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Wirojsirasak W, Songsri P, Jongrungklang N, Tangphatsornruang S, Klomsa-ard P, Ukoskit K. Determination of Morpho-Physiological Traits for Assessing Drought Tolerance in Sugarcane. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:1072. [PMID: 38674481 PMCID: PMC11054708 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a significant constraint to sugarcane productivity. Therefore, understanding how different varieties of sugarcane respond to drought stress can facilitate breeding programs and set up criteria for selecting drought-tolerant varieties. In the present study, we examined eight morpho-physiological traits to distinguish 40 sugarcane genotypes categorized into four groups based on significant differences in cane yield under non-stressed conditions and reduction of cane yield under drought-stressed conditions. The study was conducted during the formative stage in a greenhouse, encompassing both control and drought conditions. Drought treatments resulted in significant changes and differences in the mean values of various morpho-physiological traits. The hierarchical clustering analysis, utilizing stay-green traits such as higher chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm), leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf relative water content (RWC), and lower leaf rolling score (LR), leaf drying score (LD), and drought recovery score (DR), successfully grouped 40 sugarcane genotypes into four major clusters, similar to the previously categorized groups. Correlation analysis showed significant relationships among cane yield, reduction of cane yield under drought conditions, and the stay-green traits. Our results demonstrated that morpho-physiological traits contributing to the "stay-green" phenotypes could be useful as selection criteria for drought tolerance in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warodom Wirojsirasak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Mitr Phol Innovation and Research Center, Chaiyaphum 36110, Thailand;
| | - Patcharin Songsri
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Jongrungklang
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | | | - Kittipat Ukoskit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
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Wirojsirasak W, Songsri P, Jongrungklang N, Tangphatsornruang S, Klomsa-ard P, Ukoskit K. A Large-Scale Candidate-Gene Association Mapping for Drought Tolerance and Agronomic Traits in Sugarcane. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12801. [PMID: 37628982 PMCID: PMC10454574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissection of the genetic loci controlling drought tolerance traits with a complex genetic inheritance is important for drought-tolerant sugarcane improvement. In this study, we conducted a large-scale candidate gene association study of 649 candidate genes in a sugarcane diversity panel to identify genetic variants underlying agronomic traits and drought tolerance indices evaluated in plant cane and ratoon cane under water-stressed (WS) and non-stressed (NS) environments. We identified 197 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) in 141 candidate genes associated with 18 evaluated traits with the Bonferroni correction threshold (α = 0.05). Out of the total, 95 MTAs in 78 candidate genes and 62 MTAs in 58 candidate genes were detected under NS and WS conditions, respectively. Most MTAs were found only in specific water regimes and crop seasons. These MTAs explained 7.93-30.52% of phenotypic variation. Association mapping results revealed that 34, 59, and 104 MTAs involved physiological and molecular adaptation, phytohormone metabolism, and drought-inducible genes. They identified 19 pleiotropic genes associated with more than one trait and many genes related to drought tolerance indices. The genetic and genomic resources identified in this study will enable the combining of yield-related traits and sugar-related traits with agronomic value to optimize the yield of sugarcane cultivars grown under drought-stressed and non-stressed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warodom Wirojsirasak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Mitr Phol Innovation and Research Center, Chaiyaphum 36110, Thailand;
| | - Patcharin Songsri
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.S.); (N.J.)
- Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Jongrungklang
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.S.); (N.J.)
- Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | | | - Kittipat Ukoskit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
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Jumpa T, Beckles DM, Songsri P, Pattanagul K, Pattanagul W. Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Gac Leaf ( Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.) to Salinity Stress. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2447. [PMID: 36235312 PMCID: PMC9572180 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gac is a carotenoid-rich, healthful tropical fruit; however, its productivity is limited by soil salinity, a growing environmental stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of salinity stress on key physiological traits and metabolites in 30-day-old gac seedling leaves, treated with 0, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 150-mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for four weeks to identify potential alarm, acclimatory, and exhaustion responses. Electrolyte leakage increased with increasing NaCl concentrations (p < 0.05) indicating loss of membrane permeability and conditions that lead to reactive oxygen species production. At 25 and 50 mM NaCl, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, starch content, and total soluble sugar increased. Chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll increased at 25 mM NaCl but decreased at higher NaCl concentrations indicating salinity-induced thylakoid membrane degradation and chlorophyllase activity. Catalase (CAT) activity decreased (p < 0.05) at all NaCl treatments, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities were highest at 150 mM NaCl. GC-MS-metabolite profiling showed that 150 mM NaCl induced the largest changes in metabolites and was thus distinct. Thirteen pathways and 7.73% of metabolites differed between the control and all the salt-treated seedlings. Salinity decreased TCA cycle intermediates, and there were less sugars for growth but more for osmoprotection, with the latter augmented by increased amino acids. Although 150 mM NaCl level decreased SOD activity, the APX and GPX enzymes were still active, and some carbohydrates and metabolites also accumulated to promote salinity resistance via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiwan Jumpa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Diane M. Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95615, USA
