00364a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A number of polychlorinated (phenoxyphenyl)acetic acids were prepared as close structural analogues of the antiinflammatory compound fenclofenac, [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenyl]acetic acid. Increased potency was shown in several of these compounds, in particular, [2-(2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenoxy) phenyl]acetic acid (8), which was 40 times more potent than fenclofenac in the adjuvant-induced arthritis screen. In further tests it was found to be equipotent with indomethacin but with a much reduced incidence of acute toxicity (LD50 and ulcerogenicity). On chronic dosing, however, serious toxicity problems arose (including anemia, neutrophilia, and severe peritonitis), and this led to the abandonment of further work on the compound. Three further analogues were prepared containing NH, S, and SO moieties bridging the phenyl rings. Although the NH compound bore a very close structural resemblance both to the above O-linked compound and the potent antiinflammatory drug diclofenac, [2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imino]phenyl]acetic acid, it showed low activity in primary screens. Similarly, neither the S- or SO-bridged analogues had potencies that approached that of 8.
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33
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Abstract
The study was designed to test the relationship between the personality trait of sensation seeking and homosexuality. Previous studies had shown a relationship between the trait and variety of heterosexual activity but had not shown a relationship to homosexual behavior. This study compared 19 male homosexuals associated with a gay club in a university, 16 control students belonging to a social club at the same university, 13 members of a gay church group, and 19 members of a nongay church group on conservative vs. liberal attitudes toward religion and politics, attitudes toward homosexuality, heterosexual and homosexual experience scales, and the sensation seeking scales. The control (nongay) church group had more conservative attitudes, less heterosexual experience, and lower sensation scores than the other groups. But the control university group did not differ from the gay university group on any of the sensation seeking scales and differed from the gay church group on only one of the subscales. However, the gay university group was also higher than the gay church group on this subscale, so the difference was probably a function of the younger ages of the university groups than the gay church group. It is concluded that male homosexuals, as a general group, do not differ from heterosexuals on the sensation seeking trait, although the trait might be related to variety of homosexual behavior and partners, just as it is to variety of heterosexual experience.
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34
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Chapleo CB, Doxey JC, Frank LW, Myers PL, Roach AG, Smith CF, Virdee NK. Comparison of the alpha-adrenoceptor profiles of clonidine and two oxygenated arylamino imidazolines. Eur J Pharmacol 1983; 91:123-8. [PMID: 6311568 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The profiles of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylamino)-imidazoline HCl (RX 77171) and 2-[6-(1,4-benzodioxanylamino)]imidazoline maleate (RX 801074) were compared with that of clonidine in isolated tissues and pithed rats. RX 77171 consistently displayed prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist and postjunctional agonist properties. In contrast, RX 801074 had a complex profile which showed considerable variability between tissues. This variability is highlighted by comparing its effects at the prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the isolated vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum; in the former RX 801074 was an agonist whereas only antagonist properties were apparent in the ileum.
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35
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Chapleo CB, Myers PL, Butler RC, Doxey JC, Roach AG, Smith CF. alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 1. Synthesis of some 1,4-benzodioxans as selective presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists and potential antidepressants. J Med Chem 1983; 26:823-31. [PMID: 6133953 DOI: 10.1021/jm00360a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of RX 781094, 2-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (5), a new potent and selective antagonist of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors, is discussed. A compound that acts as an antagonist at presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptors could be an effective and novel treatment of depression because of its ability to increase the concentration of norepinephrine at central receptor sites. The effects of substituents in the aromatic and imidazoline rings have been examined, as well as the replacement of the imidazoline ring by an amidine function or by other heterocyclic ring systems. None of these derivatives are as potent or selective as 5, although some do display a degree of selectivity as antagonists. Some derivatives were found to possess agonist properties that, with the exception of 23, favored the postsynaptic site. Compounds 9, 12, 16, 21, 30, and 51 possessing presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist and postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoreceptor partial agonist properties were also obtained, and these derivatives could be considered as potential antimigraine agents.
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36
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Abstract
A series of phthalazinyl- and quinoxalinylguanidines has been synthesized and evaluated for potential antihypertensive activity. Unsubstituted guanidines were prepared by treating the appropriate intermediate chloro compounds with guanidine free base. Substituted guanidines were prepared by treating the cyanamides 9 and 16 with the appropriate amine; with hydrazines, cyanamide 9 gave the triazoles 14 and 15. Moderate falls in blood pressure were observed with compounds 10, 11, 14, and 15. The triazole 15 caused a 25% fall in heart rate. Some of the compounds (10, 11, 13, and 18) displayed weak alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist properties in vitro, and this activity was confirmed in the pithed rat (in vivo).
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37
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38
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39
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Abstract
An Alcaligenes species, which was isolated from soil, can utilize abietic acid as its sole carbon source. During growth, the bacterium transforms abietic acid into 5alpha-hydroxyabietic acid (I, R=OH), a product considered to be 7beta-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-8xi-podocarp-13-en-15-oic acid (II, R=H) and a compound, C(20)H(28)O(3), which is believed to be an epoxy-gamma-lactone.
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