1
|
D’Arrigo P, Rossato LAM, Strini A, Serra S. From Waste to Value: Recent Insights into Producing Vanillin from Lignin. Molecules 2024; 29:442. [PMID: 38257355 PMCID: PMC10818928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vanillin, one of the most widely used and appreciated flavoring agents worldwide, is the main constituent of vanilla bean extract, obtained from the seed pods of various members belonging to the Orchidaceae family. Due to the great demand in the food confectionery industry, as well as in the perfume industry, medicine, and more, the majority of vanillin used today is produced synthetically, and only less than one percent of the world's vanilla flavoring market comes directly from the traditional natural sources. The increasing global demand for vanillin requires alternative and overall sustainable new production methods, and the recovery from biobased polymers, like lignin, is an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical synthesis. The present review provides firstly an overview of the different types of vanillin, followed by a description of the main differences between natural and synthetic vanillin, their preparation, the market of interest, and the authentication issues and the related analytical techniques. Then, the review explores the real potentialities of lignin for vanillin production, presenting firstly the well-assessed classical methods and moving towards the most recent promising approaches through chemical, biotechnological and photocatalytic methodologies, together with the challenges and the principal issues associated with each technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola D’Arrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy;
| | - Letizia A. M. Rossato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Strini
- Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITC-CNR), via Lombardia 49, 20098 San Giuliano Milanese, Italy;
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allegretti C, Bellinetto E, D’Arrigo P, Ferro M, Griffini G, Rossato LAM, Ruffini E, Schiavi L, Serra S, Strini A, Turri S. Fractionation of Raw and Parboiled Rice Husks with Deep Eutectic Solvents and Characterization of the Extracted Lignins towards a Circular Economy Perspective. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248879. [PMID: 36558011 PMCID: PMC9785053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, rice husks (RHs), which, worldwide, represent one of the most abundant agricultural wastes in terms of their quantity, have been treated and fractionated in order to allow for their complete valorization. RHs coming from the raw and parboiled rice production have been submitted at first to a hydrothermal pretreatment followed by a deep eutectic solvent fractionation, allowing for the separation of the different components by means of an environmentally friendly process. The lignins obtained from raw and parboiled RHs have been thoroughly characterized and showed similar physico-chemical characteristics, indicating that the parboiling process does not introduce obvious lignin alterations. In addition, a preliminary evaluation of the potentiality of such lignin fractions as precursors of cement water reducers has provided encouraging results. A fermentation-based optional preprocess has also been investigated. However, both raw and parboiled RHs demonstrated a poor performance as a microbiological growth substrate, even in submerged fermentation using cellulose-degrading fungi. The described methodology appears to be a promising strategy for the valorization of these important waste biomasses coming from the rice industry towards a circular economy perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Allegretti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bellinetto
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola D’Arrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (S.S.); Tel.: +39-2-23993075 (P.D.); +39-2-23993076 (S.S.)
| | - Monica Ferro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Letizia Anna Maria Rossato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ruffini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Schiavi
- Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITC-CNR), Via Lombardia 49, 20098 San Giuliano Milanese, Italy
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (S.S.); Tel.: +39-2-23993075 (P.D.); +39-2-23993076 (S.S.)
| | - Alberto Strini
- Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITC-CNR), Via Lombardia 49, 20098 San Giuliano Milanese, Italy
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Allegretti C, Boumezgane O, Rossato L, Strini A, Troquet J, Turri S, Griffini G, D’Arrigo P. Tuning Lignin Characteristics by Fractionation: A Versatile Approach Based on Solvent Extraction and Membrane-Assisted Ultrafiltration. Molecules 2020; 25:E2893. [PMID: 32586065 PMCID: PMC7355823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Technical lignins, typically obtained from the biorefining of lignocellulosic raw materials, represent a highly abundant natural aromatic feedstock with high potential in a sustainable economy scenario, especially considering the huge primary production volumes and the inherently renewable nature of this resource. One of the main drawbacks in their full exploitation is their high variability and heterogeneity in terms of chemical composition and molecular weight distribution. Within this context, the availability of effective and robust fractionation processes represents a key requirement for the effective valorization of lignin. In the present work, a multistep fractionation of two different well known technical lignins obtained from two distinct delignification processes (soda vs. kraft pulping) was described. A comprehensive approach combining solvent extraction in organic or aqueous medium with membrane-assisted ultrafiltration was developed in order to maximize the process versatility. The obtained lignin fractions were thoroughly characterized in terms of their chemical, physical, thermal, and structural properties, highlighting the ability of the proposed approach to deliver consistent and reproducible fractions of well-controlled and predictable characteristics, irrespective of their biomass origin. The results of this study demonstrate the versatility and the reliability of this integrated multistep fractionation method, which can be easily adapted to different solvent media using the same ultrafiltration membrane set up, thereby enhancing the potential applicability of this approach in an industrial scale-up perspective for a large variety of starting raw lignins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Allegretti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.A.); (O.B.); (L.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Oussama Boumezgane
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.A.); (O.B.); (L.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Letizia Rossato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.A.); (O.B.); (L.R.); (S.T.)