| | - Patcharin Songsri
- Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Pattanagul
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wattana Pattanagul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Junsopa C, Saksirirat W, Saepaisan S, Songsri P, Kesmala T, Shew BB, Jogloy S. Bio-control of Stem Rot in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in Field Conditions. Plant Pathol J 2021; 37:428-436. [PMID: 34847629 PMCID: PMC8632613 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem rot is a serious disease in Jerusalem artichoke (JA). To reduce the impact of this disease on yield and quality farmers often use fungicides, but this control method can be expensive and leave chemical residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two biological control agents, Trichoderma harzianum T9 and Bacillus firmus BSR032 for control of Sclerotium rolfsii under field conditions. Four accessions of JA (HEL246, HEL65, JA47, and JA12) were treated or notreated with T. harzianum T9 and B. firmus BSR032 in a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in two fields (environments), one unfertilized and one fertilized. Plants were inoculated with S. rolfsii and disease was evaluated at 3-day intervals for 46 days. T. harzianum T9 and B. firmus BSR032 reduced disease incidence by 48% and 49%, respectively, whereas T. harzianum T9 + B. firmus BSR032 reduced disease incidence by 37%. The efficacy of T. harzianum T9 and B. firmus BSR032 for control of S. rolfsii was dependent on environments and genotypes. The expression of host plant resistance also depended on the environment. However, HEL246 showed consistently low disease incidence and severity index in both environments (fertilized and unfertilized). Individually, T. harzianum T9, B. firmus BSR032, or host plant resistance control stem rot caused by S. rolfsii in JA. However, no combination of these treatments provided more effective control than each alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutsuda Junsopa
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Weerasak Saksirirat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suwita Saepaisan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharin Songsri
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thawan Kesmala
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Barbara B. Shew
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Sanun Jogloy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Peanut, Jerusalem Artichoke, and Cassava Improvement Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Senakoon W, Nuchadomrong S, Jearranaiprepame P, Senawong G, Jogloy S, Songsri P. Aspergillus flavus virulence in pods and seeds of peanut with different drought responsive genotypes related to water status. ScienceAsia 2021. [DOI: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2021.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Senakoon W, Nuchadomrong S, Chiou RYY, Senawong G, Jogloy S, Songsri P, Patanothai A. Identification of peanut seed prolamins with an antifungal role by 2D-GE and drought treatment. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1771-8. [PMID: 26086399 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1056508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This work revealed peanut seed prolamins likely displaying a defensive role besides the known nitrogen storage. Drought stress and proteomic approaches were used in varieties of peanuts to explore the prolamin member in association with a test against Aspergillus flavus spore germination. The stress effect was showed by aerial biomass, leaf content of malondialdehyde, and seed contamination by A. flavus. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles were not informative for the antifungal polypeptides. From two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the suspected polypeptides were those with pI 5.45-5.75 and sizes of 22.0-30.5 kDa specifically in Spanish-type peanuts. Regarding to the drought effect in most of these peanuts, the spot peak volume analysis deduced three novel prolamin-related antifungal polypeptides at pI 5.75-5.8 with 30.5, 27.5-28.5, and 22.0-22.5 kDa, which was confirmed after isoelectric purification at pH 5.60. The data could not yet conclude their correlation with resistance to drought and to seed infection by A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waraluk Senakoon
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Suporn Nuchadomrong
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Robin Y-Y Chiou
- b Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences , National Chiayi University , Chiayi , Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gulsiri Senawong
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Sanun Jogloy
- c Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Patcharin Songsri
- c Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Aran Patanothai
- c Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
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Songsri P, Suriharn B, Sanitchon J, Srisawangw S, Kesmala T. Effects of Gamma Radiation on Germination and Growth Characteristics of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2011.268.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jangpromma N, Songsri P, Thammasiri S, Jaisil P. Rapid Assessment of Chlorophyll Content in Sugarcane using a SPAD Chlorophyll Meter across Different Water Stress Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2010.368.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boontang S, Songsri P, Jogloy S, Akkasaeng C, Vorasoot N, Tantisuwic N, Patanothai A. Evaluation of Peanut Cultivars Commonly Grown in Thailand under Water Limited Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2010.320.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yamada T, Hiramatsu S, Songsri P, Fujie M. Alternative expression of a chitosanase gene produces two different proteins in cells infected with Chlorella virus CVK2. Virology 1997; 230:361-8. [PMID: 9143292 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several Chlorella virus CVK2 proteins had chitosanase and/or chitinase activities. A gene coding for an ORF of 328 amino acids (aa) with a predicted molecular mass of 36,769 Da was cloned from the viral genome. The predicted amino acid sequence of an N'-portion (174 aa) of this gene product (vChta-1) showed 22 to 25% identity with various bacterial chitosanases. A glutathione S-transferase (GST)-vChta-1 fusion protein had strong chitosanase activity. Western blot analysis with antisera raised against the vChta-1 protein identified two proteins of 37 and 65 kDa in virus-infected Chlorella cells beginning at 240 min postinfection and continuing until cell lysis. The larger protein was packaged in the virion, while the smaller one remained in the cell lysate. Both chitosanase proteins were produced from the single gene, vChta-1, by a mechanism of alternative gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Abstract
