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Kourelis J, Malik S, Mattinson O, Krauter S, Kahlon PS, Paulus JK, van der Hoorn RAL. Publisher Correction: Evolution of a guarded decoy protease and its receptor in solanaceous plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2278. [PMID: 38480742 PMCID: PMC10937903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Shivani Malik
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Mattinson
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonja Krauter
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith K Paulus
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK.
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Shu LJ, Kahlon PS, Ranf S. The power of patterns: new insights into pattern-triggered immunity. New Phytol 2023; 240:960-967. [PMID: 37525301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system features numerous immune receptors localized on the cell surface to monitor the apoplastic space for danger signals from a broad range of plant colonizers. Recent discoveries shed light on the enormous complexity of molecular signals sensed by these receptors, how they are generated and removed to maintain cellular homeostasis and immunocompetence, and how they are shaped by host-imposed evolutionary constraints. Fine-tuning receptor sensing mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and physiological level is critical for maintaining a robust but adaptive host barrier to commensal, pathogenic, and symbiotic colonizers alike. These receptors are at the core of any plant-colonizer interaction and hold great potential for engineering disease resistance and harnessing beneficial microbiota to keep crops healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Shu
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Kahlon PS, Förner A, Muser M, Oubounyt M, Gigl M, Hammerl R, Baumbach J, Hückelhoven R, Dawid C, Stam R. Laminarin-triggered defence responses are geographically dependent in natural populations of Solanum chilense. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:3240-3254. [PMID: 36880316 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural plant populations are polymorphic and show intraspecific variation in resistance properties against pathogens. The activation of the underlying defence responses can depend on variation in perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or elicitors. To dissect such variation, we evaluated the responses induced by laminarin (a glucan, representing an elicitor from oomycetes) in the wild tomato species Solanum chilense and correlated this to observed infection frequencies of Phytophthora infestans. We measured reactive oxygen species burst and levels of diverse phytohormones upon elicitation in 83 plants originating from nine populations. We found high diversity in basal and elicitor-induced levels of each component. Further we generated linear models to explain the observed infection frequency of P. infestans. The effect of individual components differed dependent on the geographical origin of the plants. We found that the resistance in the southern coastal region, but not in the other regions, was directly correlated to ethylene responses and confirmed this positive correlation using ethylene inhibition assays. Our findings reveal high diversity in the strength of defence responses within a species and the involvement of different components with a quantitatively different contribution of individual components to resistance in geographically separated populations of a wild plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Förner
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Muser
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Mhaned Oubounyt
- Research Group of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Notkestrasse 9, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gigl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Richard Hammerl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Research Group of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Notkestrasse 9, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Computational BioMedicine lab, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute for Phytopathology, Kiel University, Hermann Rodewald Str 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Ghai D, Kaur A, Kahlon PS, Pawar SV, Sembi JK. A Walk Through the Maze of Secondary Metabolism in Orchids: A Transcriptomic Approach. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:837563. [PMID: 35574139 PMCID: PMC9100589 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orchids have a huge reservoir of secondary metabolites making these plants of immense therapeutic importance. Their potential as curatives has been realized since times immemorial and are extensively studied for their medicinal properties. Secondary metabolism is under stringent genetic control in plants and several molecular factors are involved in regulating the production of the metabolites. However, due to the complex molecular networks, a complete understanding of the specific molecular cues is lacking. High-throughput omics technologies have the potential to fill up this lacuna. The present study deals with comparative analysis of high-throughput transcript data involving gene identification, functional annotation, and differential expression in more than 30 orchid transcriptome data sets, with a focus to elucidate the role of various factors in alkaloid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Comprehensive analysis of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, and phenylpropanoid pathway provide specific insights to the potential gene targets for drug discovery. It is envisaged that a positive stimulation of these pathways through regulation of pivotal genes and alteration of specific gene expression, could facilitate the production of secondary metabolites and enable efficient tapping of the therapeutic potential of orchids. This further would lay the foundation for developing strategies for genetic and epigenetic improvement of these plants for development of therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Ghai
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sandip V. Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Kahlon PS, Stam R. Polymorphisms in plants to restrict losses to pathogens: From gene family expansions to complex network evolution. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2021; 62:102040. [PMID: 33882435 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms are the basis of the natural diversity seen in all life on earth, also in plant-pathogen interactions. Initially, studies on plant-pathogen interaction focused on reporting phenotypic variation in resistance properties and on the identification of underlying major genes. Nowadays, the field of plant-pathogen interactions is moving from focusing on families of single dominant genes involved in gene-for-gene interactions to an understanding of the plant immune system in the context of a much more complex signaling network and quantitative resistance. Simultaneously, studies on pathosystems from the wild and genome analyses advanced, revealing tremendous variation in natural plant populations. It is now imperative to place studies on genetic diversity and evolution of plant-pathogen interactions in the appropriate molecular biological, as well as evolutionary, context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Kahlon PS, Verin M, Hückelhoven R, Stam R. Quantitative resistance differences between and within natural populations of Solanum chilense against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7768-7778. [PMID: 34188850 PMCID: PMC8216925 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild tomato species Solanum chilense is divided into geographically and genetically distinct populations that show signs of defense gene selection