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Bilkhu P, Sivardeen Z, Chen C, Craig JP, Mann K, Wang MTM, Jivraj S, Mohamed-Noriega K, Charles-Cantú DE, Wolffsohn JS. Patient-reported experience of dry eye management: An international multicentre survey. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 45:101450. [PMID: 33941501 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the journey taken by patients in a range of different countries to manage their dry eye symptoms. METHOD Members of the general public who responded positively to the question "Do your eyes ever feel dry?" completed a questionnaire describing their demographics, the impact of their symptomology, the advice they have received and the management options they have tried. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was also completed. RESULTS A total of 916 individuals (Canada = 235, Mexico = 127, New Zealand = 157, Taiwan = 246, UK = 151) of similar age distribution (median 38 years, IQR: 27-50) completed the survey. The reported duration of symptoms was longest in Canada (median 4 years, range 2-10) and least in Taiwan (2 years, range 1-3; p < 0.001), and similar trends were observed for symptom severity (p = 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between countries with respect to the impact of symptoms on quality of life (median 3/10; p = 0.08). Less than half of the individuals in any country had consulted with a health professional. About half had tried a treatment for their dry eye symptoms, with artificial tears being the most common treatment, followed by warm compresses, and both therapies were rated as reasonably effective (median 5-7/10). CONCLUSION Many people with dry eye symptoms are not consulting health care professionals who can confirm the diagnosis, exclude differential diagnoses, and offer a wide range of treatments targeted at the dry eye subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramdeep Bilkhu
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zimar Sivardeen
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; School of Health and Care Professions, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Connie Chen
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer P Craig
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kylie Mann
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael T M Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saleel Jivraj
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Mohamed-Noriega
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, Mexico
| | - David E Charles-Cantú
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, Mexico
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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Barnett M, Courey C, Fadel D, Lee K, Michaud L, Montani G, van der Worp E, Vincent SJ, Walker M, Bilkhu P, Morgan PB. CLEAR - Scleral lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:270-288. [PMID: 33775380 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Scleral lenses were the first type of contact lens, developed in the late nineteenth century to restore vision and protect the ocular surface. With the advent of rigid corneal lenses in the middle of the twentieth century and soft lenses in the 1970's, the use of scleral lenses diminished; in recent times there has been a resurgence in their use driven by advances in manufacturing and ocular imaging technology. Scleral lenses are often the only viable form of contact lens wear across a range of clinical indications and can potentially delay the need for corneal surgery. This report provides a brief historical review of scleral lenses and a detailed account of contemporary scleral lens practice including common indications and recommended terminology. Recent research on ocular surface shape is presented, in addition to a comprehensive account of modern scleral lens fitting and on-eye evaluation. A range of optical and physiological challenges associated with scleral lenses are presented, including options for the clinical management of a range of ocular conditions. Future applications which take advantage of the stability of scleral lenses are also discussed. In summary, this report presents evidence-based recommendations to optimise patient outcomes in modern scleral lens practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barnett
- University of California, Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.
| | | | | | - Karen Lee
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Giancarlo Montani
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica CERCA, Lecce, Italy
| | - Eef van der Worp
- Eye-Contact-Lens Research & Education, Amsterdam, NL, Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Vincent
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria Walker
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paramdeep Bilkhu
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Bilkhu P, Vidal-Rohr M, Trave-Huarte S, Wolffsohn JS. Effect of meibomian gland morphology on functionality with applied treatment. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 45:101402. [PMID: 33397598 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how Meibomian gland (MG) morphology affects MG function by means of gland expression with the effect of treatment. METHODS Fifteen patients (aged 31.6 ± 13.1 years) from a dry eye clinic diagnosed with MG dysfunction had their 365 lower lid MGs visualised with a slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Using infrared meibography (Oculus K5m), MG length, width and tortuosity were objectively measured. Each MG was expressed and the meibum graded (0=clear fluid, 1=cloudy fluid, 2= particulate fluid, 3=inspissated, or 4 = no expression) to determine its functionality. Participants had functionality repeated each time following a sequence of a warm compress, debridement, and forcible expression after 5 min. RESULTS Just over 10 % of complete length MGs gave clear expression, while about 5% did not express at all, with most expressed meibum being particulate in nature. In contrast, the majority of partial length glands gave inspissated expression (38 %), with 32 % not expressing at all. No MG of <10 % length expressed. MG gland length was correlated with gland expression (r=-0.507, p < 0.001) and MG tortuosity (r=-0.129, p < 0.001), but not MG width (r=-0.090, p = 0.167). Regardless of MG length, warm compress increased the quality of expression (p < 0.002). Debridement further improved expression in partial MGs (p = 0.003), but not forcible expression (p = 0.529). CONCLUSIONS Length is the key functional morphology metric of lower lid MGs. Warm compress and massage increase the quality of expression in all, but the shortest glands and patients with partial length glands also benefit from debridement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramdeep Bilkhu
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Vidal-Rohr
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Trave-Huarte
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
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Bilkhu P, Wolffsohn J, Purslow C. Provocation of the ocular surface to investigate the evaporative pathophysiology of dry eye disease. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 44:24-29. [PMID: 32327272 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether standard clinical measures of tear film stability, meniscus height and symptomology reflect changes in evaporation rate induced by ocular surface provocations. METHODS Forty participants (23.8 ± 4.5 years, 53 % female) with healthy to mild dry eyes underwent two tear film provocations in random sequence on separate occasions: playing a tablet computer high concentration game (http://slither.io/) for 30 min; and receiving treatment with humidity goggles for 10 min followed by liposomal spray application. Measures at baseline and 30 min later were: Symptom Assessment iN Dry Eye (SANDE) questionnaire, tear film lipid layer thickness (LLT), non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), dynamic tear film lipid layer pattern (DLP) and tear film evaporation (TFE). RESULTS There were no differences in the baseline measurements before each provocation (p > 0.05). Dry eye symptoms significantly worsened with concentration task (p < 0.001) and improved with treatment (p < 0.001). DLP and LLT significantly increased with treatment (p < 0.05), but was unaffected with the concentration task (p > 0.05). NIBUT declined with the concentration task (p = 0.015), but was not enhanced with treatment (p = 0.142). TMH increased after treatment (p = 0.001) and decreased with the concentration task (p = 0.006). While evaporation decreased with the concentration task (p < 0.001), treatment had no effect (p = 0.333). LLT was associated with evaporation (p = 0.036) and additionally with symptom severity (p = 0.002) and tear volume (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Sub-classifying dry eye based on an 'evaporative' component to inform treatment seems over-simplistic. However objective TMH, NIBUT and LLT seem to be the key clinical metrics that drive ocular comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramdeep Bilkhu
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
| | - James Wolffsohn
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Purslow
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom; Thea Pharmaceuticals Limited, Keele University Science & Innovation Park, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, ST5 5NT, United Kingdom
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Wolffsohn J, Hall L, Mroczkowska S, Hunt OA, Bilkhu P, Drew T, Sheppard A. The influence of end of day silicone hydrogel daily disposable contact lens fit on ocular comfort, physiology and lens wettability. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2015; 38:339-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Grewal I, Wolffsohn J, Hall L, Hunt O, Bilkhu P, Drew T, Sheppard A. End of day silicone hydrogel daily disposable contact lens fit. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2014.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wolffsohn J, Mroczkowska S, Hunt O, Bilkhu P, Drew T, Sheppard A. Randomised cross-over evaluation of tear stability of silicone hydrogel daily disposable soft contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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