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Strini
- Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITC-CNR), via Lombardia 49, 20098 San Giuliano Milanese, Italy;
| | - Julien Troquet
- Biobasic Environnement, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 Saint-Beauzire, France;
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.A.); (O.B.); (L.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.A.); (O.B.); (L.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Paola D’Arrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.A.); (O.B.); (L.R.); (S.T.)
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Allegretti C, Fontanay S, Rischka K, Strini A, Troquet J, Turri S, Griffini G, D’Arrigo P. Two-Step Fractionation of a Model Technical Lignin by Combined Organic Solvent Extraction and Membrane Ultrafiltration. ACS Omega 2019; 4:4615-4626. [PMID: 31459649 PMCID: PMC6647992 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A fractionation method for technical lignin was developed, combining organic solvent extraction and membrane ultrafiltration of the solvent soluble component. This method was validated on a commercial wheat straw/Sarkanda grass lignin (Protobind 1000) using 2-butanone (MEK) as the solvent for both the extraction and the ultrafiltration operations. The parent lignin and the different obtained fractions were fully characterized in terms of chemical composition and physicochemical properties by gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), pyrolysis-GC/MS, total phenol contents, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR), thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the proposed process allows a straightforward recovery of the different lignin fractions as well as a selective control over their molecular mass distribution and related dependent properties. Moreover, the operating flexibility of the Soxhlet/ultrafiltration process allows the treatment of lignins from different feedstocks using the same installation just by modulating the choice of the solvent and the membrane porosity with the best characteristics. This is one of the most important features of the proposed strategy, which represents a new fractionation approach with the potential to improve lignin valorization for materials science and preparative organic chemistry applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Allegretti
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Simon Fontanay
- Biobasic
Environnement, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint-Beauzire 63360, France
| | - Klaus Rischka
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Wiener Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alberto Strini
- Construction
Technologies Institute-National Research Council of Italy (ITC-CNR), via Lombardia 49, San Giuliano Milanese 20098, Italy
| | - Julien Troquet
- Biobasic
Environnement, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint-Beauzire 63360, France
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Paola D’Arrigo
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, Milano 20131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tonin F, Vignali E, Pollegioni L, D’Arrigo P, Rosini E. A novel, simple screening method for investigating the properties of lignin oxidative activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 96:143-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Tessaro D, Pollegioni L, Piubelli L, D’Arrigo P, Servi S. Systems Biocatalysis: An Artificial Metabolism for Interconversion of Functional Groups. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs502064s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Tessaro
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- The
Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - L. Pollegioni
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- The
Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - L. Piubelli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- The
Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - P. D’Arrigo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- The
Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - S. Servi
- The
Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
D’Arrigo P, Allegretti C, Tamborini S, Formantici C, Galante Y, Pollegioni L, Mele A. Single-batch, homogeneous phase depolymerization of cellulose catalyzed by a monocomponent endocellulase in ionic liquid [BMIM][Cl]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Falconi M, Ciccone S, D’Arrigo P, Viani F, Sorge R, Novelli G, Patrizi P, Desideri A, Biocca S. Design of a novel LOX-1 receptor antagonist mimicking the natural substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
D’Arrigo P, Cerioli L, Chiappe C, Panzeri W, Tessaro D, Mele A. Improvements in the enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylserine employing ionic liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Volontè F, Pisanelli I, D’Arrigo P, Viani F, Molla G, Servi S, Pollegioni L. Overexpression of a bacterial chymotrypsin: Application for l-amino acid ester hydrolysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:560-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
D’Arrigo P, Arosio D, Cerioli L, Moscatelli D, Servi S, Viani F, Tessaro D. Base catalyzed racemization of amino acid derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
D’Arrigo P, Kanerva LT, Li XG, Saraceno C, Servi S, Tessaro D. Enzymatic synthesis of carnosine derivatives catalysed by Burkholderia cepacia lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
17
|
Caligiuri A, D’Arrigo P, Rosini E, Pedrocchi-Fantoni G, Tessaro D, Molla G, Servi S, Pollegioni L. Activity of yeast d-amino acid oxidase on aromatic unnatural amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Agosta E, Caligiuri A, D’Arrigo P, Servi S, Tessaro D, Canevotti R. Enzymatic approach to both enantiomers of N-Boc hydrophobic amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
D’Arrigo P, Fasoli E, Pedrocchi-Fantoni G, Servi S, Tessaro D. Membrane assisted coupled enzyme system for phospholipid modification. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|