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Kabiraj P, Grund EM, Clarkson BDS, Johnson RK, LaFrance-Corey RG, Lucchinetti CF, Howe CL. Teriflunomide shifts the astrocytic bioenergetic profile from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis and attenuates TNFα-induced inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3049. [PMID: 35197552 PMCID: PMC8866412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes utilize both glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways to power cellular processes that are vital to maintaining normal CNS functions. These cells also mount inflammatory and acute phase reactive programs in response to diverse stimuli. While the metabolic functions of astrocytes under homeostatic conditions are well-studied, the role of cellular bioenergetics in astrocyte reactivity is poorly understood. Teriflunomide exerts immunomodulatory effects in diseases such as multiple sclerosis by metabolically reprogramming lymphocytes and myeloid cells. We hypothesized that teriflunomide would constrain astrocytic inflammatory responses. Purified murine astrocytes were grown under serum-free conditions to prevent acquisition of a spontaneous reactive state. Stimulation with TNFα activated NFκB and increased secretion of Lcn2. TNFα stimulation increased basal respiration, maximal respiration, and ATP production in astrocytes, as assessed by oxygen consumption rate. TNFα also increased glycolytic reserve and glycolytic capacity of astrocytes but did not change the basal glycolytic rate, as assessed by measuring the extracellular acidification rate. TNFα specifically increased mitochondrial ATP production and secretion of Lcn2 required ATP generated by oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase via teriflunomide transiently increased both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in quiescent astrocytes, but only the increased glycolytic ATP production was sustained over time, resulting in a bias away from mitochondrial ATP production even at doses down to 1 μM. Preconditioning with teriflunomide prevented the TNFα-induced skew toward oxidative phosphorylation, reduced mitochondrial ATP production, and reduced astrocytic inflammatory responses, suggesting that this drug may limit neuroinflammation by acting as a metabolomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ethan M Grund
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Graduate School Neuroscience PhD Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Benjamin D S Clarkson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Renee K Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Reghann G LaFrance-Corey
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Claudia F Lucchinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Ruegsegger GN, Vanderboom PM, Dasari S, Klaus KA, Kabiraj P, McCarthy CB, Lucchinetti CF, Nair KS. Exercise and metformin counteract altered mitochondrial function in the insulin-resistant brain. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130681. [PMID: 31534057 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance associates with increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia; however, the underpinning mechanisms for this increased risk remain to be fully defined. As insulin resistance impairs mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and increases ROS in skeletal muscle, we considered whether similar events occur in the brain, which - like muscle - is rich in insulin receptors and mitochondria. We show that high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) brain insulin resistance in mice decreased mitochondrial ATP production rate and oxidative enzyme activities in brain regions rich in insulin receptors. HFD increased ROS emission and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, with the concurrent accumulation of oxidatively damaged mitochondrial proteins and increased mitochondrial fission. Improvement of insulin sensitivity by both aerobic exercise and metformin ameliorated HFD-induced abnormalities. Moreover, insulin-induced enhancement of ATP production in primary cortical neurons and astrocytes was counteracted by the insulin receptor antagonist S961, demonstrating a direct effect of insulin resistance on brain mitochondria. Further, intranasal S961 administration prevented exercise-induced improvements in ATP production and ROS emission during HFD, supporting that exercise enhances brain mitochondrial function by improving insulin action. These results support that insulin sensitizing by exercise and metformin restores brain mitochondrial function in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia F Lucchinetti