Chlorella virus CVK2 particles contain several capsid proteins that are selectively released by treatment with 4 M urea. Seven of them (Vp52, Vp45, Vp41, Vp25, Vp20.5, Vp20, and Vp16.2) have been identified based on amino acid sequences at the N-terminus. Comparison of the amino acid sequences with the corresponding ORFs deduced from the nucleotide sequence of PBCV-1, the prototype member of Phycodnaviridae, revealed that the CVK2 proteins were processed at the N-terminal region by two different proteolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Songsri
- Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739, Japan
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Abstract
Several capsid proteins were selectively released from the viral core of Chlorella virus CVK2 by treatment with 4M urea. Among the viral core proteins, seven species (Vp154, Vp73, Vp63, Vp52, Vp48, Vp42, and Vp25) were shown to have DNA-binding activities by Southwestern blot analysis. Except for Vp154 and Vp25, these DNA-binding proteins showed a specific affinity for the viral genomic DNA. The viral core also contained three proteins with protein kinase activity (Vp73, Vp60, and Vp37); Vp73 seemed to have both DNA-binding and protein kinase activities. Antisera raised against Vp73 were used to screen a lambda-CVK2 expression library for the gene encoding Vp73. Three different clones (Vp73-3, Vp73-29, and Vp73-42) were obtained and analyzed. ORFs found in these clones all contained characteristic proline-rich motifs. The Vp73-42 ORF showed a strong similarity with histone H1 of various organisms and the Vp73-29 ORF contained two regions with leucine-zipper motifs. All three genes were expressed late in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Abstract
Large (30-45 kbp) deletions were induced in the Chlorella virus CVK1 genome by UV irradiation. Restriction endonuclease maps of the mutant genomes showed that these deletions occurred in a region located from 1.5 kbp to 47 kbp from the left DNA end. The nucleotide sequences determined around the deletion boundaries indicate that the deletion process took place by both homologous and nonhomologous recombinations. In one case, the recombination site was within a region of about 600 bp, consisting of 40 tandem repetitions of a 15-bp sequence element. The deleted region may contain several multigene families. Northern blot analyses with probes including the genes for translational elongation factor 3 and DNA polymerase showed no discernible aberrancy in the gene expression patterns in the mutants. However, at least two protein bands were missing from the mutant virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Songsri
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Yamada T, Songsri P, Tamura K. Horizontal transmission of group-I ribozymes: viruses as a carrier of the introns. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1995:119-120. [PMID: 8841581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of two self-splicing group I introns found in viruses that infect the eukaryotic green alga Chlorella were compared with those of 19 nuclear group I introns of 11 green algae, 1 red alga, 2 yeasts and 1 protist. The similarity ranging from 69.5% to 89.0% in any comparison strongly suggested a close relatedness of these introns. Since this kind of viruses infect algal cells residing in protists such as Paramecium, they may serve as a mediator to spread group I introns horizontally among organisms of different phylogenetic kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Abstract
We report the occurrence of self-splicing group I introns in viruses that infect the eukaryotic green alga Chlorella. The introns contained all the conserved features of primary sequence and secondary structure previously described for the group IB introns. The Chlorella viral introns (approximately 400 nt) self-spliced in vitro, yielding the typical group I intron splicing intermediates and products. Contrasting to eukaryotic nuclear group I introns, all of which are located in the rRNA genes, these introns were inserted in genes encoding proteins. In one case, the exons encoded a protein showing significant homology to the eukaryotic transcription factor SII (TFIIS), which may be important for viral gene expression. In another case, the gene for the open reading frame (ORF) of a 14.2 kDa polypeptide with unknown functions contained the intron. Scattered distribution of these introns among the viral species and their structural similarity to the group I introns of algae and protists indicated horizontal intron transmission. These eukaryotic viral introns offer an opportunity to understand how group I introns reach organisms of different phylogenetic kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Yamada T, Fukuda T, Tamura K, Furukawa S, Songsri P. Expression of the gene encoding a translational elongation factor 3 homolog of Chlorella virus CVK2. Virology 1993; 197:742-50. [PMID: 8249297 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1993.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a putative translational elongation factor 3 (EF-3) on the genome of Chlorella virus CVK2 has been cloned and sequenced. It encodes for a predicted polypeptide of 1120 amino acids (aa) with a molecular mass of 127 kDa. The overall amino acid sequence of CVK2 EF-3 (vEF-3) showed 36.1% identity and 83.6% similarity to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EF-3. Functional domains including two sets of ATP-binding motifs were extremely well conserved between vEF-3 and yeast EF-3; 63.6% identity and 92.4% similarity in total 330-aa portions. Northern blot analysis indicated that the vEF-3 gene was transcribed in the host cells early, at 20 min postinfection (p.i.), as well as late, 3-4 hr p.i. Western blot analyses with anti-vEF-3 antibody detected the 120 kDa vEF-3 protein product after 40 min p.i. It was present until the final stages of infection but absent in the virion. The vEF-3 gene was highly conserved among all Chlorella viruses isolated in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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