and differential phenotypes when challenged with several phytopathogens, including the oomycete causal agent of late blight Phytophthora infestans. To better understand the phenotypic diversity of this disease resistance in S. chilense and to assess the effect of plant genotype versus pathogen isolate, respectively, we evaluated infection frequency in a systematic approach and with large sample sizes. We studied 85 genetically distinct individuals representing nine geographically separated populations of S. chilense. This showed that differences in quantitative resistance can be observed between but also within populations at the level of individual plants. Our data also did not reveal complete immunity in any of the genotypes. We further evaluated the resistance of a subset of the plants against P. infestans isolates with diverse virulence properties. This confirmed that the relative differences in resistance phenotypes between individuals were mainly determined by the plant genotype under consideration with modest effects of pathogen isolate used in the study. Thus, our report suggests that the observed quantitative resistance against P. infestans in natural populations of a wild tomato species S. chilense is the result of basal defense responses that depend on the host genotype and are pathogen isolate-unspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Verin
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Remco Stam
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
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Kahlon PS, Seta SM, Zander G, Scheikl D, Hückelhoven R, Joosten MHAJ, Stam R. Population studies of the wild tomato species Solanum chilense reveal geographically structured major gene-mediated pathogen resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202723. [PMID: 33352079 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural plant populations encounter strong pathogen pressure and defence-associated genes are known to be under selection dependent on the pressure by the pathogens. Here, we use populations of the wild tomato Solanum chilense to investigate natural resistance against Cladosporium fulvum, a well-known ascomycete pathogen of domesticated tomatoes. Host populations used are from distinct geographical origins and share a defined evolutionary history. We show that distinct populations of S. chilense differ in resistance against the pathogen. Screening for major resistance gene-mediated pathogen recognition throughout the whole species showed clear geographical differences between populations and complete loss of pathogen recognition in the south of the species range. In addition, we observed high complexity in a homologues of Cladosporium resistance (Hcr) locus, underlying the recognition of C. fulvum, in central and northern populations. Our findings show that major gene-mediated recognition specificity is diverse in a natural plant-pathosystem. We place major gene resistance in a geographical context that also defined the evolutionary history of that species. Data suggest that the underlying loci are more complex than previously anticipated, with small-scale gene recombination being possibly responsible for maintaining balanced polymorphisms in the populations that experience pathogen pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Shallet Mindih Seta
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gesche Zander
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Daniela Scheikl
- Section of Population Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Stam
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Kourelis J, Malik S, Mattinson O, Krauter S, Kahlon PS, Paulus JK, van der Hoorn RAL. Evolution of a guarded decoy protease and its receptor in solanaceous plants. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4393. [PMID: 32879321 PMCID: PMC7468133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rcr3 is a secreted protease of tomato that is targeted by fungal effector Avr2, a secreted protease inhibitor of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. The Avr2-Rcr3 complex is recognized by receptor-like protein Cf-2, triggering hypersensitive cell death (HR) and disease resistance. Avr2 also targets Rcr3 paralog Pip1, which is not required for Avr2 recognition but contributes to basal resistance. Thus, Rcr3 acts as a guarded decoy in this interaction, trapping the fungus into a recognition event. Here we show that Rcr3 evolved > 50 million years ago (Mya), whereas Cf-2 evolved <6Mya by co-opting the pre-existing Rcr3 in the Solanum genus. Ancient Rcr3 homologs present in tomato, potato, eggplants, pepper, petunia and tobacco can be inhibited by Avr2 with the exception of tobacco Rcr3. Four variant residues in Rcr3 promote Avr2 inhibition, but the Rcr3 that co-evolved with Cf-2 lacks three of these residues, indicating that the Rcr3 co-receptor is suboptimal for Avr2 binding. Pepper Rcr3 triggers HR with Cf-2 and Avr2 when engineered for enhanced inhibition by Avr2. Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) is a natural null mutant carrying Rcr3 and Pip1 alleles with deleterious frame-shift mutations. Resurrected NbRcr3 and NbPip1 alleles were active proteases and further NbRcr3 engineering facilitated Avr2 inhibition, uncoupled from HR signalling. The evolution of a receptor co-opting a conserved pathogen target contrasts with other indirect pathogen recognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Shivani Malik
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Mattinson
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonja Krauter
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith K Paulus
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK.
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Grover S, Gupta P, Kahlon PS, Goyal S, Grover A, Dalal K, Sabeeha, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Analyses of methyltransferases across the pathogenicity spectrum of different mycobacterial species point to an extremophile connection. Mol Biosyst 2016; 12:1615-25. [PMID: 26983646 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a devastating disease, taking one human life every 20 seconds globally. We hypothesize that professional pathogens such as M.tb have acquired specific features that might assist in causing infection, persistence and transmissible pathology in their host. We have identified 121 methyltransferases (MTases) in the M.tb proteome, which use a variety of substrates - DNA, RNA, protein, intermediates of mycolic acid biosynthesis and other fatty acids - that are involved in cellular maintenance within the host. A comparative analysis of the proteome of the virulent strain H37Rv and the avirulent strain H37Ra identified 3 MTases, which displayed significant variations in terms of N-terminal extension/deletion and point mutations, possibly impacting various physicochemical properties. The cross-proteomic comparison of MTases of M.tb H37Rv with 15 different Mycobacterium species revealed the acquisition of novel MTases in a MTB complex as a function of evolution. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these newly acquired MTases showed common roots with certain extremophiles such as halophilic and acidophilic organisms. Our results establish an evolutionary relationship of M.tb with halotolerant organisms and also the role of MTases of M.tb in withstanding the host osmotic stress, thereby pointing to their likely role in pathogenesis, virulence and niche adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Grover
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
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Singh N, Arora S, Kahlon PS. Cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein in meningitis. Indian Pediatr 1995; 32:687-8. [PMID: 8613341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College, Amritsar
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