- Department of Neurology, and.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Battaglia RA, Beltran AS, Delic S, Dumitru R, Robinson JA, Kabiraj P, Herring LE, Madden VJ, Ravinder N, Willems E, Newman RA, Quinlan RA, Goldman JE, Perng MD, Inagaki M, Snider NT. Site-specific phosphorylation and caspase cleavage of GFAP are new markers of Alexander disease severity. eLife 2019; 8:47789. [PMID: 31682229 PMCID: PMC6927689 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease (AxD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which supports the structural integrity of astrocytes. Over 70 GFAP missense mutations cause AxD, but the mechanism linking different mutations to disease-relevant phenotypes remains unknown. We used AxD patient brain tissue and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes to investigate the hypothesis that AxD-causing mutations perturb key post-translational modifications (PTMs) on GFAP. Our findings reveal selective phosphorylation of GFAP-Ser13 in patients who died young, independently of the mutation they carried. AxD iPSC-astrocytes accumulated pSer13-GFAP in cytoplasmic aggregates within deep nuclear invaginations, resembling the hallmark Rosenthal fibers observed in vivo. Ser13 phosphorylation facilitated GFAP aggregation and was associated with increased GFAP proteolysis by caspase-6. Furthermore, caspase-6 was selectively expressed in young AxD patients, and correlated with the presence of cleaved GFAP. We reveal a novel PTM signature linking different GFAP mutations in infantile AxD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Adriana S Beltran
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States,Human Pluripotent Stem Cell CoreUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Samed Delic
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States,Department of BiosciencesUniversity of DurhamDurhamUnited Kingdom
| | - Raluca Dumitru
- Human Pluripotent Stem Cell CoreUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jasmine A Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Victoria J Madden
- Department of PathologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Roy A Quinlan
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of DurhamDurhamUnited Kingdom
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of PathologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ming-Der Perng
- Institute of Molecular MedicineNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan, Republic of China
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of PhysiologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineMieJapan
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
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Trogden KP, Battaglia RA, Kabiraj P, Madden VJ, Herrmann H, Snider NT. An image-based small-molecule screen identifies vimentin as a pharmacologically relevant target of simvastatin in cancer cells. FASEB J 2018; 32:2841-2854. [PMID: 29401610 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700663r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vimentin is a cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells and cancer cells during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The goal of this study was to identify vimentin-targeting small molecules by using the Tocriscreen library of 1120 biochemically active compounds. We monitored vimentin filament reorganization and bundling in adrenal carcinoma SW13 vimentin-positive (SW13-vim+) cells via indirect immunofluorescence. The screen identified 18 pharmacologically diverse hits that included 2 statins-simvastatin and mevastatin. Simvastatin induced vimentin reorganization within 15-30 min and significant perinuclear bundling within 60 min (IC50 = 6.7 nM). Early filament reorganization coincided with increased vimentin solubility. Mevastatin produced similar effects at >1 µM, whereas the structurally related pravastatin and lovastatin did not affect vimentin. In vitro vimentin filament assembly assays revealed a direct targeting mechanism, as determined biochemically and by electron microscopy. In SW13-vim+ cells, simvastatin, but not pravastatin, reduced total cell numbers (IC50 = 48.1 nM) and promoted apoptosis after 24 h. In contrast, SW13-vim- cell viability was unaffected by simvastatin, unless vimentin was ectopically expressed. Simvastatin similarly targeted vimentin filaments and induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 (vim+), but lacked effect in MCF7 (vim-) breast cancer cells. In conclusion, this study identified vimentin as a direct molecular target that mediates simvastatin-induced cell death in 2 different cancer cell lines.-Trogden, K. P., Battaglia, R. A., Kabiraj, P., Madden, V. J., Herrmann, H., Snider, N. T. An image-based small-molecule screen identifies vimentin as a pharmacologically relevant target of simvastatin in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Trogden
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria J Madden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Battaglia RA, Kabiraj P, Willcockson HH, Lian M, Snider NT. Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28570536 DOI: 10.3791/55655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs), together with actin filaments and microtubules, form the cytoskeleton - a critical structural element of every cell. Normal functioning IFs provide cells with mechanical and stress resilience, while a dysfunctional IF cytoskeleton compromises cellular health and has been associated with many human diseases. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) critically regulate IF dynamics in response to physiological changes and under stress conditions. Therefore, the ability to monitor changes in the PTM signature of IFs can contribute to a better functional understanding, and ultimately conditioning, of the IF system as a stress responder during cellular injury. However, the large number of IF proteins, which are encoded by over 70 individual genes and expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, is a major challenge in sorting out the relative importance of different PTMs. To that end, methods that enable monitoring of PTMs on IF proteins on an organism-wide level, rather than for isolated members of the family, can accelerate research progress in this area. Here, we present biochemical methods for the isolation of the total, detergent-soluble, and detergent-resistant fraction of IF proteins from 9 different mouse tissues (brain, heart, lung, liver, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, kidney, and spleen). We further demonstrate an optimized protocol for rapid isolation of IF proteins by using lysing matrix and automated homogenization of different mouse tissues. The automated protocol is useful for profiling IFs in experiments with high sample volume (such as in disease models involving multiple animals and experimental groups). The resulting samples can be utilized for various downstream analyses, including mass spectrometry-based PTM profiling. Utilizing these methods, we provide new data to show that IF proteins in different mouse tissues (brain and liver) undergo parallel changes with respect to their expression levels and PTMs during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Helen H Willcockson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Melinda Lian
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
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Kabiraj P, Marin JE, Varela-Ramirez A, Zubia E, Narayan M. Ellagic acid mitigates SNO-PDI induced aggregation of Parkinsonian biomarkers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1209-20. [PMID: 25247703 DOI: 10.1021/cn500214k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrosative stress mediated S-nitrosylation (SNO) of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a housekeeping oxidoreductase, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sporadic Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) diseases. Previous cell line studies have indicated that SNO-PDI formation provokes synphilin-1 aggregation, the minor Parkinsonian biomarker protein. Yet no work exists investigating whether SNO-PDI induces α-synuclein aggregation, the major Lewy body constituent associated with Parkinson's pathogenesis. Here, we report that SNO-PDI formation is linked to the aggregation of α-synuclein and also provokes α-synuclein:synphilin-1 deposits (Lewy-body-like debris) normally found in the PD brain. Furthermore, we have examined the ability of a small molecule, 2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione (ellagic acid; EA) to scavenge NOx radicals and to protect cells from SNO-PDI formation via rotenone insult both, cell-based and cell-independent in vitro experiments. Furthermore, EA not only mitigates nitrosative-stress-induced aggregation of synphilin-1 but also α-synuclein and α-synuclein:synphilin-1 composites (Lewy-like neurites) in PC12 cells. Mechanistic analyses of the neuroprotective phenomena revealed that EA lowered rotenone-instigated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in PC12 cells, imparted antiapoptotic tributes, and directly interfered with SNO-PDI formation. Lastly, we demonstrate that EA can bind human serum albumin (HSA). These results collectively indicate that small molecules can provide a therapeutic foothold for overcoming Parkinson's through a prophylactic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jose Eduardo Marin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Emmanuel Zubia
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Roy D, Kabiraj P, Pal R. EF24 prevents rotenone-induced estrogenic status alteration in breast cancer. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:511-9. [PMID: 24375813 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an important endoplasmic reticulum-resident oxidoreductase chaperone can bind to estrogens as well as intact with its receptor proteins [i.e. estrogen receptors (ER) α and β]. It has been postulated that PDI also acts as an intracellular 17β-estradiol (E2)-binding protein that transports and accumulates E2 in live cells. Drop in E2 level promotes dissociation of E2 from PDI and released in cytosol; the released E2 can augment estrogen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity and mitogenic action in cultured cells by modulating the ERβ/ERα ratio. In this study, we observed rotenone-induced damage to PDI leads to significant increase in ERβ/ERα ratio by down-regulating ERα and up-regulating ERβ. We demonstrated that nitrosative stress induced disruption of the cellular estrogenic status can be prevented through diphenyl difluoroketone (EF24, curcumin analog) intervention by protecting PDI from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. Together, our study suggests that both PDI and EF24 can play a vital role in maintaining cellular estrogenic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Kabiraj P, Pal R, Varela-Ramirez A, Miranda M, Narayan M. Nitrosative stress mediated misfolded protein aggregation mitigated by Na-d-β-hydroxybutyrate intervention. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:438-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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